Comparison of the processing of copper and zinc

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Copper has been mined and used by humans for over 5,000 years. It's physical properties, most notably conductivity, make the metal invaluable to modern industry. There are, however, numerous differences between aluminium and copper and their refining processes.

Copper, with a standard reduction potential of 0.15V is a less reactive metal than aluminium, which has a standard reduction potential of 1.66V. Aluminium is thus more readily oxidized and reacts more easily with substances than copper. (Redox Booklet). Because aluminium reacts easily, it is always found naturally in compounds and requires extensive refining to extract. This could account for the relatively late discovery of aluminium Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist and physicist, discovered the first aluminium in 185. To extract pure aluminium, alumina needs to be electrolytically refined a process that was not developed until the late 1800s. Aluminium has only been produced commercially for about 146 years and is a relatively young metal. In comparison, copper can occur naturally in its metallic form. When refining from copper ore is required, the processes required to extract copper are simpler than aluminium and were known to humans since ancient times - copper was probably first used as early as about 8000 BC. (World Book Encyclopaedia)

Another difference between the two elements is their ionic charges. Aluminium forms Al+ ions, while copper forms Cu+ ions. Therefore, in the electrolytic process three electrons are required for every aluminium ion produced, while only two electrons are required for every copper ion produced. Thus, it would be expected that less electricity would be required in the electrolysis of copper. Also, before the electrolysis procedure, both processes require extensive processing of the ore and this consumes large amounts of energy. The copper has to undergo a smelting process, while the alumina needs to be refined from the bauxite. Both of these procedures require very high temperatures, and thus, expend considerable energy. In general, however, the energy demands of the aluminium refining process are greater, requiring

5.610 J/tonne, while copper requires .4710 J/tonne.

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Also, the time taken for the process of copper refining is probably less than that of aluminium. This is because producing copper requires lengthy procedures of ore extraction, froth floatation, smelting and electrolysis, while apart from alumina extraction, the main component of aluminium refining is electrolysis.

However, the fundamental difference between the copper and aluminium refining processes is the role of electrolysis. Electrolysis is a fundamental process in separating pure aluminium from alumina. However, the extraction of copper from copper ore requires mainly floatation and smelting techniques, while electrolysis is only used at the end to obtain extreme purity.

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Drinking and Driving

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Amanda Harris

1//00

Drinking and Driving

Drinking is more a social habit than anything. When drinking alcohol, you may feel more relaxed, less tense and self-conscious. Alcohol is a drug that is misused a lot. If you drink a lot, you could become addicted to alcohol. I believe that the drinking age should be raised to 5 years old. To me there are lots younger people drinking. I think if we rise the drinking age there will be less deaths by driving and drinking for age 18-5.

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When drinking, you become depressed. The effects from being depressed changes with the parts of the brain. The part that keeps us "under control" is the inhibiting. Shy people become outgoing and normally gentle people may even become violent. The more alcohol that you drink, you start to depress the nervous system. Your ability to speak, see, move and think may start to go.

Alcohol also interferes with driving. Your judgment goes. Your reaction starts to slow down. It takes to long for people from seeing the problem to react.

Alcohol goes to the brain very quickly. The alcohol level affects the body. The level for everyone is different.

The law is that everyone under 1 can't drink. How do teenagers and younger adults get alcohol? They get it by older ones. That's illegal. If you get caught selling or buying for younger ones you get a punishment. Then if they are at a party, they drive home. Everyone on the road is in danger because the people that are drinking are not careful drivers. That a drunk driver crosses the center line and hit another car. In Madison, there was an accident that killed a man and left his daughter in a comma. The father was killed and left his wife, 10-month old baby, and 8-year-old daughter. He put his family in danger because he was drinking and hit a semi.

Wisconsin has higher accident rates by drunk drivers than most states. Males generally tend to drink and drive more than females.

During the Vietnam War 1 years old could drink in most state. By the mid-170's, most states lowered the drinking age to 18. Injuries and deaths involving younger drivers doubled and tripled. Most accidents happened around nighttime. These accidents involved 18 to 0 year-old males. Males were in most of these accidents involved with alcohol. Legislator began to reverse that trend. The government regulated the drinking age. "In 184 the Reagan administration passed the "1" law, which penalized states with a drinking age under 1 by withholding 5% of their federal highway funds. By the middle of 187, 7 states had raised the drinking age to 1" Some states have tried to compromise allowing 18 year olds only wine or beer. Beer is the most common beverage involved in alcohol related crashed. The bottom line is that rising the drinking age saves lives.

