Salem witch trials

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When the imaginations of people collide with politics, religion and economics, big problems can arise. Problems resulting with almost 00 people imprisoned, 0 executed, 1 hanged, several deaths in prison and one crushed to death. There are some speculations, but why this all really occurred, no one really knows. Nor do we know if it was real. It was nearly three hundred years ago when these trials occurred in Salem. Were those accused really witches, or had they just gone crazy? As you read on you will get a better understanding of what really went on during the Salem Witch Trials.

Politics was one of the factors leading up to the trials. Salem Village was divided into two groups those wanting to separate from Salem Town, and those who didn't. Those who did were farming families who thought that Salem Town's economy made it all too individualistic and that Salem Town was out of touch with Salem Village. In 168, Rev. Samuel Parris formed this congregation and began worshipping in the Salem Village Meeting House. The contracts provided ministers with a modest salary, free firewood and a use of a house. This made the people who wanted to stay in Salem Town angry, so they then refused to pay taxes, and stopped worshipping at the Meeting House. In 161 a new Committee was formed which refused to pay for Parris' salary. The Parris family had only voluntary contributions to rely on.

Samuel Parris looked after his year old daughter, Betty and his 1 year old niece, Abagail. During the winter days, reading became popular. There were a group of girls from Essex County who got together to share what they read. Abligail, Betty and their two friends heard of this and decided to form their own group. The Parris' slave, Tituba, would sometimes join the circle. She would tell them stories of witchcraft and demons. Soon Betty and Abigail became frightened. Rev. Parris then had the girls examined. The doctor found nothing unusual, but concluded the girls were bewitched. There were three prime candidates for the accusations of witchcraft Tituba, Sara Good, and Sara Osborne.

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John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin then decided to travel to Salem to investigate the witchcraft. They met in the Meeting House with the girls. During the meeting the girls would fall to the floor and scream. Later on, Tituba finally confessed to being a witch. They then accused more women, such as Martha Cory, Rebecca Nurse, and Elizabeth Proctor, merchants and even the governor's wife. The three girls were then sent to the Boston jail. The trials continued on as many were accused and afflicted. Many denied being a witch, while others confessed. Many people were put in jail, or even hanged. On June Bridget Bishop was the first to be pronounced guilty of witchcraft and condemned to death, and on September 1, Giles Corey was pressed to death for refusing a trial. The last trial was May of 16.

After the trials many people were still stuck in jail because they couldn't afford to pay there way out. The Salem Witch Trials did not only affect the people, but also the town. With no one around, houses were left untended and crops never grew. Politics also changed when there was a new election. Even after the trials, not all families rejoined the congregation. Salem Village then separated from Salem Town and was named Danvers. January 1, 167 was the day of fasting and praying for forgiveness.

So were the Salem Witch Trials really real? To this day, people are still researching the trials. It is possible that the girls were victims of ergot poisoning from the bread they ate, or they could have been lying. Ann Putnam was one of the girls who said witches had taken over her, then later she admitted that no evil had touched her. Many also think that the girls were victims of conversion hysteria. They began to believe that they were bewitched from all the talk going on in the community. The may have also just wanted attention. This just goes to show how people's crazy thoughts can take over.

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A Modern Woman's Introspection

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Living in a superficial society, we as individuals refer to materialistic objects as reflections of our happiness. We resort to lavishness as an expression of our happiness rather than truly understanding the fundamentals of what constitutes a pleasurable life. If one emulates the philosophy of Epicurus, an informative guide that provides the basic fundamentals of happiness, one will find life blissful without the presence of materialistic objects. To truly experience a pleasurable life one should value the fundamentals of friendship, and freedom of thought and from society.

Imagine your beauty radiating of an advertisement in Vogue magazine. Light caramel skin so impeccable that it resembles the flesh of a new born. Eyebrows arched in geometric perfection. Short hair free of split-ends and dryness, and highlighted with a tint of brown. Full lips covered in cherry gloss, revealing a mouth full of straight, blindingly white teeth.

