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4-Stroke Engines, Thermodynamics
Background Information
Internal combustion engines are the type commonly used in cars today, where the petrol is actually ignited in the cylinder. They are known as 4 stroke, because the process occurs in two cycles (two up strokes, and two down strokes). The piston begins at the top of the cylinder, moving down. The intake valve is opened, and so a mixture of fuel and oxygen is sucked into the cylinder. When the piston reaches the bottom, the valve is closed, and the piston moves up, compressing the mixture until the piston reaches the top. When the piston is at the top, the spark plug fires, igniting the mixture, producing high downward pressure on the piston. This pressure pushes the piston down (this is where the actual work is done by the engine). When the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve is opened and as the piston moves up the exhaust is pushed out. After reaching the top, the exhaust valve is closed, and the intake valve opened (bringing us back to the start).
Thermodynamics is used to describe the relationship between heat and work, and the transfer of both in and out of systems. Heat and work are both forms of energy, and thus, heating or working is a transfer of energy. A doing work on B, increases Bs internal energy, while decreasing As and so on. A system in thermodynamics is something, which has a certain amount of internal energy. A block of metal could, for example, be a metal block. Heat can be put into or taken out of it. A fixed mass of gas could also be a system. Heat can go in or out, if you compress it, you are doing work (and thus increasing the internal energy), if the gas does work then its internal energy decreases.
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If a gas is quickly compressed, then its temperature is increased. Work has been done by compressing the gas, which then converts into internal energy. If the gas is then allowed to cool, heat equal to the amount of energy supplied by the work will be released into the surroundings. The reverse happens if the gas is allowed to expand, temperature is decreased, and the system absorbs heat from the surroundings, so work is done by the system, results in a loss of internal energy, but heat will then be absorbed back in if the system is left do so. Thus, work is converted to heat (in the first case) and heat is converted to work in the second.
The second law of thermodynamics Natural systems tend to move towards a state of greater disorder, what this means is that you cant build an engine which will convert 100% of the energy put into it into work, however no engine can be 100% efficient. For example, the first law suggests that a block of wood sitting on the table could convert some of its heat energy into work and jump off the table. But the second law says it won't happen, not that it couldnt, its unlikely. You've probably got a better chance of a monkey rewriting a piece of Shakespeare, by randomly letting him type.
The zeroth law expresses that having in existence three systems, A, B, and C, if A is in equilibrium with C and B is in equilibrium with C, then A and B will also be in equilibrium. All three systems will be in equilibrium in temperature. If any of these systems are in contact with other systems, there will be compensation in the temperature level of all the systems involved. That is, they will all have the same temperature.
The Internal Combustion Engine 4-Stroke Otto Cycle
The first step of this cycle of gas and air mixed from the Carburetor. The engine pulls the piston out of the cylinder. Therefore there is a low pressure in the cylinder. Then the atmospheric pressure pushes fuel air into the cylinder, and the engine does work during this stroke. Step two is compression of the air-gas mixture. The engine pushes the piston into the cylinder creating a high pressure in the cylinder. Then in step there is the ignition and expansion of the air-gas mixture. The mixture burns to form a gas and the gas then pushes the piston out of the cylinder. As the gas expands pressure and temperature in the cylinder lowers. In the last step the exhaust is released as waste. The engine pushes the piston back into the cylinder and the pressure inside burs the gas out of the cylinder, creating waste.
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