Adults that drink are often unclear about conflict between their own behavior and beliefs and they are even more confused about teenage drinking. Many parents see nothing wrong with their children drinking occasionally. Their child is encouraged to drink and then they drive because they see their parents doing to.

Sources

Jane Claypool

Alcohol and You

Franklin Watts

188

Jean McBee Knox

Alcohol, Drinking Age

Chelsea House Publishers

New York

188

www.madd.org

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Post-MBA short-term goals and post-MBA long-term goal

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My post-MBA short-term goal is to get a position in finance at either an emerging technology company of information technology or telecommunication, or an investment bank that finances start-up companies of high technology.

I am specifically interested in the finance, because venture capital is one of the core parts of a successful business plan that will lead to sustainable growth. I believe the Pacific Rim has the largest market of unmet technological needs, where can help me to get the hands-on pragmatic experience in the field of entrepreneurship. Even though I have accumulated strong professional experiences in information technology, I need an advanced training in finance and its management in order to make effective decisions across an entire organization, from finance to marketing and sales.

My post-MBA long-term goal is to become a CEO in a telecom and/or IT company. I will try to establish an R&D enterprise in the information technology or a small to medium sized new value-added service operator to focusing on the MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) market in mobile communication in China. In order to pursue this goal, I would like to enroll in a business school that emphasizes entrepreneurship in the high-tech industry and cutting-edge knowledge of telecom management.

My career goals have been slowly shaped by my 1 years professional experience. I have worked from a market representative, project leader to now as the executive manager and sales director. I have demonstrated my leadership and perfected my communication skills. I am confident that I can best achieve my goals through the advanced education provided at Marshall. I realize that the strength in general management and entrepreneurial studies and telecom management, combined with its focus on the West Coast, exactly mirrors my aspirations. These strengths are evident not only in the curriculum, but also in the Prime Program, through which I plan to return to China.

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Moreover, my post-MBA short-term goals demonstrate that I am aware that textbooks are not the most critical component of an MBA program; contact with real business people is just as vital. The large population of international students and strong alumni base are especially conducive to forming lasting friendships and developing business ventures. Finally the school¡¯s proximity to Los Angeles and Silicon Valley will give me access to one of the largest concentrations of technology companies in the world. It also allows me to be closer to my friends who also have the similar long-term career goal of mine.

If I work in a corporate finance position at a high technology company at start-up, I will endeavor to practice the skills required to recognize opportunity, develop a business concept, test that concept through feasibility analysis, and write a comprehensive business plan. If I work in an investment bank facing high technology start-ups, I will be trained on the entrepreneurial skill set applied to finding and selecting new venture investment opportunities from the business plan reader¡¯s point of view, and building a relationship with the principals, structuring the investment, adding value as a non-executive manager, and realizing the value of that investment.Please note that this sample paper on post-MBA short-term goals and post-MBA long-term goal is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on post-MBA short-term goals and post-MBA long-term goal, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on post-MBA short-term goals and post-MBA long-term goal will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Innocence vs. Reality

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Innocence vs. Reality

The story Young Goodman Brown written by Nathaniel Hawthorne presents two themes loss of innocence and coping with reality. The character that loses his innocence, or his illusion of innocence, is the main character, Young Goodman Brown. As the pages of the story turn, Young Goodman Browns outlook toward his Salem community changes considerably. Feelings of distrust and a sense of wickedness replace Young Goodman Browns initial trust and admiration for the people of Salem.

A loss of innocence is one major theme of the short story that is seen first and most easily. The innocent characters in the story are Young Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith. In the beginning of the story, Young Goodman Brown is faced with a conflict between joining the ranks of the devil or remaining innocent. It is a very difficult personal journey for Young Goodman Brown as he travels through the woods testing his faith, all the while thinking of the good things (like his wife, Faith) he would be leaving behind. However, on his travels through the woods, Young Goodman Brown discusses his self-doubt after incidences such as his discovery of Goody Cloyse, the governor, and the village minister communing with the devil. The conflict of whether or not to believe these allegations leaves Young Goodman Brown

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contemplating the actual innocence of his friends and family, ultimately destroying him and creating a new, unhappy man.

