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In this biography you will learn everything about the science hero who discovered penicillin named Alexander Fleming.
Sir Alexander Fleming was born at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6th, 1881. His father was a farmer in Scottish Lowlands and had seven other siblings. Unfortunately, Fleming's father died when he was only seven years old, so Fleming's oldest brother and his mother raised the family and farm. In Scotland he attended Louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy. Then he moved to London, England and took courses at Regent Street Polytechnic School. This is because there were limited career opportunities in Scotland. Then he spent four years in a shipping office to earn enough money to go to university. Finally in 101 he enrolled at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. In university, Fleming won several awards including a gold medal, which he won in 108. Later on, he decided to study in bacteriology.
During World War I, he was an army doctor and studied wound infections. He observed that antiseptics injured the body cells more than they injured the harmful microbes. He felt that he should find a substance that could fight microbe infection, such as that found in wounds. He realized that a substance was needed that would harm bacteria but would not harm body cells. Later, when the war ended he went back to England to study bacteriology again.
Back in England, he started to look for substances that will kill off bacteria and will not harm the body in any way. In 11, he discovered that human tears, nasal mucus and egg white all have a similar substance that kills some bacteria. So Fleming decided to call this new antibiotic lysozyme, but most of the other scientist disregarded his findings. One day in 18, he started to check on some staphylococci in his own laboratory. Then one caught his eye that had been accidentally left uncovered for several days. He saw that a mold spore spoiled that one, but as looked more carefully Fleming noticed something unusual about it. The staphylococci in the area of the mold had completely disappeared, but the others on the dish, that was not covered by the mold was not destroyed. So Fleming started to grow more molds so he can study more about it. After months, he discovered that the mold had a powerful substance. Later, he named it penicillin after Penicillium Chrysogenum notatum. He also found out penicillin could destroy staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and a lot of other bacteria. Then after testing, Fleming found that it was not toxic.
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On July 1st, 140, an experiment was done. Fleming took 50 mice and gave them a dose of fatal microbes and treated 5 of them with penicillin. After several hours the mice that did not get treated with penicillin were all dead, but 4 of the 5 mice that were treated with penicillin lived. At that time penicillin was still not treated with people, and scientists could not find a way to produce a lot of it a t once. This is because penicillin molds were hard to make in laboratories.
One day a man was dying from an infection, so Fleming decided to use penicillin on him as an experiment. After a day the patient started to improve a lot. Unfortunately, there was not enough penicillin so the patient became sick again and eventually died. Another time, Fleming used penicillin on a friend of his, who was very sick and later his friend was cured. Soon the government realized that they needed large amounts of penicillin. So they agreed on mass-producing penicillin after hearing what it did to Fleming's friend. When it was mass-produced, Fleming said " In the early days, penicillin was made entirely by growing the mold, Penicillium notatum, on the surface of a shallow layer of culture medium, in the same way as I had prepared my crude penicillin ten year before. The mold cultures used both here and in America were descendants of the original strain which I had isolated."
Penicillin was often said to be an antibiotic that led to a revolution in medical care.
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