Possession & Exorcism

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INTRODUCTION

Possession and exorcism have interested me for many years now. Growing up I viewed a real life exorcism on "0/0" and saw the movie "The Exorcist." These two events brought many questions to my mind that could only have been answered by reading and researching demons and exorcisms. I never knew anything about the subject growing up only that it was frightening; I covered my eyes and ears every time the subject was mentioned. I asked my sister and even my mother about why these events occur, but I never really got a straight answer. As I matured, I was even more interested in the subject and when I viewed the movie, I understood it more. I was not so much frightened by the content, but rather, scared that it would happen to me. I never really knew the meaning of possession or of exorcism, so when I learned of the project I decided to read a book about possession and exorcism. The book, "How About Demons? Possession and Exorcism in the Modern World," was authored by Felicitas D. Goodman.

POSSESSIONOrder Custom Essay on Possession & Exorcism

Many people do not understand the exact meaning of possession. Possession occurs when Satan enters and takes over the physical and mental capabilities of a victim; however, the soul and will remain free. Satan acts through the victim without the victim's consent, thus the victim is morally blameless. Satan does not act alone when he possesses an individual. He works side by side with many evil spirits spirits of lust, hate, destruction, suicide, revenge, anger, anxiety, desperation, death, torment, etc. Ms. Goodman explains in a very thorough way in which one is possessed. She states, "The car is the body, and the driver is the soul." This metaphor makes it easier for us than any theoretical discussion could to understand what people mean when they talk about the experience of possession. Just as the driver owns the car, so the soul owns the body." (Goodman ) This distinction of how a person is to be possessed is a good way of explaining the occurrence to people who do not really understand the literal definition of possession. Today a more favorable climate exists for cases of possession than ever before.

The Dictionary of Christian Lore and Legend defines a demon as a fallen angel; they are the devils that serve Satan and reside in Hell. Their work in this sub world is to torture the damned for eternity. Demons are also said to tempt men to sin, and they have the ability and power to possess a living body (with the effect of the victim acting like a mad man). Most dramatic forms of possession are the sudden and complete disappearance of the personality ordinarily inhabiting the body, and its replacement by a very different personality. Whether voluntary or involuntary, there is often a shift in personality so radical that family and friends of the victim can no longer recognize him or her.

Demonology

As has already been described, demonic possession is the act of evil spirits engulfing and possessing the body of human beings. In Contemporary Modern Religion, demons are generalized in a class with spirits and devils, saying there is no distinction among the three. The word demon comes from the Greek word "daimon," which originally connoted a divine spirit. In Greek versions of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, the term "daimon" is used when speaking of the Devil. In Jewish and Christian religions, the idea that demons exist is real and they are believed to serve as helpers to Satan. However, in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism, demons are described as both malicious and compassionate. It has also been noted that the experience of possession does not always involve evil spirits; sometimes the beings in question are kind and helpful (Goodman 5). This implies that the idea of demonic possession and the effect and aura of demons vary among different religious denominations.

For those who have witnessed a so-called demonic possession, it is said that radical facial expressions, convulsing movements that would not be made ordinarily and even occasional speaking in tongues typically characterize possession. One of the biggest problems with proving the plausibility of demonic possession is that there is not any empirical evidence to investigate. Demonic possessions consume the body and soul, but only in their spirit, not in a concrete manner that would leave evidence to investigate.

THE EXORCISM

Exorcism is the act of driving out, or warding off, demons, or evil spirits, from persons, places, or things that are believed to be possessed or infested by them, or are liable to become victims or instruments of their malice.

Technically, exorcism is not driving out the Devil or demon, but it is placing the Devil or demon on oath. In addition, in some incidences there may be more than one demon possessing a person.

Possession of an individual happens several ways. In some cases, the individual who becomes possessed is an innocent victim. In other cases, the one who becomes possessed chooses this route by their involvement in evil practices. Let us take a look at the different ways one can become possessed and what steps can be taken to seek help.

The following are symptoms of possession as represented in the "Roman Ritual of Exorcism." In most cases, a victim will have one or more of the traits listed. Not all of these symptoms need be present to indicate possession, and it is quite possible that none of these symptoms will be present.

~Victim speaks or understands unknown languages without ever

studying the language being spoken or heard

~Victim clearly knows things that are distant or hidden

~Victim can predict future events (sometimes through dreams)

~Victim has an intense hatred for holy things

~Victim shows a physical strength far above his age or normal condition

Most victims are under medical care for mental illness before it is discovered that they are possessed. Victims can be days old and possessed. In the past, the church's beliefs about the nature of women and of human sexuality led to the belief that every newborn was possessed by an indwelling demon because of its intimate contact with its mother's birth canal. The church routinely exorcised each newborn at the time of baptism with the following ritual "I exorcise you unclean spirit in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Come out and leave this servant of God {infant's name}. Accursed and damned spirit, hear the command of God himself, he who walked upon the sea and extended his right hand to Peter as he was sinking. Therefore, accursed devil, acknowledge your condemnation…and depart from this servant of God [infant's name]…Never dare, accursed devil, to violate the sign of the holy cross which we place upon his/her forehead. Through Christ our Lord."

Possession is not to be taken lightly or for granted. Each case is to be carefully examined and great caution to be used in distinguishing genuine possession from certain forms of disease. "The priest who undertakes the office should be a holy man, free of sin, intelligent, courageous, humble, and he should prepare for the work by special acts of devotion and mortification, particularly prayer and fasting. During the exorcism, he should avoid everything that savors of superstition, and should leave the medical aspects of the case to qualified physicians. He should try to convince the possessed, to ready himself for the exorcism by prayer, fasting, confession, and communion. While the rite is in progress, the victim should try to excite within himself faith in God's goodness, and resignation to His Holy Will." (Goodman 6)

The exorcism should take place in a Church or some other sacred place, if possible. If for some reason it takes place in a private house, witnesses (preferably a family member) should be present especially if the subject is a woman.

All idle and curious questioning of the demon should be avoided, and the prayers and aspirations should be read with great faith, humility, and fervour, and with consciousness of power and authority. The Blessed Sacrament is not to be brought near the body of the obsessed during exorcism for fear of possible irreverence; but the crucifix, holy water, and, where available, relics of the saints are to be employed. If expulsion of the evil spirit is not obtained at once, the rite can be repeated, if need be, several times. The exorcist should wear a surplice, and violet stole.

REFLECTION

In reading "How About Demons," it seems the author implies to many aspects that you must be dealing with evil spirits in order to become possessed. I do not agree with this idea. I think that an evil spirit can possess someone even without that person opening up the evil world. From my research, I have noticed that there are many different opinions about this subject. However, they do agree with the author, Ms. Goodman on some aspects. They believe that you must open your mind to the evil world, thereby opening up yourself and allowing evil spirits to come into and take over your body.

Another aspect that Goodman speaks to is the idea in some religions that possession is not necessarily bad. For example, in Buddhism the spirit that possesses you may not be evil, but rather helpful and kind. I can understand how this would be true but it puzzles me. Some articles and books, suggest that, Padre Pio, who is now a saint, was possessed but not by an evil spirit. He experienced the stigmata. He was a servant of the spirit who possessed him, and the reason he was possessed was that the spirit wanted to proclaim a message. Therefore, I can understand that in some instances possession can be construed as good.

I was very impressed by the author's description of someone becoming possessed, and how he or she would treat it. Goodman was very descriptive with examples and scientific information. However, it is understandable that certain things were inexplicable. Not everything about possession and exorcism can be explained.

CONCLUSION

Possession and Exorcism are two very distinct events that can happen in either the Catholic Church or other religions. It is very interesting to know about events that can happen in your religion whether good or bad. Growing up I really did not know that much about possession or exorcism. Everything I knew I learned by watching "The Exorcist." Reading "How About Demons" has given me a better perspective as to what possession actually is and how to overcome it by an exorcism.

Three questions arose as I read the book. First, why does it happen? I still do not know the answer to this question but hopefully with more research I will finally be able to answer it. Second, during an exorcism, can the one being possessed actually die? There might be an actual answer for this now that I have not yet learned but hopefully I will come across the answer in the future, And third, is that will this ever happen to me? Goodman stated that opening the door to the evil world could possess you. When I was younger I do not know how many times I played with the Oujia Board, but in a sense isn't that opening the evil world? Calling down spirits, hoping that you would not get a bad spirit,

I guess one will never knows until the day comes if one is possessed.

Doing this project, I learned more than I could have imagined. I have always been interested in possession but I never really read anything as informative as this book. I think the best kind of project is a research project. You glean so much information by just reading and piecing ideas together.Please note that this sample paper on Possession & Exorcism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Possession & Exorcism, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Possession & Exorcism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Honesty is the best policy

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I was shocked to read in a newspaper, recently, that many youngsters see nothing particularly wrong in shoplifting; fiddling Social Security; attacks on property; taking a car for a joyride; insulting or bothering strangers; prostitution and smoking cannabis. This made me really think. Is honesty the best policy? Why? Just what good does it do to be an honest and upright citizen? When you read reports of the number of people in positions of trust who use that very trust to enrich themselves, what does it say to the youngsters? Dont get caught is all. No one knows how much crime of a large scale goes undetected ­ so why not try it on a small scale? Just how many people fiddle their Income Tax, Social Security, their own firms? Where do you draw the line? Is it the size of an operation that makes it illegal? You know a pen brought home from the office, a private call on the Firms phone in the Firms time, photocopying using the Firms paper and machine ­ are these acceptable because theyre so small? Never mind what justification you can think of for it, it is dishonest and we all do it to some extent. It is to our benefit to do so so does honesty pay? If dishonesty pays for us older people, should we not expect it to pay for the youngsters as well?

