Rhetorical vs. rational agument

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PLAY

Stage Set three men are sitting at home trying to decide where they should to go out for coffee and two of them begin an active discussion about where they want to go.

Sam is a stylish, bubbly, handsome person who is clear speaking (often a little loud) and articulate, and talks with his hands. He is confident, honest, interesting and provocative.

Adam is a serious, quiet, analytical person, a little overweight, pale and speaks in monotone, lacks charisma, is not very articulate and is more composed.

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Dale is a friend of Sam and Adam and is often in the position of deciding the winner of the verbal sparing matches in which his friends engage.

Sam (starts in eagerly and with excitement) We should go to Tim Hortons.

Adam (thoughtfully) Why dont we go to Starbucks?

Sam I see Tim Hortons trucks everywhere. Its got to be better. The coffee has a special taste to it, unlike any other - it tastes well… Canadian. Every ice rink in the country has a Tim Hortons; it's a cornerstone of our Heritage. Wouldnt you just love to have a hot chocolate or medium coffee with one cream and one sugar coupled with a Dutchie, an Apple Fritter or a box of Timbits? Cant you just taste them melting on your tongue?

Adam (serious) Starbucks understands what it takes to brew the best pot of coffee. Starbucks uses fresh, cold water heated to just off the boil. Therefore, the water they us to make coffee tastes clean and fresh and is perfect for extracting the coffees full range of flavors. Starbucks thinks of coffee as fresh produce and they keep it away from oxygen, light, heat, and moisture. Starbucks grinds beans each time they brew which preserves the freshness. Conversely, Tim Hortons brews coffee from out of a can that is already ground and therefore coffee is less fresh.

Sam (gestures emphatically and raises his voice) Birkenstock wearing, label munching, granola, psuedo hippies with nothing better to do than drink fair trade, shade grown, enviro blah-blah, American blended coffee. Tim Hortons is accessible to everyone, you can wear what you want and not have to keep up an image. There are no yuppies drinking expensive coffee. Starbucks makes itself exclusive by overpricing its coffee. (nods repeatedly to Dale and Adam)

Adam (with arms folded and legs crossed) The coffee quality at Starbucks is appealing to a target market of discerning customers that are educated about coffee. Starbucks is exclusive because the coffee buyers have been traveling for over 0years to find the top 1% of the best coffee the world has available. Stabucks experts taste over 150,000 cups of coffee per year - all in an effort to guarantee an exceptional taste experience. Starbucks states that the recipe for a great cup of coffee proportion, grind, water and freshness. They use right proportion of coffee to water - two tablespoons of ground coffee for each six fluid ounces of water. Unlike Tim Hortons, Starbucks coffee is made specifically for you, its not a generic liquid, its fresher and therefore tastes better and paying more for it is warranted.

Sam Why doesnt Starbucks doesnt have the summer camps for kids like Tim Hortons,

Are they are only interested in pocketing the money they make and have it returned to their America investors? Small towns start with Tim Hortons, not with a Starbucks. Cities have Starbucks. Tim Hortons has more sense of community. Starbucks is only about making money. Tim Hortons is more interested in the community and children and future generation. Thousands of kids get to participate in camping adventures theyll never forget. Don't you want to support a franchise that is less focused on profits and provides for a Childrens foundation that is committed to providing a camp for children from economically disadvantaged homes?

Adam Starbucks contributes to the community, they make a financial contribution every September for every volunteer that contributes to a specific charity - this September, for instance, and the charity is the 00 Terry Fox Run. Also, Starbucks provides environmentally friendly spent coffee grounds for free for members of the community to put on their gardens, which reduces the amount of waste going into the landfill. They are educating people how to enhance the nutrition of the soil. Starbucks also participates in origin country community projects and purchases sustainable coffees and they contribute to the people and places that produce the coffee.

Sam Tim Hortons is still the better choice, you dont have to wait in line for some modern day Gen X hippie to pay $.58 for a tall double shot, non fat latte how pretentious is that? Theyre just appealing to trendy yuppies buying overpriced coffee, while Tim Hortons appeals to a wide variety of hardworking Canadians who want to get value for the money with the selection that Tim Hortons provides.

Dale laughs aloud. Adam winces.