The modern woman can only reach a state of bliss when she accepts that society's standardized notion of beauty will eliminate all of her grief and despair, thus, defining her happiness. It's only natural that the modern woman strives to achieve physical perfection if she ever wishes to emancipate herself from the oppression and turmoil that restricts her from living in bliss. When attempting to sculpt her body into a masterpiece, Revlon Consumer Products, will assist the modern woman in accomplishing a blissful state of mind by providing the ultimate facial products necessary to attain the beautiful American image. Remember if you look good then you will feel good.

Modern society has a way of unconsciously formulating standards that affects the manner in which a person considers him of her self happy. In order for one to live a pleasurable life one must isolate themselves from society's superficial nature, in return obtaining the independence to decide what truly makes one happy. By extracting yourself from the matrix you will cease to judge yourself and others on a material bias (deBotton, 58). You will have no reason to indulge in materialistic objects because without society's "influence", you will find pleasure in humbler things. It will no longer be of your interest to seek materialistic items to define your happiness because you are free from society's mental restraints.

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If a woman was to have a make-over and become this magnificent portrait of gorgeousness, but did not possess a single friend would she be happy? Contrary to Revlon's theory, the answer is no. As Epicurus stated, "We don't exist unless there is someone who can see us existing" (deBotton, 57). If no one is present to compliment or take notice of the woman's appearance she would feel her attempts were in vain, and this would lead to feelings of being unappreciated and ultimately, anger. A woman can not base her happiness on the strength of her appearance because this dependency will lead to an obsession that will confine her to living in a delusional box. If the woman did possess true friends she wouldn't be in this predicament in the first place, because true friends would value and cherish her for who she is, regardless or her appearance.

Yes, the modern woman can find some joy in her attractiveness, but this beauty will have no importance in her life if she has no friends. If the woman separates herself from the traditional thinking of society, she will discover that she is a beautiful woman opposed to society's pre-conceived vision of beauty. Following the two simple fundamentals of Epicurus' philosophy, freedom and friendship, will garner an individual, especially the modern woman, more happiness than any material item could ever produce.

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Municipal water fluoridation

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When you push the button or turn the faucet, you expect clean, pure water to come out of the tap. That is something that will not be found since unpurified tap water contains more than 500 chemicals. One of the most controversial issues regarding our tap water is the fluoride that is added to it. Approximately two-thirds of the population of the United States are ingesting fluoride into their bodies every day, if they use tap water in any way. There are arguments that support pros and cons of water fluoridation, but the disadvantages raise more concern than the advantages since they involve health risks.

In 18, Dr. General Cox of The Mellon Institute began to promote the addition of fluoride to public water systems, claiming that it would reduce tooth decay. After tests were ran, in June 151, dental health representatives from around the U. S. met with dental health officials to discuss the promotion and implementation of fluoride. It was at this conference that the United States Public Health Service formally endorsed fluoridation. Also, from 146-61, Dr. J. Roy Blayney, founding director of the University's Zoller Dental Clinic, conducted a 15-year experiment in the Chicago suburbs of Oak Park and Evanston that demonstrated the cavity-fighting ability of fluoride in drinking water. This led to the widespread fluoridation of municipal water supplies.

The advantage of fluoride in water is that it has been shown to lower cavities. Science Advisory Board concluded that the most recent research summaries indicated 0 to 60 percent fewer cavities in baby teeth, and 15 to 5 percent fewer cavities in adolescents and adults living in communities with fluoridated water as compared to those without fluoridation. Across the U.S., many communities have been fluoridated for more than 50 years. The Board noted that in communities where fluoridation was stopped, a 0 to 100 percent increase in tooth decay resulted. The Science Advisory Board report states The overwhelming body of scientific evidence shows that water fluoridation is effective in preventing cavities. . .

There are many disadvantages that overwhelm the advantages. Too much fluoride may make your teeth mottled and chalky white spots in places, a condition known as fluorosis (this condition mostly afflicts children). The artificial fluoridation of public water supplies may cause of may contribute to the cause of cancer, genetic damage, intolerant reactions, chronic toxicity, and can aggravate malnutrition and existing illnesses. Other toxicity data demonstrate a causative link between fluoride exposures and neurotoxicity (including diminished I.Q. in children, and hyperactivity), genetic damage, bone pathology (including increased rates of hip fracture in fluoridated cities), mental impairment, fertility problems, thyroid conditions, brittle bones, anemia, chronic fatigue, excessive thirst, headaches, skin rashes and dental deformities. Water fluoridation adds additional arsenic as well, and arsenic poisoning has the ability to cause many forms of cancers and also have adverse effects on health.