You might say Crime causes feelings of guilt and fear of being found out. But does it? This may apply to someone engaged in large-scale crime who was originally law-abiding ­ but for petty things? Perhaps some people find that threat a fillip, an added spice to an otherwise dull existence. Perhaps they just do not feel guilty at all ­ how do we know? Theyre not going to go around telling anyone what they feel, are they? Guilt may well be the curse of older folk brought up on the mores of honesty, disapproval of crime, and the belief that the criminal gets caught and punished and that therefore there is a degree of shame attached to wrongdoing. How much influence on adults attitudes did the Church have? The awful threat that God could see everything that you did and would punish you severely for whatever you did wrong ­ how much effect did that have? For how long? Did there come a time when, after judicious experimenting, you realised that God wasnt bothered about your wrongdoing or maybe didnt even see it? Does this apply to youngsters today? The fear of chastisement from one or other of ones parents was quite a strong deterrent; I wonder just how much response children get from their parents these days. From what one sees of childrens behaviour at school, and young peoples attitude at work, I dont think there can be much. In the past the police were a much greater influence, too. They could give summary discipline on the spot and the young offender would have to take it and learn from it. Can you imagine that happening today? The parents would most likely complain about police behaviour, first! Think about shop-lifting and the way it sends up the cost of goods to the legitimate customer. Yet youngsters appear to think a small amount of shoplifting is OK. What makes them think this? Upon what do they base their judgement? Is it that they cant see that there is anything wrong, or do they get such a kick out of it its worth the risks? Do they think theyll get off lightly if theyre caught? All too often they will!

What about stealing through fiddling the Social Security or the taxman, or whatever amorphous department you care to think of? There seems to be an attitude of it being a game and the best one wins you win if you can get away with it and you lose if you cant and have to pay up. The untaxed cash payment or the backhander; the plain omission of amount or information that would result in taxation; the payment in kind; or simple dishonesty and fraud, are all forms of stealing. There are enough legal loopholes as it is without having to defraud the DHSS or the IR or whoever. Yet this seems to be almost an acceptable thing. The same as avoiding paying car tax or TV licences. The honest person pays through the nose for those who dont pay at all. There doesnt seem to be enough peer pressure to right or even to prevent these frauds; so if adults are behaving thus, how can one expect young people to be any different? Surely they are going to follow the examples set to them? Similarly with smoking cannabis if their Pop Idols do so, why shouldnt they? How can one persuade them otherwise?

Prostitution is another thing youngsters see no harm in. (The newspaper report didnt say how many girls ­ as opposed to boys ­ gave this point of view.) Again they could be apeing their elders. What sort of standards do we set them? How do they arrive at these opinions? Indeed, what knowledge or experience do they have to go on to form their opinions? Surely it is only hearsay ­ but I fear it may not be. Should they gain information of such things from the newspapers? (And how could one prevent them,?) It is something that they can read well enough to read a newspaper! Should items such as Cynthia Payne and her parties be omitted from TV and papers? Do the kids give any thought to the ramifications of illicit sex? Probably not, alas. It would seem that a number of adults dont, either.

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So far, to some extent, they are following in their elders footsteps; but what about joy-riding in cars? This seems to me to be much more of a young persons activity than an older ones. Where do they get the idea that this is OK? Their attitude seems to be Whats yours is mine and whats mine is my own, and therefore they have as much right to anothers possessions as they want ­ regardless of what it might mean to the owner. Is it easy come, easy go for their own belongings and so they see ownership in a different light from other people? Are they able to replace damaged goods so easily and uncaringly that it doesnt occur to them what more damage than intrinsic worth they are doing when they take a car or damage property? It may be a sign of growing older that one acquires chattels for the memories or pleasure they bring, which then makes themirreplaceable. Perhaps this is something young people have to grow into before they can realise what hurt they are causing by attacking property and effects. Until then, I suppose, its just a game to them; a way of showing their worth, their derring-do to their peers.

Also, according to the report, a large proportion of young people consider it trivial to insult or bother strangers ­ as long as they are not attacked sexually! They obviously have no idea how upsetting, frightening even, (and certainly unpleasant) such an experience is for the people so abused ­ whether men or women ­ and especially for older folk. This, again, seems to be something theyve thought up for themselves ­ I hope! I cant imagine any circumstances by which they would learn this from adults. But why do they do it? What pleasure and satisfaction does it give them? I assume that it makes them feel big and important; that soemone is taking notice of them; I can only assume they choose this way as its the easiest and most immediate. I think this, again, is something that can best be dealt with by peer pressure ­ but cant think how it might be brought about.

How has this climate of dishonesty arisen? It is a recent phenomenon for the most part. From what Ive read and heard, in the past, even in the porrest ares it was safe to leave ones door unlocked, whether one was in or out. Why has this changed? Is it because we now have so many moveable, saleable goods that there is more temptation? Is it because we make more show of what goods we have a second TV, a third or fourth radio, a video recorder now, and so forth, so that more people know what we have in our houses? With so many expensive toys on display in the shops, on TV and hoardings, in papers and magazines, it is not easy to accept the fact that they are beyond ones reach. That these are not necessities but luxuries that can be done without no matter what ones friends or neighbours might have.

It also seems to me that the whole climate of honesty/dishonesty has changed and this is how, I think, it has happened. In the past, looting was part of a soldiers pay, quite likely the only pay he got. Even in the First World War a soldiers pay was not much and he was inclined to supplement it in whatever way he could; and here his uniform anonymity was in his favour. Items could go missing and be blamed on war damage or loss. this was even more apparent in the second World War goods were liberated and re-deployed on an unheard of scale and no one seemed to really object. |There was a good market and no questions asked for whatever became available from whomever had items to offer. After the war, while there was still rationing, the same black market applied and I think it has continued thus up to the present time. The things that fall off the back of a lorry and are sold cheaply; the overload of work the police have to contend with (which means much petty crime just doesnt get investigated); the general attitude of acceptance, all conspire to make honesty less attractive. The small instances of dishonesty get passed over and ignored, the large instances of dishonesty get a lot of publicity some time after the crime was done and the punishment is very often meagre. The sheer volume of deliquency super-saturates our senses and begins to wash over us unregarded, so that we become numbed by it all if youre struggling for your life in the sea, which wavelet do you attempt to survive first?

It makes me wonder if honesty is the best policy ­ but if it isnt, what is going to happen to us all ­ especially the youngsters who will be the parents of the following generations? Is it possible that they have the right attitude to honesty? Has my upbringing been wrong for this time in our evolution? Honestly, what do you think?

honesty is the best policy

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Poverty

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Poverty. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Poverty paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Poverty, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Poverty paper at affordable prices!

Poverty is a global problem, and it has existed from the beginning of civilization. What does it mean to be poor? Poverty is defined as "the state of being poor; lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts. Poverty is lack of shelter, being sick and not being able to see a doctor, not being able to go to school or not knowing how to read, not having a job, in fear of the future, living one day at a time, poverty is powerless, lack of representation and freedom. Poverty can change from place

to place and across time.

Poverty is something people want to escape. Is there really a way to measure poverty, and to decide exactly what poverty is? Poverty is not something that has just recently become an issue; it has been around for many years. Poverty is something that not only effects adults, but children as well. Poverty is everywhere and it needs to reduce so that our economy will be more stabilized and balanced that it has been.

Many countries are in complete poverty and the majority is third world countries. Within the United States of America, a land of valuable, there are also pockets

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of extreme poverty. Trying to solve this huge problem of poverty, the United States of America, has developed for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. Throughout the world, poverty has plagued all countries. In smaller, under-developed countries many people die from starvation. These countries can not afford to support their citizens. Due to their financial problems, the people lack proper shelter and clothing to keep themselves warm during cold months. Since they lack adequate shelter and clothing, diseases occur all over. These diseases develop a lot easier with poor nutrition. Once again with more financial problems, health care is limited to none.

Poor families are less likely to have nutritionally adequate diets than non-poor families. Children who grow up in a lower income family have inadequate diets which

usually lag in growth and have more frequent, more severe, and longer-lasting infectious diseases. Inadequate nutrition,including iron deficiency (with or without anemia), may also affect cognitive development and social behavior, with undernourished children being more apathetic (Kotch, J., &Shackelford, J., 18). Poor children are also believed to experience mental and emotional problems more frequently than non-poor children. As children in poverty grow into adolescence and adulthood, they are more likely to drop out of school, have children out of wedlock, and be unemployed, leaving them to raise a family in poverty. Education is clearly a significant factor in enhancing the future of impoverished children. The educational level of parents is closely associated with child poverty. Parents who have not completed high school are less likely to be employed steadily than parents with more education.

