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Absolute zero is defined as the lowest temperature theoretically possible, when all motion ceases to exist. It is described as the complete absence of heat; at absolute zero all classical molecular motion stops, equal to 0 Kelvin or -7.15° Celsius (45.6 degrees Fahrenheit). However, quantum mechanically, molecules cannot cease all motion (as this would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle), so at 0 K they still vibrate with a certain small, but nonzero energy known as the zero-point energy. Even at absolute zero all the atoms in a solid are vibrating like crazy; they just cant vibrate any LESS because they've reached they're lowest possible energy level. A temperature below absolute zero would imply a speed of less than zero, which is not possible. Atoms in a room temperature gas normally move about 1,000 miles per hour and slow down as temperatures drop, atoms at these super-low temperatures close to absolute zero move about feet per hour. At very low temperatures in the vicinity of absolute zero, matter exhibits many unusual properties including superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation. The concept came about when scientists were experimenting with gases, mainly helium, and found that when a volume of gas is cooled, the pressure goes down also. Although they could not get the temperature down to 0 Kelvin, they plotted their experimental results and deduced that there was a point where the pressure and temperature dropped to a point where 0 Kelvin was possible.
Although absolute zero has never been reached experimentally, scientists have come close. As of 001 the lowest temperature ever achieved was 0 nK (0 billionths of a degree above absolute zero). This record-setting low temperature was achieved in 15 by scientists using rubidium atoms and working for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, the process is not easy. Beginning with a gas of room-temperature atoms, the rubidium is first slowed and captured in a trap created by light produced by diode lasers similar to ones used in compact disk players. The infrared lasers are aligned so that the atoms are bombarded by a steady stream of photons from all directions. The wavelength of the photons is chosen so that they will interact only with atoms that are moving toward the photons. It is comparable to a person running around outside in a hailstorm. Hail is hitting the person in the face from all possible directions, so the person instinctively stops.
This cools the atoms to about 10 millionths of a degree above absolute zero, still far too hot to produce Bose-Einstein condensation, about 10 million of these cold atoms are captured in a light trap. Once the atoms are trapped, the lasers are turned off and the atoms are kept in place by a magnetic field. All atoms have a tiny magnet attached to them caused by the spin of the electron. The atoms can be trapped, or held in place, if a magnetic field is properly arranged around them. The atoms are further cooled in the magnetic trap by selecting the hottest atoms and kicking them out of the trap. It works in a way similar to the evaporative cooling process that cools a hot cup of coffee (the hottest atoms leap out of the cup as steam).
With the demagnetization of certain salts with low magnetizability, called paramagnetic salts, the super-low temperatures like those created by the scientists of NIST have been achieved.
Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Absolute ZeroMeasuring the temperature near absolute zero also presents problems. Gas thermometers are only useful until the liquefying point of helium. Even most unconventional thermometers tend to introduce some vibration to the atmosphere that raises the temperature. To solve this problem, scientists use magnetic and electric measurements to determine temperature. Recently, laser spectroscopy has been used to deduce temperature.
Absolute Zero. www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/a/a001000104f.html
Alfino, Paul. March, 001. http//www.voy.com/8/545.html.
Cornell, Eric. November, 15.
http//www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/CUnews.html.
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