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Overall, the health and dental side effects associated with this practice of water fluoridation outnumbers the advantage that fluoride is shown to reduce cavities. Since fluoride is already in many foods and beverages, research shows that fluoridation is unnecessary since we're already receiving 00% or more of the American Dental Association's recommended daily amount. To further make sure you limit the side effects of fluoride, it is best to find out if your communitys water supply is fluoridated. If so, and fluoridation is a concern to you, use bottled water for drinking and cooking. Boiling will not remove fluoride but it will only concentrate it. Dont use it in baby formulas, or give it to your pets. A water filtration system can also be installed to remove substances to make the water healthier to drink.

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Information revolution VS. industrial revolution

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From animal power to machineries; from letters to emails. These are examples of the many changes which took place in the industrial revolution and the information revolution. Although the two revolutions occurred at very different times, one began a few centuries ago and the other began a few decades ago, they both share at least one common result - the revolutions have change the lives of the people around the world.

Before the industrial revolution, almost all work was done by animal power or the hands of human beings. Life was simple and repetitive back then. During the revolution, human labour was starting to be replaced by machines. The one of the early inventions was the "spinning jenny", then came the steam engine. All of the new machines that were introduced decreased the amount of work that was required from people. Does it not seem like machines have made people lazier? This is also the case during the information revolution. Way before computers and cell phones were invented, people had to communicate in person or through letters, but nowadays there are internet and telephone access, we can simply have conversations through emails or by using telephones. The information needed for researches used to be found in libraries, but people who have internet access now are able to obtain all the information that they need from the internet, without having to leave the house. One of the purposes of these two revolutions was to make the lives of the people easier. We have definitely achieved that, but it seems like we have "over-achieved" it.

Both of the revolutions have had a major impact on the economy. During the industrial revolution, machines made the production of goods more efficient. As more and more goods were produced, life became fast-paced; jobs and trades were created; and profits were made. This is similar to the information revolution that people are experiencing now. Most of the products that companies produce nowadays are hi-tech gadgets such as cell phones, computers, or even palm organizers. The more the products that are made, the more the money that is made by selling these products, which makes many countries more prosperous than centuries ago.

After both of the revolutions have begun, people started to rely upon the machines or gadgets that were invented. Before the industrial revolution, people required certain skills to be able to do work or produce goods. After machines were created, they no longer needed the skills to make those goods, but instead, they needed to know how to operate the machine which did the work for them. This is also the result of the information revolution. Many students now rely upon computers and the internet to do schoolwork; businessmen rely upon cell phones for important deals. These machines have become so significant that some children in certain schools these days are required to learn how to operate them.

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In some ways, neither industrial revolution nor information revolution has come to an end yet. People are still constantly trying to invent new machines and gadgets to make the world more efficient. They have made people become lazier, but they also created job opportunities for many people and helped the economies of many countries. While people still question whether the revolutions have done mostly good things or bad things for people and society, they are certain that the revolutions have definitely changed our lives permanently and still have an important impact on us now.

Please note that this sample paper on information revolution VS. industrial revolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on information revolution VS. industrial revolution, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on information revolution VS. industrial revolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Billy Budd

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There is much to be said about innocence. If one is with

innocence than one can do no wrong. But that is not all to be said.

Innocence is not always a good thing. It could make one naive or blind

to certain evils. Like in the case of Billy Budd. Billy was innocent

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from evil and therefore could not see the evil of John Claggart

approaching him, out to destroy him. It is known Billys innocence was

his down fall by hiding the true evil from his eyes. But why was John

Claggart out to destroy Billy?. There are several reasons why John

Claggart attempts to destroy Billy Budd.