Coping with reality is another theme of the story which becomes a major issue after the loss of innocence. Young Goodman Brown must devise a way of dealing with the transgression of his peers. The devil suggests …Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness… (65) When Young Goodman Brown denies the devils truth, he chooses the alternative. The supernatural experience in the forest affects Young Goodman Brown as the most dismal, horrible, and intransigent experiences of his life. Since he cannot believe in faith, no other reality can control the aggravating gloom of a persistent doubt. Young Goodman Browns journey into the dream world of the forest, into the haunted mind now functioning with the full force of history, and confronted a world steeped in guilt makes his return to the village a pilgrimage into dishonesty and deception. But just as the experience is personal, so is the effect. Young Goodman Brown alone is changed. He alone brings the dark vision of the forest to bear on the moral life of the community. He alone, from the night of that fearful dream, becomes a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man. (71)

In the end, it is made abundantly clear that Young Goodman Brown was scarred for life by his experience in the forest. After returning to Salem from that fateful night, he becomes cynical; he no longer has any faith in his fellow townspeople. He has lost his innocence. He has lost his faith. His self-isolation, relationship with his wife, and the inscription on his tombstone show that the conflict had a profound effect on his life. A great change took place in Young Goodman Brown and it altered him forever.

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Communication Process

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Abstract

Communication is the process in which data is sent from a source to an intended audience with a meaning perceived by the receiver. Communication is vital if a company wants to survive. Without communication there will be no work getting accomplished and chaos will reign in the workplace.

Communication at work, at home and in the community is essential for leading a full and satisfying life. People with good communication skills in reading, writing, speaking and listening have the basic foundation for being effective communicators. With good communication skills, workers can learn more about each other and build solid long lasting relationships. Good communication can also bring people from different cultures and races together rather than being divided.

The differences in employee's language, culture and race affect all working relationships. Communication is the key; to create a better relationship the overall communication needs to be better. For many workplaces, the first step in communication is that managers should be trained and encouraged to communicate with respect to their employees, treat their employees fairly and to show more understanding with employees with different cultures that are in the workplace.

Communication is the process of sharing information and the process of generating and transmitting meanings. There are several pieces that make up the communication process, the source (encoder) sends the message; the message itself (product) what is being sent; it may use all senses, the channel how the message is being sent either auditory, visual, hands on and the receiver (decoder) who translates the message and makes a decision and the feedback when the message is received and understood. Sometime during the communication process there is what is called noise and one should try and reduce the amount of noise, which may distort the message and the desired result will not be achieved. There are three levels of communication; Intrapersonal in which the goal is self awareness, Interpersonal and this includes the interaction between two people and no more than 10 people, which is the most frequently used, and Public with interaction with a large group of people.

In my company there are two forms of communication that are used and they are verbal and non-verbal, through the verbal form of communication mangers can relay down to their subordinates the orders for the day through written or spoken directions. Since the verbal communication can be written or spoken, it is the primary source of communication. We receive most of our communication through email and by word of mouth through our manager and this seems to be the best form our company. In the non-verbal form instructions and how we perceive the instructions are in how we interpret the message. Just like when you can tell when someone is angry or happy the same can be done for communication. If the sender is perceived to be in a rush then we perceive the request to require an immediate response. A good example of a lack of communication in our company was just the other day we had to input about 1600 fields of text into the new software because somewhere down the line someone had dropped the ball on getting the information to the developer in time to input the data into the database. Since this has happened we spent a week inputting data making sure that it is correct with what we have in our existing system. If there were proper communication between employees with less noise to confuse the employees within both companies, there would have been a lot less trouble with implementing this new software.