Poverty is usually caused by the difficulty in holding and even getting a job. It is often said that poverty is due to laziness because they do not want to work or failure f the individual however, the fact is that most poor people do work full or part-time.

Massive increases in unemployment in recent years have not resulted from personal inadequacy. Many workers have lost their jobs for reasons beyond their control and

cannot find work because it is not available. Many people are on welfare because they are temporarily unable to provide for themselves, often due to some personal or economic crisis. Ability, education, and skills help determine the kind of job an individual gets".

That is the matter. The United States has one of the highest degrees of inequality in distribution of income. Through out our history, people in the United State have valued self reliance, convinced that social standing is mostly a matter of individual talent and

effort. This perspective sees society offering plenty of opportunity to anyone able and willing to take advantage of it. The poor are whoever can not or will not work, women

and men with fewer skills, less schooling, and little motivation. Everyone does not have the same physical abilities and mental abilities. Poor health and abilities prevent some people from holding a job. Through science people have been able to hold onto jobs a lot

easier. It has increased the need for professional workers and lowered the demand for the unskilled . So, the people with higher education will get paid a higher income, and people with lower education will get paid a lower income.

Generally, poverty is blamed either on the individual or the system. Several dimensions such as intelligence, poverty culture, family life and the system of capitalism

give explanation as to why poverty exists in the U.S. Intelligence has been labeled as one of the factors of poverty in the U.S. because of research done by sociologist, Richard Herrnstein, who "argued that the poor have a lower intellectual capability than the non-poor, and that they marry other people of low intelligence, thus producing children of low intellectual capacity (p. 15, Parrillo)." Although, there is plenty of evidence refuting this finding many people tend to think of the poor as lacking the knowledge to attain and obtain a well paying job. For this reason, people of poor economic background receive fewer opportunities in the work force. Poverty culture gives explanation for the existence of poverty through "the continual reinforcement of the cycle of poverty (p. 15, Parrillo)" adapted by children of poor families. Poverty culture consists of unproductive actions such as a lack of education, teenage pregnancy, drug use, a lack of trust in the authorities and a pessimistic attitude. It has been argued that the "negative orientation toward life and work makes them ill-equipped to enter the societal mainstream (p. 15, Parrillo)."

Family life, like intelligence and poverty culture, places blame of poverty on the individual. It has been consistently found that family instability is most common among the poor than in any other economic class. Because there is a lack of support in poor families, individuals raised in these families are prone to failure. Finally, the system of capitalism is one of the few dimensions that places the blame on society for the existence of poverty. "Socialist, Michael Harrington argued the inadequate programs and misdirected priorities hampered efforts to solve this far from intractable problem (p. 17,

Parrillo)." Because the poor have no positive influence in society and lack political support, they have no means of power to break the ongoing cycle of poverty.

Poverty is a problem that affects us both at the individual and societal levels. I believe it is largely because of social structures, namely networks. When individuals form networks or groups they tend to associate with those who are like them. Many of the social structures in our society not only sustain the level of poverty in our nation, but also further it. The upward movement of individuals into higher classes is largely determined by characteristics of those in their networks. These networks prescribe life chances, the options that will be available to him/her, and the resources that he/she may call upon.

Social structures form a key element in the lives of those that pertain to all classes and are a major source of class stability. I think it is safe to conclude that the poor stay poor and the rich get richer because of those around them and the support they provide.

I believe it is largely because of social structures, namely his networks. When individuals form networks or groups they tend to associate with those who are like them. Equity theory explains this by claiming that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners. This would infer that networks would exist between those within a specific class but not across classes. By forming associations with those of equitable status, the rich form a very supportive network and the poor form a network that can sympathize with their situation at best. Networks are vital to class mobility in that they are critical in molding life chances, providing resources, and presenting options.

Our government understands that people are in the crisis of poverty, for any given number of reasons. They understand that the major systems contributing to poverty are low income jobs, expensive/bad housing conditions, social service system failures like health and mental health, no committed responsibility for the chronically disabled, domestic violence/prisons/military/foster care system discharges. And they understand the problems with our nation's current service systems in place 1) more people coming in everyday, but insufficient opportunity to access mainstream programs; ) increased costs and lack of new funding; ) frustration and perception that the system is failing. So hat can our government do? Our government must establish a clear understanding of who the homeless are in our nation. They must take a look at what major system failures are contributing to homelessness in America. They must understand what is causing the problems in our current service systems.

Social problems will always exist because social problems change as time changes. We often tend to overlook what we call necessities others call luxuries. Therefore in the future I hope social problems will become non-existent but that is pretty much impossible. I also feel that poverty is a huge problem we face as a world and that even though it is impossible to solve this problem, we must look at it as an ongoing problem and do our best to help solve this problem. In final I feel that overpopulation with a couple other factors such as diseases, younn pregnancies, and the one that I think has the most importance is the environment you grow up in helps shape you into the person you grow up to be.

To solve the national poverty, we, as a people, must work with our community, state and federal government representatives to share ideas, information, and resources.

We must work together to actively recruit service providers, decision makers, funders, private sector partners, and people who are or formerly were homeless to collaborate on policy and solutions. The United States tried to rectify the poverty problem in several ways. Through social programs such as welfare and social security, the poor are given a minimal amount of money in order to aid their existence. The "Trickle Down" approach

was installed by the Reagan-Bush Republican administrators with the belief that in giving the upper-class a tax cut, the rich would have more money to pump into the economy which would eventually reach the lower classes. The Interventionist Approach was an action taken on behalf of the federal government, which sought to educate and employ the poor in order to help them attain a job career. Unfortunately, these social programs

have not been able to keep up with the inflation rates and the constant want of material goods by the poor created by the need to fit in with the middle and upper classes. In

reaction to the deregulation of the international market, many other countries are simulating the American capitalistic system. By "reducing social benefits towards the poor and unemployed and minimizing government efforts to assure job security (p. 47, Heiner)", poverty is being given the opportunity to manifest globally. Without an international plan that places emphasis on building "successful families, competent schools and positive communities in which good jobs exist to meet the needs of families worldwide (p. 45, Heiner)", the problem of poverty will continue to grow. Due to the individual and societal influence that is placed on poverty, the amount of poor people in the world has grown consistently. A unified plan is mandatory, otherwise, poverty will continue to grow and create a serious threat to our general welfare. In realizing that the upper classes of the world has the power to put an end to poverty almost immediately through a combination of educational jump start programs and a guaranteed annual income, a system ought to be devised to end poverty once and for all.

Please note that this sample paper on Poverty is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Poverty, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Poverty will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Positive and Negative moral impact of the media and entertainment industry on American society.

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American culture has evolved greatly over the years. Morality and strong family values have dissipated in the wake of the sex, drugs, and violence that seem to rule the television, movie screens, radios, and stereos. Jockeys of the media use the vulgar and largely unnecessary elements of drugs, sex, and violence, often exaggeratedly, to enhance their own image as the entertainment industry shamelessly exploits sex, drugs, and violence to make money.

Explicit Society refers to the profound and often negative aspects of the media and entertainment industry as they have affected American culture. Most explicit material is found in movies, television, and magazines, whether the program is a news show or situation-comedy, ad in a teen magazine or article about a band or celebrity, sex, drugs, or violence always appears to be there, and what is so much worse is that the individuals affiliated with these programs are heaving sex, drugs, and violence onto the public and encouraging sex, drugs, and violence, and almost always in their most negative forms. Much of this corrupt explicit material is directed at a younger, more impressionable, and more rebellious audience.

Since the first network television broadcast in 146, less then a year after the

tremendous end to World War II, there has been a dramatic change in television

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programming. Early programs of the 140s, 150s, and some on the 160s were

comedies closely based on family matters with absurd notions. The male was the superior

in every family, women did little outside of housework and maintaining a warm loving environment at home, and the children were mindless, isolated, and had no real challenges concerning drug, alcohol, sex, or violence. If the family had any pets, they were usually a dog or a couple of fish. These shows were blandly tasteful and not completely in tune with reality. It was not until the late 180s that "reality-based" comedy came into vogue.

There have been some controversial debates over the dilemma with "stolen roles," that is, the television taking on the role of a parent, a friend, or role model and giving exaggerated or completely untrue instructions and information to young naïve children in various areas of life. Many television shows convey marriage as a miserable state of life, making the wife out to be nagging, unattractive, and abusive, the husband as amateurish, unintelligent, and irresponsible, and the children impetuous, disobedient, and more prone to lean with their carnal nature, those of sex, drugs, and violence. Some people have even come to see some television characters as their "friends."

Television and the media use sex far more then necessary and give the impression

that it is alright to have unprotected sexual intercourse with a possibly disease-ridden

stranger. Most of the younger audiences as well as the old accept sex on television

without question. Television makes single life and single sex more attractive then in

marriage and makes almost no attempt to explain or even mention the consequences of

irresponsible sex. Of the fourteen thousand and counting sexual references and behaviors

that children witnessed on American television every year, less than 150 involved birth

control or discussions about abstinence or sexually transmittable diseases.