Adam Starbucks is dedicated to providing the worlds finest coffee and they are selling an experience - Starbucks has worked hard to create atmosphere, quality seating area, nice mood lighting and changing the posters to reflect the season, for instance they have a poster of a coffee and a beautiful glazed harvest muffin that makes you think of fall. The quality of the coffee is superior to Tim Hortons and the environment and surroundings are designed to enhance your perception and each drink is designed and made for you personally.

Sam (leans in persuasively) Yeah, speaking of the food at Starbucks, do you really want baked goods that are trucked in from a warehouse in Vancouver or do you want fresh baked goods that have been made on the premises like at Tim Hortons?

Adam stutters as he appears unsure how to respond.

Sam Adam! (looking at Adam intently) look, our society comes down to dollars and cents. Just think about it! Why are big box stores like Wall-mart and Superstore so successful? They provide the same products as independently owned stores do for less money - and that's what we are talking about here.

Dale Okay guys, I think its time we got out of here - Im all for saving money, Im Canadian, I like to support kids in need and Id like a fresh baked Timbit.

COMMENTARY

Sam is rhetorically strong as he is confident, good looking, humorous. With his open hand and palm gestures he gives the impression of being honest. Sam is interesting and raises his voice and becomes emphatic with large gesturing with his arms and hands, which gives him more audience appeal. He ends arguments with loaded questions for which Adam has no response. However, Sam is rationally weak since he does not use serious facts or many relevant issues to validate why Tim Hortons is better than Starbucks. Although compelling, Sams arguments about Tim Hortons having more of a sense of community than Starbacks were a little disorganized and upon close examination a little confusing. He doesnt really at any point offer any good reasons for his conclusions about Tim Hortons, and tends to rant and is inflammatory with his euphemisms and stereotypes.

Adam is rationally strong because he makes good arguments and his conversations are largely fact based and logical and organized. Adams premises provide good reasons to believe that Starbucks coffee is better the Tim Hortons coffee. For instance, his comparison to the different methods that the two companies use to grind coffee. Adams arguments about the issue and the truth. Adam has good rational strength because he has good reasons to believe what he had to say. However, he is rhetorically weak in that he is humorless, lacks charisma, and does not engage his audience with his voice or his body language. He is very closed with his arms folded and legs crossed. Compared to Sam and he is almost inhibited. Overall, Adam is not very appealing.

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The world of the spy, the greatest danger is to have human feelings, the spy who came in from the cold

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The novel 'The Spy Who Came In From the Cold' shows us what it is like to live without humanity. It shows us an upside-down world, in which people are disposable, morals inapplicable and love becomes the biggest danger of all. It tells the story of a spy, Leamas, who found the humanity that was buried inside him, and learned to live and to love. It also shows a conflicting story of a man, Mundt, who lives his entire life without any sense of morality or humanity. Mundt is a man who lives the life of a spy.

The life of a spy is very different to the life of ordinary people. They live in a world where the rules and laws of ordinary life do not apply. "Intelligence work has one moral law it is justified by results" (page 1). Simplicity and focus are the key elements to being a successful spy. Their world needs to be reduced to black and white. As such, spies cannot afford to display nor have those emotions associated with normal humanity. Any display of compassion is a complication that may get them killed.

In this sense, the spy is forced to live a life 'out in the cold,' detached and distanced from others. They need the safety such distance brings to them. Being a spy is a dangerous occupation, and lives are constantly put at risk. Agents need to be focused at all times - they cannot afford to have distractions. If a colleague is killed, there is no time for grief and no room for revenge. They feel that, to call upon an old and overused saying, 'the show must go on'. Above all there is no room for compassion. With compassion comes the ability to see and value humanity; the ability to see humanity in the enemy and not just a cause for which they are fighting. There is a need for distance between spies and the rest of the world, parallel but very separate. If they do not, they become emotionally vulnerable, and vulnerable people get caught. This is a prominent theme of the book "The Spy Who Came In From The Cold".

In the novel, Leamas is a good spy, he gets results, but he has a fatal flaw that is present from early on in the novel; he possesses humanity - it is just very well obscured behind a well constructed, yet slowly crumbling wall. One of the first glimpses we get of Leamas' well hidden humanity is when he is conversing with Control about Riemeck. Control questions him about the emotions he experienced due to the loss of his last agent.