John Claggart wants to destroy Billy because he is extremely wary

of Billys intentions. He has come to believe that Billy is planning a

mutiny and wants to take over the ship. Claggart reports this to

captain Vere saying, During todays chase and possible encounter I

had seen enough to convince him that at least one sailor aboard was

dangerous. Meaning that he felt Billy was against them. Claggart felt

that Billys big plan was to get in favor of all the men on the ship

and then turn them against the captain. Captain Vere responds by

having Billy and Claggart meet in private where Claggart can openly

accuse Billy of this crime. Fortunately, Claggarts attempt to destroy

Billy for mutiny fails because he is struck down by Billy in one blow,

ending the matter, but opening a much more serious one.

Claggart is also seen as attempting to destroy Billy due to his

evil nature in general. Nothing depicts Claggarts evil nature better

than the way he looks. His cleanly chiseled chin and cunning violet

eyes that can cut lesser sailors with an evil glare. His pale yellow

skin and jet black curly hair; they all contrast his character. He is

out to destroy Billy because of the conezt struggle of good and

evil. Billy is innocent and cannot comprehend evil therefore making

him good. People calling Billy baby budd, and handsome sailor just

seem to contrast the good in him even more. Claggart was born evil and

therefore is evil. Claggart would naturally be out to destroy Billy

because he is what he is against. Just good vs. evil in a battle for

control. That is why Claggart is naturally out to bring the downfall

of Billy Budd.

It is very true that jealousy is another reason why John Claggart

wanted the destruction of Billy Budd. Claggart was never well liked by

the crew he was watching over. This would not have been a problem

except that Billy Budd was so very liked by the crew. Every time he

saw the love of Billy he was reminded of the dislike of himself. One

old sailor on the ship noticed this too and warned Billy by saying,

Jimmy Leggs is down on you. Jimmy Leggs referring to Claggart. One

inezce which occured in the kitchen just made matters worse when

Billy spilled the soup he was making and it ran down the corridor just

as Claggart was walking by. Claggart did not openly get angry at Billy

for the accident, but inside felt he had done it on purpose. As the

soup ran down the corridor it seemed to symbolize an actual line drawn

between the two. The resentment Claggart felt for Billy made him look

him too critically. That is a good reason why Claggart could have

thought Billy was planning a mutiny and would want him destroyed. He

was just jealous of Billys popularity.

There are several reasons why John Claggart attempts to destroy

Billy Budd. One might ask why and come up with the obvious and not so

obvious answer, even though we know the real reason for his downfall.

That was his innocence. Yes, Billy Budd was innocent of evil, but that

innocence is what made him unable to see the evil out to destroy him

in Claggart. Too much innocence is not always a good thing, but a

little helps from doing wrong. There is quite a bit to be said about

innocence.

Word Count 71

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The Romantic vs. The Realist

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What is a romantic and what is a realist? Can a romantic and a realist ever have a relationship together? What are the factors that will bring them together or keep them apart? These are the questions that Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh have posed in their poems, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" and the response to this poem "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd".

The shepherd is the romantic proposing his love to a nymph. His whole life, from the littlest thing to the biggest thing, is all he has to offer to her. To him, there is no difference with how small or big the offers are. He believes his heart and the feelings from his heart is what should matter the most to propose such love. He promises her his environment such as the land, the animals, etc. to try to persuade her how beautiful their life can be and what enjoyment they can attain from this together. He tries to propose what beauty could be found and made with his resources "Thy belt of straw and ivy buds,/ with coral clasps and amber studs." because it would be given from his heart. Marlowe, shows the shepherd as helplessly in love with the nymph, because he offers her so much without even thinking of what she might like or not like. Not once in the poem did the shepherd ask what she thought of his offers or his love.

The nymph's reply to the shepherd consists of nothing but negativity and disappointment. Raleigh describes the nymph as a realist. She is very skeptical of the shepherd's proposal. "If all the world and love were young/ And truth in every shepherd's tongue". It seems as if she believes the shepherd to be a liar or has experienced being lied to too many times. She makes it seem that all he has to offer is something that is not substantial. She seems very cold-hearted and unable to love. She does not have a problem expressing herself but it is the way she expresses herself that shows she can only express concrete feelings and not abstract ones. "The flowers do fade, and wanton fields/ To wayward winter reckoning yields;/ A honey tongue, a heart of gall,/ Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall." She can not see past the objects that he offers, which are his emotions of love.