This unreal message of sex without consequences is so overwhelming today that many younger people use it as a model, and this model is a very poor one. In some teen-targeted television shows such as Beverly Hills 010, Melrose Place, and Friends, virginity is portrayed as a curse that should be remedied at the earliest possible opportunity. This is a possible explanation for the sharp increase of teenage sex, especially among young girls. In the mid-150s, just over one-quarter of girls under eighteen had had sexual intercourse, by 15, however, that figure shot up to nearly seventy percent, and twenty-three percent of those surveyed had had sex with more than four partners.

Kinds of programming that use sexuality more than any other network television show are soap operas. Soap operas are attracting more people, predominantly young women, and have severe lessons on sex. Soap Opera sex happens three times as often between an unmarried couple than a married couple and soap opera sex is almost always portrayed as having a positive effect, even if it is rape. Rapes in soap operas such as All My Children, One Life to Live, and General Hospital have portrayed aggressive sexual violence with the outcome being for the better. A "bad girl" changed into a kinder and more considerate person or a couple, the rapper and the victim, brought together. One of the more disturbing things about soap opera rape are the "rape myths." Rape myths such as the victim asked for, wanted it, lied about it, or wasn't really hurt are used in these programs as well as real life and make the victimized woman responsible for the rape, not the man, that is, if a rapist can be called a man. In soap operas, rape blames and tames its victims, no mater how the atrocity is committed or by whom.

There are quality programs on television that are not completely distasteful and some that try to teach and entertain. There are few but they do their best to implement decency and education among the viewing audience.

Some television channels are completely dedicated to one type of programming, and although these channels will sometimes include sex, drugs, or violence, they use them moderately and to explain instead of simply trying to get ratings or take up another form of audience. The Learning Channel, The Public Broadcasting Station, The Discovery Channel, and The History Channel are examples and most major broadcasting companies have children's shows that ironically air when smaller children are either asleep or at school. Major Cable channels like HBO have shows that are strictly for education. Inaccurate, badly written, badly acted, and just plain stupid, they do not get the same attention that the shows after ten o'clock post midnight get. Unfortunately most shows, and many movies, fail to meet the required rules for children viewing. Many television programs and movies intended for children have references to sex, violence, alcohol, and tobacco use.

Television and the media has changed America's outlook toward culture. Much of

what American comedy is based on are cultural and traditional stereotypes and outright

lies. Fear, racism, and sexism easily break off from often harmless stereotypes and are

used so much that viewers actually begin to believe them and may even live by them as a

philosophy. This is also true for dialect and means of communication. Television's

cultural leaders, newscasters, television and movie stars, tend to be chosen for whatever

role they are taking on because of their homogenized accents. Since most popular

television programs are produced in places like Los Angeles and New York where rapid-

fire remarks and trendy slang are kept up to date with styles of communication, the distorted ways of dialogue quickly spread like an unstoppable disease and America quickly and easily picks up on the manners of speech. Several of these means of communication lack any sense what-so-ever and those who have not been exposed to the disfigured speech simply will not understand. Particularly alarming is the heightened use of profanity in normal everyday human interaction. Possibly derived from the pointless use of profanity in movies and primetime network television shows, America has actually embraced foul language as a means of communicating.

Profanity is used now more then it ever was on television, skyrocketing to nearly seventy percent less than last year. Much of the profane language is found in shows targeted at a teenage and young adult audience. The excuse of the producers of these shows is that no one uses silly cover-up words and phrases like, "fudge", "kicked in the tooty," and "that person is really a doody-head," to replace profanity. Unfortunately, shows like Action, South Park, and others largely viewed by teenaged audiences use profanity much more then necessary and basically teach to the younger viewers that it is alright to swear anywhere to anyone.

The music industry has had a massive impact on society all over the world. From the classical beauty of symphony orchestras to the underground heavy-metal to rock and roll, which was originally a slang term for sexual intercourse, music has influenced many aspects of American society and has had many positive and negative effects on America.

Earlier forms of rock and roll like Elvis Presley and The Beatles were

predominantly strait-up love songs appropriate for their time. Rock bands like The

Rolling Stones and Pink Floyd, and the first real heavy metal band, Led Zeppelin, began new styles and new influences for music.

Early heavy metal was "rebel-music," or music and songs that mostly talked about the government and corruption. Eventually metal became corrupt its self when bands such as Judas Priest and Motley Crue hi-jacked the heavy metal genre and turned it into a relentlessly sexual and violent act. Striped females covered in fake blood and strapped to torturing devises were a common sight on the stage and the band members openly encouraged drinking and drug use. If a band was not sexually perverse and pornographically violent then it was a host to spread the Satanic parasite.

Teens and young adults developed an interest in the mystic and the occult, usually because of boredom, and some bands used that as another manner to sell more albums. Using this influence on their listeners, bands encourage violent and sexual acts as they blaspheme Christianity. "The Cult of the Eighties" was what the Satanic surge was called. Organized Satanism, The Church of Satan, and the later Temple of SEC, is not about violence, sex, and drug use but some bands; the most popular ones, shamelessly used and encouraged it, in their song lyrics and on stage.

As the Cult of the Eighties dies out, a new form of music took rise toward the mid-10s. Led by bands such as Marilyn Manson and Rotting Christ, industrialized gothic metal began the old cycle. Although not at the sexual and violent extremes of some bands during the eighties, this new type of music has taken a firm hold on its listeners.

From Europe, especially Scandinavia, doom and death metal also reached

America by the late-10s. Bands like Arch Enemy and Opeth led the doom onslaught.

Not sexual nor extremely violent, doom and death metal is depressing and sometimes even suicidal.

Some good has come out of heavy metal and doom music though. The band Matallica was probably the most influential heavy metal band during the eighties due to its heavy and loud sound and "the hell with the world" attitude. Abandoning that style of music to teach rather then protest, Metallica is still at the top of the heavy metal genre. Even popular heavy metal gothic bands from across seas such as Italy's Lacuna Coil and the Century Media Records flagship from Switzerland, Samael have mature and moral songs in a deep way.

The media and the entertainment industry has had numerous negative and positive

impacts on American society and culture. Possibly more negative effects and

consequences which are becoming more and more of a problem in America with the

changing times.

Garry, Patrick M. The New Media and the First Amendment. Pittsburgh and London

University of Pittsburgh Press, 14.

Gore, Tipper. Raising PG Kids in an X-Rated Society. Nashville Ablingdon Press,

187.

Morris, Dick. Vote.com. Los Angeles Renaissance Books, 1.

Pawlowski, Cheryl. Glued to the Tube. Naperville, Illinois Sourcebooks, Inc., 000.

Shaprio, Andrew O. Media Access. Boston and Toronto Little, Brown and Company,

17.

Please note that this sample paper on The Positive and Negative moral impact of the media and entertainment industry on American society. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Positive and Negative moral impact of the media and entertainment industry on American society., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Positive and Negative moral impact of the media and entertainment industry on American society. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Feral Cats and their ecological impact

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Feral Cats and their ecological impact, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Feral Cats and their ecological impact paper at affordable prices!

Feral Cats (Felis Catis) and Their Role As An Introduced SpeciesIntroduction

Here in Hawai'i there is great concern about the state of our native ecosystem. Many news reports have been done about many of the invasive species that have been allowed to proliferate on our islands. Most of these animals, such as the Coqui frog and Jackson's Chameleon are "exotic" species that many people recognize as a nuisance. Yet, there is one invasive species that is so familiar to us, we may not even realize the possible threat that it may have on our native ecosystem, as well as the native ecosystems around the world. This animal is none other than the feral cat. Feral cats are offspring of domestic cats born in the wild that are wary of human contact. They are organized individuals that live in family packs; some have even compared them with Lions. This paper discusses the concern surrounding feral cats, the methods of controlling them, examples of feral cat eradication on an island, the problems that can arise after complete eradication, the difficulty in eradicating feral cats on a large land mass, and the ethical controversy on how to control feral cats humanely.

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Why the Concern?Feral cats are excellent predators and have an excellent ability to survive in all types of climates. Feral cat habitats include rainforests, deserts, and alpine areas (Calver et al. 18). They can survive with relatively no drinking water, and feed on a wide variety of smaller vertebrate animals such as birds, rodents, small reptiles, and amphibians (Calver et al. 18). Feral cats make homes out of vacant animal burrows, trees, dense brush, caves, and various vacant areas in urban settings such as dumps, alleyways, shipyards, and abandoned cars (Calver et al. 18). Feral cats breed in the spring through late summer, and a single female can produce up to seven kittens. The cats reach sexual maturity at about one year, and can reproduce continuously until late in their lives (Calver et al. 18).

The major concern about feral cats on islands is that they usually have no natural predators, causing uncontrollable population growth, and severe predation. Even with predators such as the fox, wolf, dingoes, and other large carnivores on larger land masses, the cats have an uncanny ability to maintain stable population numbers. They pose a major threat to native birds as well as small native mammals. It is estimated that feral cats kill an estimated 1 birds per cat per year. There are even human health concerns associated with zoonotic diseases such as rabies, toxoplasmosis, and cat scratch fever (Patronek et al. 18).