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"'We have to live without sympathy, don't we? That's impossible of course… one can't be out in the cold all the time; one has to come in from the cold… d'you see what I mean?' Leamus saw. He saw the long road outside Rotterdam, the long straight road beside the dunes, and the stream of refugees moving along it; saw the little aeroplane miles away, the procession stop and look towards it; and the plane coming in, nearly over the dunes; saw the chaos, the meaningless hell, as the bombs hit the road. 'I can't talk like this, Control.'" (Page 18)

The vivid image Leamas is recalling shows the reader the horrors that he has witnessed during his service, and that he hasn't been able to completely shut them out. He has been able to shield their impact from himself, but it is still there, churning beneath the surface. Leamas tells Control that he can't talk about what he felt when Riemeck was killed. He has no way of expressing his feelings because he has hidden them for so long that he is almost incapable of vocalising and expressing emotion. This also shows us how fragile the wall between his emotions and his consciousness is at this point.

An example of Leamus' inability to be completely detached is the trust that he placed in Control and the organisation. He was forced to have this exceptional amount of trust and respect, both in the cause that they were fighting for and the organisation itself; because it was for this cause that he was sacrificing his emotions and humanity. Leamas placed complete and blind trust in Control in particular. This trust provided a permanent link to his humanity as well as the reason for his detachment. Leamas was adamant that there was no involvement between Mundt and the British because Leamas didn't want to believe that Control could have gone behind his back with something that involved him so much; to preserve his trust and detachment, he could not believe it.

Liz was what made the wall that Leamas had carefully erected to keep him safe come down completely. She was what he needed, to lose faith in the system that he had trusted for too long and gain faith in himself and his humanity. But in doing so, it was the downfall for Leamas, and in turn, Liz. Leamas was reluctant to get involved with Liz in any capacity at all, friend or lover; he was not looking for the connection. But Liz found him, and she was prepared to offer him something that had never been offered to him before, unconditional love and kindness.

"He knew what it was then that Liz had given him; the thing that he would have to go back and find… it was the caring about little things… It was this respect for triviality which he had never been allowed to possess; whether it was bread for the seagulls or love, whatever it was he would go back and find it; he would make Liz find it for him." (Page 1)

Liz showed Leamas that there was more to living then being a Spy. She made his world complicated, and he loved her for it. But it was a frightening thing for him. He had lived almost his entire life with armour, and now the armour was gone and he was open to attack; and it was hard for him to accept this new way of living.

"Sometimes he thought of Liz. He would direct his mind towards her briefly like the shutter of a camera, recall for a moment the soft-hard touch of her long body, then put her from his memory. Leamus was not a man accustomed to living on dreams." (Page 4)

Despise all his best efforts Leamas' wall came down and he fell in love with Liz. But Leamas' humanity proved too dangerous, it proved to be his downfall and he could not have his life with Liz. 'In the world of the spy, the greatest danger is to have human feelings'. As Liz lay dying, shot at Mundt's orders Leamas made a choice; he could come out of the cold, or die with the person who showed him how to come out of the cold. Liz was what brought Leamas out of the cold. But it was too soon, he was not yet safely away from his spy world and he sacrificed himself for the warmth of humanity. As such, he failed as a spy.

Mundt and Leamas fought for the same side, they were both in constant danger, but they ended up in completely different places. Leamas got his work done and he was good at what he did, but he was never a successful spy. This is because he always had humanity; he obscured and buried it but it was always there. Mundt was by far the most successful spy, but at a great cost. Unlike Leamas, there is no evidence that Mundt experiences any human feelings; he is cold and composed at all times, not connecting to anything or anyone. There is no fear against committing to feelings as he has no need for them. For Mundt the end always justifies the means because the only thing he respects is his own life; he will go to any length to protect himself and get the job done. Mundt succeeds in having no morality; Leamas fails. But the life of a successful spy does not lead to a happy existence, Mundt sacrificed himself completely for the cause and never knew what life could be; he only ever knew one existence, the spy. Leamas may have failed at being a good spy, but he discovered life which makes him a far superior man.