Who knows if these two can ever be together or if any romantic and realist can have a relationship? The shepherd and the nymph are looking for two different types of relationships. They have a lot in common such as the ability to love and having goals. The differences are in what they believe true love is, how they love, the way their lives are supposed to be spent and what their goals are. I think the shepherd sees the beauty of his offers and expects the nymph to see it his way. She on the other hand can not see past that or the reason why. They say opposites do attract, but to what extent? In this case the shepherd will have to promise something more concrete than the abstract love he has to offer, which the nymph is not looking for. The shepherd proposes in the poem, "And I will make thee beds of roses/ And a thousand fragrant poises,/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;". She is not moved by this because her reply is, "Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy bed of roses,/ thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies/ soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten-/in folly ripe, in season rotten". The nymph will have to find the positive things and not be so pessimistic toward the Shepherd and what he is willing to offer. I do not think there can be any compromises made to make this relationship work. It will have to be either the shepherd's way or the nymph's way. Love is strong but it will be hard to compromise all these objectives.

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Absolute Zero

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Absolute zero is defined as the lowest temperature theoretically possible, when all motion ceases to exist. It is described as the complete absence of heat; at absolute zero all classical molecular motion stops, equal to 0 Kelvin or -7.15° Celsius (45.6 degrees Fahrenheit). However, quantum mechanically, molecules cannot cease all motion (as this would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle), so at 0 K they still vibrate with a certain small, but nonzero energy known as the zero-point energy. Even at absolute zero all the atoms in a solid are vibrating like crazy; they just cant vibrate any LESS because they've reached they're lowest possible energy level. A temperature below absolute zero would imply a speed of less than zero, which is not possible. Atoms in a room temperature gas normally move about 1,000 miles per hour and slow down as temperatures drop, atoms at these super-low temperatures close to absolute zero move about feet per hour. At very low temperatures in the vicinity of absolute zero, matter exhibits many unusual properties including superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation. The concept came about when scientists were experimenting with gases, mainly helium, and found that when a volume of gas is cooled, the pressure goes down also. Although they could not get the temperature down to 0 Kelvin, they plotted their experimental results and deduced that there was a point where the pressure and temperature dropped to a point where 0 Kelvin was possible.

Although absolute zero has never been reached experimentally, scientists have come close. As of 001 the lowest temperature ever achieved was 0 nK (0 billionths of a degree above absolute zero). This record-setting low temperature was achieved in 15 by scientists using rubidium atoms and working for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the process is not easy. Beginning with a gas of room-temperature atoms, the rubidium is first slowed and captured in a trap created by light produced by diode lasers similar to ones used in compact disk players. The infrared lasers are aligned so that the atoms are bombarded by a steady stream of photons from all directions. The wavelength of the photons is chosen so that they will interact only with atoms that are moving toward the photons. It is comparable to a person running around outside in a hailstorm. Hail is hitting the person in the face from all possible directions, so the person instinctively stops.

This cools the atoms to about 10 millionths of a degree above absolute zero, still far too hot to produce Bose-Einstein condensation, about 10 million of these cold atoms are captured in a light trap. Once the atoms are trapped, the lasers are turned off and the atoms are kept in place by a magnetic field. All atoms have a tiny magnet attached to them caused by the spin of the electron. The atoms can be trapped, or held in place, if a magnetic field is properly arranged around them. The atoms are further cooled in the magnetic trap by selecting the hottest atoms and kicking them out of the trap. It works in a way similar to the evaporative cooling process that cools a hot cup of coffee (the hottest atoms leap out of the cup as steam).

With the demagnetization of certain salts with low magnetizability, called paramagnetic salts, the super-low temperatures like those created by the scientists of NIST have been achieved.

Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Absolute ZeroMeasuring the temperature near absolute zero also presents problems. Gas thermometers are only useful until the liquefying point of helium. Even most unconventional thermometers tend to introduce some vibration to the atmosphere that raises the temperature. To solve this problem, scientists use magnetic and electric measurements to determine temperature. Recently, laser spectroscopy has been used to deduce temperature.

Absolute Zero. www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/a/a001000104f.html

Alfino, Paul. March, 001. http//www.voy.com/8/545.html.

Cornell, Eric. November, 15.

http//www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/CUnews.html.

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