Methods of Controlling Feral Cats

There are many methods of controlling feral cat populations, but actual results are variable because of the difficulty in locating many of the cat colonies, and also because of the sheer numbers of cat populations. It is estimated that in the mainland United States alone there are at least 0 million feral cats (Pimental 000). Other problems may arise because some of the methods of control may pose a risk to non-target animals, and even humans (especially children). Even with control programs installed, the actual effectiveness of the methods used are hard to measure because while the number of cats eradicated are known, the numbers still alive are relatively impossible to calculate, especially on large land masses. Methods of control include shooting, trapping (for euthanasia, or spay/neuter trap and release programs), poison baiting, and even virus-vectored immunocontraceptives (Courchamp et al. 000). Designing a control program must also take into account the economics of the methods used. Hunting cats takes considerable man power, and can get quite expensive. Baiting cats with toxins require much less man power, but not only can it affect non target animals, it can also poison indigenous fauna. Calver et al. (16) reported that in Australia, use of the toxin, flouroacetate, after a long period of time caused a high concentration in vegetation, and also in the bodies of dead herbivores. Pet owners should also prevent contributing to the cat population by sterilizing their companion animals, and restricting contact with feral cats because of possible disease transmission. Some have even suggested implementing a night time curfew for domestic cats, and requiring micro chip identification so if the animals are trapped, they can be returned without mistaken euthanasia (Calver et al 18).

Because of some of the negative effects of some of these methods (poison, shooting) the chosen method of use should be well thought out and planned, weighing the possibility of death to other animals, and effects on the environment.

Eradication Programs on Islands

Feral Cats once preyed upon these Frigate birds on Jarvis Island but have been successfully eradicated.

Islands have very fragile ecosystems, and are home to many indigenous, native species. Cats pose a major threat because many of the islands they inhabit are also a home and /or breeding ground for many seabird species, many of whom are threatened or endangered. The seabirds nest on the ground, and cats prey upon young chicks as well as eggs. There have been many eradication programs used on various small islands with relatively no human population. These eradication programs have been effective because of the use of various control methods, which corresponded to the relative densities of the cat populations and other factors such as topography (Carver et al 18).

For example, on Gabo Island, a control program active from 187-11 successfully eradicated the feral cat population. Scientists first tried shooting and trapping, but these attempts proved unsuccessful. The only method that worked on the island was poison-baiting in which dead chicks were inoculated with 1080 toxin and left in cat prone areas (Twyford et al 000).

On Marion Island, located in the Southern Indian Ocean, a few cats were intentionally introduced to control mice at a meteorological station in 14. By 175, the cat population had increased to an estimated 175 feral cats that were preying on burrowing Petrels. The cats were estimated to have killed 450,000 Petrels per year. In order to combat this problem, scientists started an eradication program that spanned from 177-11, when the final cats were eradicated. Unlike Gabo island, shooting and trapping were the most useful methods of control in the beginning of the program. These control methods were coupled with biological control with the feline viral disease Panleukopenia. However, as cat densities diminished, shooting became ineffective and a combination of poison-baiting and trapping replaced it. This program shows how a control program must not only be designed well, but also be modified as time passes and feral cat populations decrease. (Bester et al. 000)

These control programs worked, but these islands had relatively no humans residing on them. Using these control programs as models for islands such as the Hawaiian Islands, may not be feasibly implemented because of the heavy human, as well as domestic pet population. While the various control methods could be used, they would probably have to be used more cautiously.

Controlling Feral Cats on Large Land MassesWhile there is no doubt that feral cats do pose a major problem on larger land masses such as Australia and the United States and should be controlled, there is a lack of evidence that proves the cats are directly responsible for the decline in native species numbers. One Australian study showed that the majority of feral cats preyed upon other introduced species such as rabbits, and that native mammals only comprised -40% of the diet (Calver et al. 18). It is not to say that the cats are not responsible for decreases in native species populations, but rather it is harder to determine the effects of the feral cats because of such a large area. In contrast, it was found that feral cats that resided in Australian reserves did hinder attempts to reintroduce some native species into the habitat. This fact alone is argued to be enough reason to control feral cat colonies (Calver et al. 18).

In the United States, there is great concern over health issues in urban areas. There are also concerns with public safety, as some feral cats have reportedly attacked some individuals. Regardless of what the cause, feral cat control is very much needed in all areas. (Patronek 18)

Ethical Issues Involved with Feral Cat Control

Dealing with the objections of cat lovers and regulating domestic pets are a big issue in control programs in areas with human populations. There is great public concern over what kind of method is being used to control the populations. Many people have objected to shooting and poison trapping techniques because they argue that it is cruel and inhumane. It may also put their own animals in danger of accidental death. Using biological control methods is also a concern because of frequent contact between feral cats and domestic animals.

One control method has been utilized in place of some of these controversial methods, and has gained widespread public approval as a better way to deal with feral cats. It is characterized as a trap/sterilize/release program, and while not as rapid as other control methods it seems to be an ethical compromise. The program involves trapping the cats, sterilizing and tagging them (by tattoo or other ID) and releasing them back into the colony. Many programs also feed colonies of cats to help deter them away from preying on wildlife in such high numbers (Patronek 18).

Conclusion

In conclusion, feral cats are a major threat to native ecosystems, and should be controlled. There are many methods of control, and measures should be taken in designing the right control program for certain areas. Factors such as type of land mass (island vs. large land mass), topography, cat population densities, and presence of people and domestic animals should be considered. Care should also be taken in choosing as target- specific a control method as possible. While many control programs are up and running, volunteers are needed everyday to help in the effort of controlling feral cats. Even more importantly, domestic pet owners should responsibly sterilize their animals and limit their geographic movement so as not to contribute to the problem. These measures will greatly improve the current situation, and perhaps save many native wildlife from being lost forever.

Annotated Bibliography

M.C. Calver, D.R. King, D.A. Risbey, J. Short, and L.E. Twig. 18. Ecological Blunders and Conservation The Impact of Introduced Foxes and Cats on Australian Native Fauna. Journal of Biological Education 67-7.

Authors discussed implications that feral cats are responsible for many of the extinctions of native Australian fauna. Methods of control, public opposition, and experimental research is presented.

Twyford, Keith L.; Humphrey, Peter G.; Nunn, Ross P.; Willoughby, Lawson. 000. Eradication of Feral Cats (Felis catus) from Gabo Island, south-east Victoria. Ecological Management and Restoration 1 4-50.

Authors discuss the successful eradication of feral cats on Gabo Island.

Bester, M.N.; Bloomer J.P.; Bartlett, P.A.; Muller, D.D.; van Rooyen, M.; Buchner, H. 000. Final Eradication of Feral Cats from Sub-Antartic Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 0 5-58.

Authors discuss the effectiveness of techniques used to eradicate feral cat populations on Marion Island.

Courchamp, Franck; Cornell, Stephen J. 000. Virus-Vectored Immunocontraception to Control Feral Cats on Islands A Mathematical Model. Journal of Applied Ecology, 7 0-14.

Authors consider virus-vectored immunocontraception techniques might be effective in eradicating feral cat populations on islands.

Patronek ,GJ. 18. Free-roaming and Feral Catstheir impact on wildlife and human beings. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 1 18-6.

Author discusses the various effects of feral cats on human beings and wildlife, discussing zoonotic diseases, spread of feline infections to domestic cats, environmental impact, and methods of control.

Pimental, David. 000. Environmental and Economic Costs of Non-indigenous Species in the United States 10-.

Author discussed impact of non-native species on U.S. wildlife.Please note that this sample paper on Feral Cats and their ecological impact is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Feral Cats and their ecological impact, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Feral Cats and their ecological impact will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Butterfly

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PrintMaster 8.0

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Contents

Minimum System Requirements

Custom writing service can write essays on butterfly

Program Notes

Troubleshooting

Windows NT(r) Troubleshooting

Technical Support and Customer Service

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PrintMaster 8.0

Minimum System Requirements

Windows(r) 5/8 or Windows NT(r) 4.0 (Service Pack )

Pentium 0 MHz or faster

16 MB RAM

Hard Disk with minimum 60-10MB of free space (Depending on version)

SVGA video card supporting 800 x 600, 56 colors or greater

X CD-ROM drive (4X recommended)

Windows compatible mouse

Windows compatible printer

Optional

Sound card and speakers

For Internet Access

14,400 baud or faster modem

Additional 8MB free hard disk space for Internet Software Installation

Program Notes

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Note PrintMaster users can now print out a Users Guide from the Help files.

Heres how to do it

(1) Launch PrintMaster 8.0. and click cancel at the Hub.

() Choose Show Help Window from the Help menu.

() Click on the Show button at the top of the Help window, then on the Index tab.

(4) Either scroll down the topics or type in the keyword Users Guide. You can also find the Users Guide in the Table of Contents, under Before You Start.

If you are a new user, you might find it helpful to print out this Users Guide and keep it nearby for easy reference.

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Note Not all features and content are available in all versions of PrintMaster 8.0

Platinum, Premier and Gold users have access to the following features d Animated Greetings (w/ users Internet Access), Photo Organizer, Cartoon-A-Matic, Event Reminder, Address Book/Mail Merge, Border Plus, Serif Draw, Sentiments, Photo Workshop, Headlines, Seals & Timepieces, Automatic Event Mailing, .GIF file support, Web Art Gallery, Previewing animated .GIFs, Web Page Projects, Web Publishing and Web Menu Features, Online Art Gallery (w/ users Internet Access).