Leamas failed to be a successful spy; he allowed his protective wall to be eroded, and his underlying humanity to be revealed. He was never destined to be a spy of the same calibre as Mundt; as unlike Mundt, Leamas' humanity was an ever present threat. The greatest danger to a spy is to have human feelings; the greatest danger to anyone else is to live without them. Liz showed Leamas this, allowing him to become a complete human being, and to come out of the cold.

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Beloved

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It is the ultimate gesture of a loving mother. It is the outrageous claim of a slave(Morrison 187). These are the words that Toni Morrison used to describe the actions of the central character within the novel, Beloved. That character, Sethe, is presented as a former slave woman who chooses to kill her baby girl rather than allowing her to be exposed to the physically, emotionally, and spiritually oppressive horrors of a life spent in slavery. Sethes action is wrong She has killed her child. Sethes motivation is not so clearly defined. By killing her Beloved child, has Sethe acted out of true love or selfish pride? The fact that Sethes act is irrational can easily be decided upon. Does Sethe kill her baby girl because she wants to save the baby from slavery or does Sethe end her daughters life because of a selfish refusal to reenter a life of slavery? By examining the complexities of Sethes character it can be said that she is a woman who chooses to love her children but not herself. Sethe kills her baby because, in Sethes mind, her children are the only good and pure part of who she is and must be protected from the cruelty of slavery(Morrison 51). In this respect, her act is that of love for her children. The selfishness of Sethes act lies in her refusal to accept personal responsibility for her babys death. Sethes motivation is that she displays her love by mercifully sparing her daughter from a horrific life, yet Sethe refuses to acknowledge that her show of mercy is also murder. Throughout Beloved, Sethes character consistently displays the double nature of her actions. Not long after Sethes reunion with Paul D. she describes her reaction to School Teachers arrival Oh, no. I wasnt going back there[Sweet Home]. I went to jail instead(Morrison 4). Sethes words suggest that she has made a moral stand by her refusal to allow herself and her children to be dragged back into the evil of slavery. From the beginning, it is clear that Sethe believes that her actions were morally justified. The peculiarity of her statement lies in her slip of the horrifying fact that her moral stand was based upon the murder of her child. By not even approaching the subject of her daughters death, it is also made clear that Sethe has detached herself from the act. Even when Paul D. learns of what Sethe has done and confronts her with it, Sethe still skirts the reality of her past. Sethe describes her reasoning to Paul D., ... So when I got here, even before they let me get out of bed, I stitched her a little something from a piece of cloth Baby Suggs had. Well, all Im saying is thats a selfish pleasure I never had before. I couldnt let all that go back to where it was, and I couldnt let her or any of em live under School Teacher. That was out(16). Sethes love for her children is never-ending, yet she still shifts the burden of responsibility away from herself. She acknowledges that it was a selfish pleasure to make something for her daughter, yet Sethe refuses to admit any selfishness in her act of murder. She is frustrated with Paul D. confronting her Sethe knew that the circle she was making around the room would remain one. That she could never close in, pin it down for anybody who had to ask. If they didnt get it right off-- she could never explain. Because the truth was simple, not a long-drawn-out record of flowered shifts, tree cages, selfishness, ankle ropes and wells. It was simple. She was squatting in the garden and when she saw them coming and recognized schoolteachers hat, she heard wings. Little hummingbirds stuck their needle beaks right through her head cloth into her hair and beat their wings. And if she thought anything, it was No. No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew. Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful, and dragged them thought the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt them(16). Sethes frustration is a product of her different way of reasoning. She views her children as an extension of her life that needed to be protected, at any cost. Sethes concept of loving and protecting her children becomes synonymous with her killing Beloved and attempting to kill the rest. Sethe can see no wrong here. Placing her children outside the horror of slavery, even if it meant taking their lives, was in her mind a justified act of love, nothing more. Ironically, it is Paul D. who reveals the contradictions that Sethe refuses to see in her own logic This here Sethe talked about love like any other woman; talked about baby clothes like any other woman, but what she meant could cleave the bone. This here Sethe talked about safety with a handsaw. This here Sethe didnt know where the world stopped and she began. Suddenly he saw what Stamp Paid wanted him to see more important than what Sethe had done was what she had claimed. It scared him(164). Paul D.s character suggests that although the killing act might have been committed out of a irrational, hysterical, loving mothers need to protect her children, Sethes claim that she was and is justified in those actions can not be accepted. Paul D. recognizes what Sethe can not. When Paul D. calls into question her thinking, Sethe still refuses to see her own role in what has come to pass What you did was wrong, Sethe. I should have gone on back there? Taken my babies back there? There could have been a way. Some other way. What way? You got two feet, Sethe, not four... (165) Sethes problem is rooted in her inability to recognize the boundaries between herself and her children. Paul D. stabs at the heart of this problem by suggesting that Sethe had overstepped her boundaries by killing her child. The concept that Sethe equates her life and self-worth with her connection to her children is most graphically illustrated in her mad ravings to the reincarnation of Beloved. Sethe details a defense for killing her baby to the woman she believes is her reincarnated, murdered daughter. Within this defense, Sethe explains in the greatest detail her reasoning for cutting her childs throat. Sethe pronounces that the worst thing in life was that anybody white could take your whole self for anything that came to mind. Not just work, kill, or maim you, but dirty you. Dirty you so bad you couldnt like yourself anymore. Dirty you so bad you forgot who you were and couldnt think it up. And though she and others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The best thing she was, was her children. whites might dirty her all right, but not her best thing, her beautiful, magical best thing-- the part of her that was clean.(51) Sethes words suggest that the only part of herself that she cares for is her children. Indeed, the only reason that she killed her daughter is because Sethe refused to let School Teacher or any other white person dirty her children as Sethe herself had been dirtied. Sethes nobility is apparent. She loves her children to much to let them be tarnished by slavery. Unfortunately, Sethes nobility is tainted by the fact that she can not recognize absurdity of the murderous act she has committed. Even in her shameful defense, Sethe is proud. Sethes undaunted pride is illustrated by her words, And no one, nobody on this earth, would list her daughters characteristics on the animal side of the paper. No. Oh no. Maybe Baby Suggs could worry about it, live with the likelihood of it; Sethe refused- and refused still(51). Toni Morrison, in an effort to describe the motivation and pride of Sethes character, made the statement, To kill my children is preferable to having them die (Morrison 187). Saving her children from slavery and the promise of spiritual and emotional death that such an institution imposes is the rational of love that Sethes character clings to. The truth that Sethes character selfishly avoids is the actual physical death that she has inflicted upon her child. understanding why a woman would kill any child, let alone her own baby, is at best an enigma. Sethes character is no exception. Sethes motivation does not fit into a simple schematic. Sethe is presented as a woman who loves her children so much that she is willing to kill them rather than allow them to be broken by an evil institution. Love is, then, Sethes primary motivation for killing her baby. However, Sethes love for her children does not preclude her responsibility for Beloveds death. Indeed, Sethes selfish fault lies in the fact that she has shifted the locus of responsibility from herself to the institution that has spawned her. Ultimately, it is Sethe who is responsible for her childs death, not slavery. Sethe kills her daughter to demonstrate her love. Sethe exhibits her selfish pride by repudiating her own guilt. Does Sethe realize her fault? Perhaps. When presented the notion that Sethe, and not her children, is her own best thing, her reply takes the form of a question, Me? Me?(7). Morrison leaves the reader with the sense that Sethe might realize that she has loved her children too much, and herself not enough.

