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Copper has been mined and used by humans for over 5,000 years. It's physical properties, most notably conductivity, make the metal invaluable to modern industry. There are, however, numerous differences between aluminium and copper and their refining processes.
Copper, with a standard reduction potential of 0.15V is a less reactive metal than aluminium, which has a standard reduction potential of 1.66V. Aluminium is thus more readily oxidized and reacts more easily with substances than copper. (Redox Booklet). Because aluminium reacts easily, it is always found naturally in compounds and requires extensive refining to extract. This could account for the relatively late discovery of aluminium Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist and physicist, discovered the first aluminium in 185. To extract pure aluminium, alumina needs to be electrolytically refined a process that was not developed until the late 1800s. Aluminium has only been produced commercially for about 146 years and is a relatively young metal. In comparison, copper can occur naturally in its metallic form. When refining from copper ore is required, the processes required to extract copper are simpler than aluminium and were known to humans since ancient times - copper was probably first used as early as about 8000 BC. (World Book Encyclopaedia)
Another difference between the two elements is their ionic charges. Aluminium forms Al+ ions, while copper forms Cu+ ions. Therefore, in the electrolytic process three electrons are required for every aluminium ion produced, while only two electrons are required for every copper ion produced. Thus, it would be expected that less electricity would be required in the electrolysis of copper. Also, before the electrolysis procedure, both processes require extensive processing of the ore and this consumes large amounts of energy. The copper has to undergo a smelting process, while the alumina needs to be refined from the bauxite. Both of these procedures require very high temperatures, and thus, expend considerable energy. In general, however, the energy demands of the aluminium refining process are greater, requiring
5.610 J/tonne, while copper requires .4710 J/tonne.
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Also, the time taken for the process of copper refining is probably less than that of aluminium. This is because producing copper requires lengthy procedures of ore extraction, froth floatation, smelting and electrolysis, while apart from alumina extraction, the main component of aluminium refining is electrolysis.
However, the fundamental difference between the copper and aluminium refining processes is the role of electrolysis. Electrolysis is a fundamental process in separating pure aluminium from alumina. However, the extraction of copper from copper ore requires mainly floatation and smelting techniques, while electrolysis is only used at the end to obtain extreme purity.
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