Deluxe users have access to the following features Cartoon-A-Matic, Event Reminder, Address Book/Mail Merge, Border Plus, Serif Draw, Sentiments, Photo Workshop, Headlines, Seals & Timepieces, Automatic Event Mailing, .GIF file support, Web Art Gallery, Previewing animated .GIFs, Web Page Projects, Web Publishing and Web Menu Features, Online Art Gallery (w/ users Internet Access).

Silver users have access to the following features Cartoon-A-Matic, Event Reminder, Address Book/Mail Merge, Border Plus, Serif Draw, Sentiments, Photo Workshop, Online Art Gallery (w/ users Internet Access)

Classic users have access to the following features The Year You Were Born, Online Art Gallery (w/ users Internet Access)

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Note If you encounter an error load sound chunk message when attempting to view D Greetings, please be aware that this seems to be specific to the driver for the Yamaha OPL-SAx or the OPL-SAx sound card on Windows 5 systems.

You see this error message because the Yamaha OPL-SAx sound system driver does not work with DirectX 5, which is required for these animations. Yamaha does not provide a driver for the OPL-SAx or the Yamaha OPL-SAx that is DirectX-compatible.

This error does not occur on Windows 8 systems or on Windows 5 systems using other sound cards, including the Yamaha OPL-SA. The Yamaha OPL-SAx WDM driver works with DirectX 5 and Windows 8.

Note For information regarding Microsoft DirectX, and hardware compatibility, go to your computer manufacturers website or visit the Microsoft site for more information. It is advised to always update your video card and sound card drivers before installation of PrintMaster, and this can be achieved in part by updating to the current version of DirectX.

Note If you are interested in creating projects using animated .gifs, please be aware that animated .gifs will lose their animation if rotated, mirrored or placed on other objects. Animated .gifs can only be used in single panel projects and will lose their animation in multi-paneled cards such as half-fold, quarter-fold and note cards.

Note When using The Year You Were Born, to enter a birth date after 000, you must enter four digits for the year. For instance, enter the year 00 as 00 and not 0.

Note Users will not be able to register this program after the year 07. We suggest upgrading before that date.

Note During the uninstall of PrintMaster, PrintMaster may asked if you wish to remove a shared file that is no longer in use. This reporting may be incorrect from the registry of the operating system. Even though the PrintMaster uninstall may state that a shared system file is no longer needed, it is strongly advised to keep the system file instead of removing it.

Note If you experience any printing performance issues on your operating system, please consult your operating systemss user manual on tips to increase paging/swap file sizes and setup.

Troubleshooting

______________________________________________________________

We have outlined some helpful troubleshooting tips for the most common problems associated with PrintMaster below

1. Issue Slow performance of standard operations

Solution Verify your computer meets or exceeds minimum system requirements. If necessary, increase RAM, CD-ROM speed or hard disk space to enhance performance.

Example While using program, computer and monitor subject to freezes and lock-ups

. Issue Unable to receive order when ordering online from The Art & More Store

Try one of the following solutions A) Make sure your modem is properly connected and turned on;

B) Make sure youre connected using a modem and not a T1 line; C) Order via phone, fax or mail instead of by modem

Example From within the Art & More Store, youve selected the packs you wish to purchase by checking the box next to the individual packs, and youve chosen the appropriate choice in the Applicable Tax and Country you are ordering from fields. When you press the Modem... button,

the following message eventually appears The call to send your order could not be completed

Note The ordering function does not work properly over a T1 line. If you connect to the Internet via a T1 line, order your PrintMaster Packs by phone, fax or mail.

. Issue Printing projects takes an extremely long time

Try one of the following solutions A) Make sure your computer meets the minimum system requirements to run PrintMaster; B) If necessary, upgrade RAM and hard-disk space to bolster speed and performance.

Example Printing a template takes 1-15 minutes

Note Slow Printing performance is normal on machines meeting only the minimum system requirements

4. Issue Unable to launch PrintMaster by double-clicking on a previously saved certificate project within Windows Explorer

Solution Open saved certificate projects located in your MindscapeAGCraftUser000Projects folder by first launching PrintMaster (either from the Start Menu, or by double-clicking a desktop shortcut, or the application file found in the Program FilesMindscapeAGCraft folder). Navigate to the project gallery (either by clicking Ready Made from the Hub screen or by selecting File, Open from the workspace screen). Once in the Project Gallery, select Open from the File menu, navigate to the directory where your certificate is located, select the certificate file and open.

Example Launch PrintMaster and open a certificate project.

Do a File, Save As and save the certificate.

Close PrintMaster

Then, in Windows Explorer, go to Program FilesBroderbundPrintMasterUser000Projects. Double click on a certificate project and youll get the error message noted below.

Note Creating and saving a certificate project saves it as project type Internet Security Certificate. While double-clicking on any other project type launches the program if it is not open already, trying to do so with a certificate project results in the error message The selected file does not contain a valid certificate or the certificate is not a root authority. This is a Windows issue, and not something that can be fixed within PrintMaster. Therefore, all certificate projects need to be opened from within the PrintMaster program.

5. Issue Uninstalling PrintMaster from your computer causes you to lose previously ordered add on packs youve purchased.

Solution Call The Learning Company Customer Service at the number listed below and a representative will give you a new access code which you can use to re-open your previously purchased collections. You will need to re-install the program first.

6. Issue Cannot browse images in large view in the Online collection of the Project or Art Galleries. Since the Art & More Store is a collection of projects available for purchase, you cannot view them in large view until youve unlocked with a special unlock code provided to you once youve purchased them. If you try to switch to large view while in this collection, youll be prompted to go to the order form.

Solution Browse the Online Collection in small and medium view only. When you come across a set or sets youd like to have, double click on one, or switch to large view to trigger the Online Order Form dialog box. Purchase the sets youd like, then once theyre unlocked, browse in large view if you prefer.

7. Issue Either the front and/or inside text of some sentiments selected from the Sentiment Gallery dont fit within the default text box on quarter fold card projects.

Try one of the following solutions After youve selected your sentiment and are returned to the workspace screen, 1) Select the text box by clicking on it, and drag the handles out to stretch it so that all the text can be seen; ) Click inside the text box, then choose Edit, Select All to select all the text, and decrease the font size, making the text smaller so that it all fits within the box; ) For particularly long sentiments, try a combination of steps one and two.

Note This issue with sentiments not fitting is confined to quarter fold card project types. Default text box sizes on other project types should accommodate all the sentiments.

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Windows NT(r) Troubleshooting

1. Issue Projects print slowly running Windows NT.

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Solution In the Print dialog in PrintMaster, reduce the print quality setting. This will also speed up the printing process.

. Issue Long delay when attempting to print projects in Windows NT. There is no error message seen and the printer eventually times out and the spooler becomes empty. The program continues running.

Solution PrintMaster 8.0 requires more memory than previous versions of the product and thus may require a larger NT system paging file than 4 MB Initial and MB Maximum on a system with MB of RAM. This can be fixed by increasing the size of the NT virtual memory file. We recommend a paging file size of 10 MB Initial and 00 MB Maximum. To do this Open System in the Control Panel. Click on the Performance tab, and click Change... in the Virtual Memory group.

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Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five

When one begins to analyze a military novel it is important to first look at the historical context in which the book was written. On the nights of February 1-14 in 144 the city of Dresden, Germany was subjected to one of the worst air attacks in the history of man. By the end of the bombing 15,000 to 50,000 people had been killed by the combined forces of the United States and the United Kingdom. Dresden was different then Berlin or many of the other military targets which were attacked during World War II because it was never fortified or used for strategic purposes and, therefore, was not considered a military target. Because of its apparent safety, thousands of refugees from all over Europe converged on Dresden for protection (Klinkowitz -). Dresdens neutrality was broken and the resulting attacks laid waste, what Vonnegut called, the Florence of the Elbe. Kurt Vonnegut was a witness to this event and because of fate, had been spared. He wrote Slaughterhouse Five to answer the question that resounded through his head long after the bombs could no longer be heard. Why me?- a frequent question asked by survivors of war.

Vonnegut was tormented by this question and through Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist in Slaughterhouse Five, he attempts to reconcile the guilt which one feels when one is randomly saved from death, while ones friends and loved ones perish. Billy Pilgrims own life was spared, but was never able to live with himself knowing that so many others had died. The feelings of guilt which emerged from his having survived the bombing of Dresden and from Billys fortunate escape from death under the shelter of the fifth Slaughterhouse haunted Billy through much of his life. Billy Pilgrim did not consider his survival a blessing, but a curse. A curse to be forced to live on with the guilt of survival. Billy Pilgrim faced such tremendous guilt, that he spent his entire life after Dresden trying to alleviate himself of it. His guilt is in many ways comparable to the guilt felt by the survivors of the Holocaust. Many Holocaust survivors had to face their own Why me? question. However, many Holocaust survivors were able to reconcile their feelings of guilt or put it out of their minds. This solution was never viable for Billy Pilgrim. Billys guilt made life so unbearable that he could no longer live with himself and he rejected the life that had been granted to him. There was no answer to Billys question because war is not logical, nor is it just. Never could one give a justification for the fortuitous slaughtering of the innocent, which claimed the lives of Dresdens inhabitants. This idea is exemplified in the secondary title Slaughterhouse Five is known by, The Childrens Crusade. The Childrens Crusade was one of the many Christian Holy Wars which aimed on destroying the Muslim people. The Childrens Crusade was really a ploy by entrepreneurs to sell Christian children into slavery. Thousands of children were killed on ships en-route to the slave market and many others were sold, never to be seen again. Vonnegut gives the Childrens Crusade as an example of the atrocities and in-humane acts which transpire under the auspices of War. That is why Billy Pilgrim invents a world where a justification can be given, where life and death are meaningless and feelings of guilt disappear. The only way Billy Pilgrim can confront this guilt is to excuse his survival and trivialize the gift of life and the cruelty of death. He creates a new world where he can be free from his guilt. That world is called Tralfamador.