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Damasio's Theory

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I will consider that presence of particular mental faculties as well as exposure to certain realms of experience need to be taken into account when determining if someone should be regarded as responsible for his or her actions. I will present an objection to this based on the common view discussed in class that mature adults should be held accountable and punished for their reactions; argue that such an objection is flawed due to the empirical data presented by Antonio Damasio and Susan Wolf.

Antonio Damasio's research has speculated that damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs an individual's reasoning, decision- making and social behavioral skills.

One of the subjects that Damasio based his research on is Phineas Gage. Gage suffered an injury to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which had a grave impact on his ability to act with complete thought and reason.

Phineas Gage is an example of an individual who was once of sound mind but upon injury to the prefrontal cortices experienced many detriments involving rational thinking. Prior to the head injury, Gage was friendly, dependable and loyal. His co-workers held him with regard as a salt of the earth type of person. After the initial impact of the explosion (sending a steel rod through his skull), Gage was seemingly aware, able to speak and practically walked away from the accident unassisted.

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Throughout Gage's recovery his intellect, speech and strength never seemed affected by the injury. However, Gage's ability to be compliant and lucid suffered drastic changes. Throughout his recuperation Gage became more and more unreliable, and capricious. After being released to the care of his family, Gage began to wander the streets without destination. He was not able to attain gainful employment or maintain friendly relationships. Due to the accident, Gage was no longer the same man. The injury did not affect his speech, ability to walk or function, but Gage's ability to rationalize or live in a socially acceptable way did not remain intact.

Gage emerged from the incident as a completely different person. The rational being that he once was no longer existed. Gage died in San Francisco under the custodial care of his family twelve years after the injury.

Damasio was able to specifically locate the disturbed regions of Gage's brain with help from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The images produced were able to capture the exact location of the lesion. Damasio's use of MRI technology revised some of the medical data that had been discovered regarding the injury. Damasio and his team were able to dispel the traditional view that Gage's injury involved the Broca's area. These images also explained why Gage's motor skills were still intact. The motor cortices were unaffected as well. Due to the acute area that was involved (ventromedial region of both frontal lobes) Damasio was able to corroborate David Ferriers' claim that specific areas of the brain are dedicated to the process of rationalizing.

Phineas Gage was not responsible for his inappropriate outburst or aloofness. These were actions that were out of his control. The area that handled Gage's discipline and rational thought process were disconnected or injured during the accident. The region was never repaired or reconnected. Gage's actions that manifested after the injury were completely out of his control.

Damasio also conducted a test with individuals who have suffered from ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage (E.V.R) and compared their results against the performance of brain damaged and normal individuals. The groups were directed to choose from four decks of cards that produced a pattern of reward or punishment. The subjects all had the option of selecting cards from any of the four decks.

Unlike the E.V.R. patients, normals and brain-damaged subjects chose cards from the good decks, yielding some loss but eventual gain. The E.V.R. patients however, repeatedly selected from the bad decks of cards. E.V.R.'s selected from the deck that had the most immediate gain but then selected from the deck that had severe delayed punishment. The E.V.R subjects were seemingly unable to process future reward or loss, leading Damasio to reason that people who suffer defects to this specific region of the brain lose the ability to rationalize. He states " When we combine the profiles of both basic task and variant tasks, we are left with one reasonable possibility that these subjects are unresponsive to future consequences, whatever they are, and are thus more controlled by immediate prospects- (Antonio Damasio pg 14)." Damasio's test provides evidence that people who suffer such injuries should not be looked upon to be responsible for their actions. It appears that these individuals do not have the mechanisms to produce balanced thought process because the region that executes rational thinking is impaired.

Susan Wolf also believes there are instances when an individual should not be looked upon as a responsible being if they do not possess sanity. She claims that if someone has an Insane Deep Self View they would not have the ability to control their freedom of will or revise their values. Wolf believes due to a source beyond their own control (i.e. deprived childhood, socially acceptable inhumane acts practiced by Nazis etc) that the individual should not be deemed morally responsible for their actions. She claims that since the mandated values derive from insane beings (i.e. Hitler, slaveowners etc) the individuals who practice these falsely believed morally permissible actions are not fully sane because they are unable to cognitively or normatively recognize the faults in their actions. Their environment forces these individuals to take part in inhumane acts and rationalizes these actions by deeming them morally acceptable. Wolf believes that the Deep Selves of these individuals are unavoidably insane.

Wolf supports her theory by providing an example of a boy named JoJo. Raised by a militant, mentally ill, dictator JoJo grows up and continues the family tradition of torturing and killing subjects. The actions that JoJo commits are perfectly reasonable to him. According to Wolf, JoJo's Deep Self is insane. Throughout his life JoJo has been conditioned to perform insane acts. Since his Deep Self is insane, JoJo does not have the resources to correct or revise his warped values because his character lacks the ability to know right from wrong. Wolf postulates that this combination absolves JoJo of responsibility for his actions.