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Representing ESL Students in the School Community

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Representing ESL Students in the School Community

The article I read was called Representing ESL Students in the School Community, this article was about teachers having to deal with people treating ESL students mean. Many ESL teacher have been faced with situations where the testing they have done isn't at accommodations level or even heard people say that student who do not speak English are being "dumb". Situations like this are certainly not a conducive to a positive educational atmosphere. So what is a teacher to do? One thing an ESL teacher should do is enlarge her perspective, by that I mean see the big picture before jumping to conclusion. Well they talked about 10 principles of Successful Representation. I will tell you a little about each one of them. Principle #1 says to Educate, educate, educate, educate, educate! Because ignorance is the root of negativity and also you're a very important part of the building and educated community. Principle # If possible work from the top not from the bottom, because if you do then that means you have to influence people to help you if your in the bottom level. Principle # Make sure to put yourself in their shoes when you're going to make a presentations or make a proposals. Never forget how it can effect the person your doing the presentation to. Principle #4 Go to board meetings department meetings and participate in decision-making that way they have the input of an ESL teacher sometimes you can make a difference on their vote. Principle #5 Make friends with people in high places such as program representatives, testing coordinator, scheduler, and administrator. These are the people who make decisions on ESL students. What a better way then to be on their good side. Principle #6 ESL teachers need to establish a positive professional relationship with other teachers. In with that in mind it makes it easier for ESL teachers to approach others to make them aware of his or her concerns. Principle #7 Be Patient. Remember that people's attitudes change quickly. That it takes time for change to kick in. Principle #8 be persistent. More and better progress is made through persistent. Principle # be proactive in representing your program. Give them a situation where you can celebrate student successes or accomplishments. Principle #10 Work on resistance. From time to time teachers will encounter genuine resistance rather then what might be explained as an inadvertent oversight.

Hopefully if ESL teacher would consider using the Principles of Successful Representation it would help them out. It would also help to overcome resistance. The more people you have influenced to understand the issues, the more people can help in exerting their influence for change. I really liked the principles that they talked about in the article.

Prager, S. (000). Representing ESL Students in the School Community ESL MAGAZINE ONLINE Website http//www.eslmag.com/mayjun00art.html

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Huck Finn's Digestion of Violence

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Violence is the last refugee of the incompetent Issac Asimov. Ignorance and superstition reigned on the frontier of the Mississippi River. The cruelty of the southern plantation owners and the general lawlessness of the frontier all attributed to the violence that occurred throughout the book. Whether murderous criminals, a feuding family, or an angry mob was committing this violence, Huck was forced to digest and overcome these scenes, and at the same time the reader learned more of life on the Mississippi River of the 1840's.

One night while on the river, Huck and Jim stumble across a wrecked steamboat, and find a couple of outlaws contemplating the murder of a fellow outlaw. "I'm for killin' himand didn't he kill old Hatfield jist the same wayand don't he deserve it?" (7). This scene of individual violence adds to the image of 1840's river life. Even though the west was becoming more and more civilized, a general sense of lawlessness and violence still existed, not unlike the lawlessness and adventure depicted in classical western movies of the 0th century. The violence, though, wasn't between cowboys and Indians, good guys and bad guys. The violence occurred between groups of individual ruffians, a band of outlaws whose greed was strong enough to break the ties they have to one another and commit these homicidal acts. "Well, by and by somebody said Sherburn ought to be lynched. In about a minute everybody was saying it; so away they went, mad and yelling, and snatching down every clothes line the come to to do the hanging with" (14). The most pertinent example of senseless violence in the mid 1th century occurred in the form of lynching. Whether a large mob or a small band committed the act, it defied the laws of constitutional justice. No trial was served; only the resolve of a senseless group was carried out. Sherburn, though, through a somewhat contradicting speech, saved himself by indicting the cowardice of the mob. Though no justice was ever served, deep down Huck knew the Karma Police would catch up with Sherburn, and was thus able to digest the events he had just encountered and get on with his life.

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Of all Huck's adventures, the feud chilled him the most. His experiences with the feud and the senseless violence that accompanied it would be engraved into his mind for the rest of his life. "I wish I hadn't ever come ashore that night to see such things. I ain't ever going to get shut of themlots of times I dream about them" (116). For the families involved, violence settled itself as their way of life; their life completed when they died. For Huck and the reader, it showed just how gruesome life could be, and how easily hatred can control one's life.

No matter what type of violence Huck saw, be it murder, feuding, or lynching, he was able to digest and comprehend the scenes he encountered. Each violent scene further painted the picture of life on the Mississippi river of the mid 1th century. Each discovery Huck makes adds to both his character and to the story. Indeed, Huck's adventures bring not only entertainment, but also lessons of violence and honor. Please note that this sample paper on Huck Finn's Digestion of Violence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Huck Finn's Digestion of Violence, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Huck Finn's Digestion of Violence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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