The Traflamadorian world provided Billy Pilgrim with the escape that he needed from his guilt. The Traflamadorian people are not locked in a three dimensional realm. They are not locked in the frames of time to which the human world is forced to live in. Traflamadorians can shift through time as seamlessly as humans can walk towards a point. This ability allows them to focus on the pleasant moments in the history of the Universe and ignore the aspects of time they dislike. Thus, the fire-bombing of Dresden is just a tiny frame in the vast space time continuum. The guilt of Billys being saved is reconciled by eliminating the existence of a past, present, and future. Since any fraction of time is accessible in the Tralfamadorian world death is just a tiny part of existence that is ignored like the fire-bombing of Dresden. Billy Pilgrim reinvents himself and his universe to gain purpose in his guilt ridden life (Lundquist 8).

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The Tralfamadorians are real to Billy because without them he cannot live with himself (Lundquist 8). Billy believes that he was taken by a Tralfamdorian ship to be an exhibit of a human being in a Tralfamdorian Zoo. On Tralfamador, Billy is exposed to an entire new way of thinking which neutralizes the Why me? question. In the Tralfamdorian view of the Universe, guilt does not exist because in their view one is not responsible for ones actions. Whatever will, or has happened will always happen and did always happen. There is no way to change the course of events. Everything is predetermined. Billy is told by the Tralfamadores (regarding Tralfamador) that

Today we do (have peace). On other days we have wars as horrible as any youve ever seen or read about. There isnt anything we can do about them, so we simply dont look at them. We ignore them. We spend eternity looking at pleasant moments (Vonnegut 101).

The Tralfamadorians even now when and who will destroy the Universe, yet they make no attempt to stop it because in their eyes it cannot be stopped. Billy, by accepting the Tralfamadorian view, frees himself from the guilt which one feels when one is locked in time and responsible for ones actions. Billy Pilgrim grasps the Tralfamadorian philosophy and insists the Tralfamadorian world exists because it eliminates the Why me? question. Guilt is a feeling of responsibility or remorse for some offense, crime wrong ;a feeling of culpability. For example if one steals a hundred dollars, one would feel remorse over that action and wish one had not done it. Under the Tralfamadorian outlook Billy Pilgrim does not have to feel remorse for being saved because that is how it was and always will happen. He does not have to feel guilt or remorse because there is no reason to. There is nothing that can be done about war and death, they are as easy to stop as glaciers. (Vonnegut ) The death of all those innocent people could not be stopped, it was predetermined by some unknown force just as the destruction of the Universe, by a Tralfamadorian testing a new fuel, is also predetermined and unstoppable.

Vonnegut uses irony by having Billy Pilgrim an Optometrist, whose job it is to help others see the world more clearly with greater acuity and sensitivity. Billy believes it his job to prescribe corrective lenses for Earthling souls. So many of those souls were lost and wretched, Billy believed, because they could not see as well as his little green friends on Tralfamdore. (Vonnegut 5) This is in essence what the Tralfamadorians teach him that the Human view of time is erroneous (Tanner 18). The Tralfamdorians give Billy an analogy of how humans perceive time

Human vision is something so narrow and restricted...to convey to themselves what it must be like they have to imagine a creature with a metal sphere around his head who looks down a long, thin pipe seeing only a tiny speck at the end. He cannot turn his head around and he is strapped to a flatcar on rails which goes in one direction (Vonnegut).

Billy by accepting the Tralfamadorian view of the world frees himself from the metal sphere and from his guilt. Much of Billys guilt rested on his view of time and nature. Before he was introduced to the Tralfamadorian viewpoint he believed in crusading against war and the death of the innocent and felt guilty and upset when another humans life was blindly taken. After coming to newly understand the limits of human vision and the naivet of human-kind, namely that one can change what will happen and guide ones actions Billy felt no sympathy for death and made no attempt to right injustice and stop the atrocities of war.

Although Billy finds peace in the many positive aspects of the Tralfamadorian mind-set, there also exist many negatives to his new vision. The many aspects of Billys life which his new vision touch are clearly outlined in Slaughterhouse-Five. For example, whenever there is a tragic death or an entire city is destroyed Billy says what all Tralfamdorians say so it goes. Billy does not feel remorse or anger when he hears of the war in Vietnam because it is just a frame in time, which has, is and always will happen. Just as the universe will be destroyed by the Tralfamdorians but no attempt is made to stop it. At one point in the novel Billy sees a war movie in reverse, he describes it as follows

The formation flew over a German city that was in flames. The bombers opened their bomb bay doors, exerted a miraculous magnetism which shrunk the fires, gathered them into cylindrical steel containers and lifted the containers into the bellies of the planes. The containers were stored in neatly racks..When the bombers got back to their base, the steel cylinders were shipped to factories where operating night and day, dismantling the cylinders, separating the dangerous contents...so they would never hurt anybody again. (Vonnegut 64)

Vonnegut uses this imagery to dramatize effectively the cruelty of bombing. Billys Tralfamadorian view of this war film is an obvious improvement over the forward version. However, with the Tralfamdorian view also comes a heavy price. The cost of this new vision is the human conscience and the concern for life (Tanner 18). The Tralfamdorian view extracts the human conscience, which separates humans from the rest of the animal world. The price for a guilt free life is the most precious part of human life, emotions. (Tanner 18)

With the Tralfamdorian view comes another steep price, free will. Billy is told by the Tralfamadorians that free will is a uniquely human belief. (Schatt 8) He is told that war, disease, and even the end of the universe is all pre-determined, and that nothing he does can change what will happen. The notion of free will is what gives human life meaning. Part of the spice of life is the feeling of accomplishment one has when he succeeds or the feeling of sorrow when he fails. These feelings cannot exist when ones actions are not of ones own choice but pre-determined. When all that happens, is decided by an unknown force, failure, triumph and sorrow cannot exist because one is not responsible any longer for bringing about those emotions. This can easily explain why Billys life is so dreary and depressing. His acceptance of the Tralfamdorian world has freed him from his guilt, but it has also freed him from living.. On his tombstone it is written everything was beautiful and nothing hurt. Although this message on the surface would seem perfect, it in reality points to the short-comings of Billys life. One cannot enjoy life and happiness, if he has no feelings and lacks all remorse. In the end of his life Billy is unenthusiastic about living, while stoically enduring it, which may be a sign of the accidie which settles on a man with an atrophied conscience. (Tanner 1) Billy pilgrim has full knowledge, of who, when and where he will be murdered, yet he does nothing about it. While this could be looked at as an acceptance of the Tralfamdorian way of life, it also points to the fact that Billy does not want to stop it because life offers him nothing. The price of for Billys release from guilt, was Billys release from humanity.

Slaughterhouse-Five clearly expresses Vonenguts terrible outrage at the catastrophic fire-bombing of Dresden. But it does more than that. Its underlying theme is not just against the atrocities of Dresden but against all War. Vonneguts unorthodox stylistic approach which lacks any sequential path, draws the reader deeper into the Tralfamadorian world. Although Vonneguts character was able to reconcile his life to some extent, Vonnegut was not. Vonnegut was never able to answer his own Why me? but in truth a broader question exists Why any of us?

Bibliography

Klinkowitz, Jerome. Slaughterhouse-Five Reforming the Novel and the World. Boston Twayne Publishers, 10.

Lundquist, James. Kurt Vonnegut. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 177.

Tanner, Tony. City of Words American Fiction 150-170. New York Harper and Row, Publishers, 171.

Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York Dell Publishing Co. Inc., 16.Please note that this sample paper on if cheese had a name is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on if cheese had a name, we are here to assist you. Your college essay on if cheese had a name will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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'The formation and dissolution of marriage in early medieval Ireland was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction.' Is this a fair assessment?

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The formation and dissolution of marriage in early medieval Ireland was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. Is this a fair assessment?

This is a fair assessment, as the reality of medieval Irish society, as represented through the Vernacular legal tracts; strongly indicate that the formation and dissolution of marriage was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. Legal tracts from early medieval Ireland provide both the ideal and the reality of marriage during the period. The Collectio Canonum Hibernensis, a collection of Canon Laws, gives the ideal of marriage as seen by the Christian Church, while vernacular laws, namely Cáin Lánamna, the Heptads, and Díre tracts, express the realities of the formation and dissolution of marriage in early Irish society. Tatsuki comments on these opposing legal texts saying that the Hibernensis was the basic guide to church administration as well as being a source of moral direction to churchmen and laymen alike. The Irish laws, on the other hand, presuppose a wider application to all of lay society, with few moral overtones. Marriage as described in vernacular law was clearly shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction with the acceptance of polygamy, separation and divorce. However, for the most part, the opposite can be said of Canon Law, under which many of the actualities of marriage in early medieval Irish society were prohibited. In this essay I will examine the treatment of the formation and dissolution of marriage in both the Hibernensis, which portrays the ideal and vernacular laws, which portray the reality of marriage within society.

Canonical rules about sexual conduct…aimed to encourage everyone who could do so to renounce the pursuit of sexual pleasure, and to embrace, instead, a life of perpetual virginity, unblemished by any sexual experience whatever Brundages assessment of Canon Law strongly argues that reproduction was not central to Christian ideals. Two books within Collectio Canonum Hibernensis deal directly with marriage and sexuality, Liber XLV - De quaestionibus mulierum and Liber XLVI - De ratione matrimonii. Liber XLV opens with the phrase that virginity is to be praised in either sex as virginity is the highest state of spirituality available to mankind, while marriage and therefore are clearly not affiliated with the ideal state. Liber XLVI deals specifically with marriage. Under Canon Law marriage is believed to be monogamous, permanent and mutually consensual. Liber XLVI prohibits adultery, polygamy, the existence of concubines, and consanguinity. In this respect, the Hibernensis is certainly not a document that is promoting a society with the aim of maximising reproduction.

While Canon Law emphasised that marriage was a life long contract and that divorce was not accepted, annulments were granted on rare occasions and on limited grounds. One of the grounds on which an annulment was granted was where impotency within the marriage, which had to be proven in order to achieve an annulment. This suggests that while the Christian Church certainly did not shape marriage with the aim of maximising reproduction, they did however, on rare occasions allow for the annulment of marriage where reproduction could not occur.

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Vernacular law details the actual formation and dissolution of marriage in early medieval society in Ireland. The society represented in vernacular law is a stark contrast to the idealised views represented in the Hibernensis. Cáin Lánamna lists nine various forms of sexual union including those which would have been permanent, semi-permanent and transitory, all of which were recognised as being legitimate unions and contracts, thus demonstrating that this document is a product of a society obsessed with and aimed at maximising reproduction. The first three forms of sexual union listed in Cáin Lánamna are thought to have been the most common in Irish society during the period and were also acceptable under Canon Law. The extensive detail in which Cáin Lánamna enters into in regards to the settling and division of goods following divorce indicates how common divorce was in early medieval Ireland and also as it was so strictly legislated for, this made it easily obtainable. According to Corráin , the most common form of marriage in early medieval Ireland was lánamnas comthinchur, in which both properties contribute property or goods to the marriage. If the marriage is dissolved, each partner receives back what he or she contributed to the marriage, and any profit form the marriage is divided into thirds, with one-third going to the partner who provided the land, one-third to the partner who provided the cattle and the final third to the partner who provided the labour. If the divorce is fault based, the partner at fault is heavily penalised in the division of the marital profits.

Another element of vernacular law that indicates that the formation and dissolution of marriage in early medieval Ireland was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction is the presence and acceptance of polygamy in vernacular legal tracts. This is mentioned briefly in Cáin Lánamna and in more detail in the Díre and Heptad law tracts. The Díre lists five forms of wife that were possible under early Irish law. The first of these being the ctmuinter with sons, who was given the highest legal status and had the closest ties to her husband. After which is a ctmuinter without sons. Following this there is the ben aititen aranaiscc fine, who is a wife who is accepted and betrothed by her kindred, who is then followed by the ben aititen nad-aurnascar nad-forngarar who is not betrothed and who does not have the permission of her kindred to enter the relationship. The final classification of wife in the Díre is a ben bis for foxul dar apud n-athur no fine, a woman who is abducted against the wishes of her kindred. The Heptads also make reference to the existence of a polygamous society in Ireland in the early medieval period, particularly a commentary to Heptad 6 in which polygamy is fully justified in cases where the ctmuinter is unable to bear children due to sickness or injury. This again is evident of a society in which the formation and dissolution of multiple marriages was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. As Jaski further notes, the Collectio Canonum Hibernensis prohibited polygamy in Irish society however, as the vernacular laws suggests, Canon law did not have that big an influence on society in early medieval Ireland for that prohibition to have an affect.The dissolution of marriage in early medieval Ireland was also clearly aimed at maximising reproduction. Both the Heptads and Cáin Lánamna list grounds on which fault based divorce could be established, many of which are concerned with sexual or reproductive failings on either party. Cáin Lánamna, for the most part, deals with divorce in terms of the division of property and goods, while the Heptads list the grounds on which either party can sue for divorce. The Heptads state that a woman can divorce her husband if he is impotent, too overweight for sex, homosexual, sterile, and if her husband is a member of holy orders and is therefore unable to reconcile his mutual obligation, namely sexual relations with his wife and his vow of chastity to the Church. Other grounds on which a wife can sue for divorce include if the husband goes on a long journey or pilgrimage whereby he obviously is unable to partake in sexual relations with his wife. Donnacha Corráin states that A woman may divorce a sexually unsatisfactory husband-one who is sterile, impotent, or homosexual. In the case of the first two the substantive ground for the divorce is that no children can be expected of the marriage. This emphasises the point that the formation and dissolution of marriage was greatly shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. Similarly many of the grounds on which a man can sue for divorce are based on reproductive failings and provide clear evidence that the dissolution of marriage was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. A man could sue for divorce on grounds of infidelity, sterility, abortion, infanticide or if his wife, due to sickness, was unable to produce milk for her offspring. The grounds for fault based divorce in early medieval Ireland indicate that the dissolution of marriage came about largely on the grounds of sexual or reproductive failings, and that the dissolution of marriage was aimed at maximising reproduction.

The provision on temporary separation in the Heptads is yet another example of how the formation and dissolution of marriage was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction. As with divorce, the majority of grounds for temporary separation were connected with sexual failings within the marriage. Heptad 5 lists eleven circumstances in which temporary separation could occur. Temporary separation could occur in cases where the husband leaves to go on pilgrimage or a long journey, and therefore cannot have sexual relations with his wife and thus reproduce. Also, if either partner is infertile, the other may go to seek child elsewhere. The resulting child is then treated as a child of the marriage. These provisions for temporary separation are examples of how important reproduction was seen to be within both marriage and society.

While marriage and divorce were primarily shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction, there is one common example where reproduction was clearly not the central aim or purpose of the marriage. This is in the case of a female heiress, or banchomarbae, and the form of marriage usually known as lánamnas fir for bantinchur. As Jaski notes, the banchomarbae could only preserve her interest in the land for her children if she married one of her patrilineal relatives, which would usually have been a first or second cousin. In this instance the formation of marriage is shaped with the aim of maintaining inheritance and land rather than reproduction.

In early medieval Ireland, with few exceptions, the formation and dissolution of marriage was shaped with the primary aim of maximising reproduction. The realities of the society are very clearly revealed in vernacular texts such as Cáin Lánamna, the Heptads and Díre law tracts, which detail common practices in regards to the formation and dissolution of marriage, Factors such as polygamy, divorce and temporary separation, for which sexual or reproductive failing provided justification for, allowed for the maximising of reproduction in early Irish society. Canon Law, however, does not place much emphasis on the importance of reproduction. While the annulment of marriage was possible where impotency could be proven, this had more to do with the legal, consensual nature of marriage rather than reproduction and was not a common occurrence . Canon Law emphasised the belief that marriage was an unbreakable, life long, spiritual union. Both the Hibernensis and the various vernacular laws portray the ideal and the reality of early medieval society in Ireland, which in reality was shaped with the aim of maximising reproduction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brundage, J. Sex and Canon Law in Bullough, V & Brundage, J. (eds) Handbook of medieval sexuality (New York & London, 16)

Brundage, J. Law, sex, and Christian society in medieval Europe. (Chicago, 187)

Cosgrove, A. Consent, consummation and indissolubility some evidence from medieval ecclesiastical courts in Documents et Recherch Bulletin de la socit archologique, historique et gographique de Criel, 1075 (11) 4-104

Ginnell, L. The Brehon Laws (nd edition) (Dublin 117)

Jaski, B. Marriage laws in Ireland and on the Continent in the early Middle Ages in C. Meek, M. Simms (eds) The fragility of her sex? Medieval Irish women in their European context (Dublin 16) 16-4

Kelly, F. A guide to early Irish law, Early Irish Law Series (Dublin 188)

Corráin, D., Women in early Irish society. In D.Corráin, M. MacCurtáin (eds) Women in Irish Society the historical dimension (Dublin 178) 1-17

Corráin, D., Marriage in early Ireland in A. Cosgrove (ed) Marriage in Ireland (Dublin 185) 5-4

Corráin, D., Women and the law in early Ireland in M.ODowd, S. Wichert (eds) Chattel, servant or citizen womens status in the church, state and society (Belfast 15) 45-57.

Loughlin, T. Marriage and sexuality in the Hibernensis, Peritia 11 (17) 188-06

Tatsuki, A. The early Irish church and marriage an analysis of the Hibernensis Peritia 15 (001) 15-07

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