It is a common belief that regardless of medical injuries or environmental factors; mature adults are responsible for their own actions and should be held accountable. This point of view does not exclude individuals who suffer from severe mental retardation. Some people believe that regardless of mental capacity if a crime is committed the motivator of the action should be removed from society and punished for their actions. I have heard in class discussion theories of how society should confine these types of individuals prove the errors of their ways and force them to become remorseful. But as Damasio's research has shown some individuals will not be able to respond to their crime the way a person with normal mental faculties would because, at this time, their ability to respond is irreparably damaged. Forcing someone to produce a normal response under these conditions would be an act of cruelty.

I agree with Damasio and Wolf's claims that certain mental capacities should be intact in order to consider someone responsible for their actions. If an individual has an impairment that impedes their ability to respond they should not be punished for their wrongdoings. These individuals lack the capacity to rationalize and reason. Blaming these individuals for their inability to process emotion would be just as inhumane as punishing a quadriplegic for not running out of the way of a moving car.

Work Cited

Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex Damasio- Broken Minds Philosophy of Disorder Course Book

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To what extent can the reigns of edward and mary be regarded as forming a mid tudor crisis

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To What extent can the reigns of Edward and Mary be regarded as forming a mid Tudor crisis

The reigns of both Mary and Edward were both responsible for a period full of turmoil and controversy. So naturally the debate of whether there was a crisis will be presented. There were various aspects throughout both reigns that have to be analysed to see if there was a crisis or not foreign policy, economic policy, government, laws, politics and religion, since these are the only fields that a noticeable crisis would take place.

remained was that Edward was too young to provide a proper leader for a nation and somebody who wasn't royalty would have to take his place. In order to prevent this from happening, Henry left in his will that there would be a council of sixteen men all with equal power left to rule the country. One man Edward Seymour who was currently the Earl of Hertford already a member of the council soon emerged as leader through discovering loopholes in henry's will (although it was more likely altered) the governing sixteen had been named but were able to dispose of power as they saw fit. So he took Edward VI his nephew to London and was given the position of Lord protector of Edward VI via the council. Later he was to discover further loop holes in which he implemented a vague clause in Henry's will concerning gifts that henry was supposedly going to give to the members of the council. Councillors were raised in the peerage. Seymour's gift was to become duke of Somerset. All needed gifts of land also to secure their new status Somerset managed to use this to buy off opposition and secured his position holding sole power he was now no longer merely a councillor but he was in practise a substitute king.

Somerset's short reign was one of failure he had a fixation on war he continued to pour vast amounts of funds into a relatively pointless war with Scotland which was lost any way. He distanced himself from the other councillors and essentially isolated himself from them, this would undoubtedly cause the creation of an opposing faction who disagreed with what he was doing. This caused a period of instability in the government with internal conflict. Not what I would say was a crisis since no undesirable outcomes from the conflict it was in fact in my opinion a good thing since it removed Somerset who was damaging England with his poor foreign policy. The duke of Northumberland led the opposing faction, which brought the duke of Somerset down. The duke of Northumberland's reign was much more successful than that of Somerset's he had a much more peaceful foreign policy but was responsible for some unforgivable acts that have for ever tainted his name and one of which was responsible for his death. Firstly he surrendered Boulogne to the French and sold it for a fraction of what it was worth. Secondly when he discovered Edward's illness he tried to position Jane Grey his daughter-in-law as queen. His interfering with the order of succession was a viewed a terrible crime by Mary and her followers as a result Northumberland was executed. Had Mary's followers not spoken out the reign of the Tudors would have ended there and then. At this point there was what seemed a possible crisis with the order of succession but it never occurred so although a crisis was imminent it never happened.

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After Edward VI's death Mary was next in line for the throne she was the first woman ever to solely rule England. It was a big responsibility and challenging position and many believed she wasn't up to it because of her being a woman. This was in a society where women were second class citizens with no real influential power. To worsen the matter she married a foreign prince from Spain, Prince Philip. Her government disagreed with Her, as did many other people. There was in fact a rebellion sparked up by a man Named Wyatt as protest to the marriage. The uprising was crushed and no more followed. The idea of a foreign Prince and the possibility of England being drawn into wars that had nothing to do with England did not please the people. Mary insisted on the Marriage and her and Philip were wed. Mary's government was a particularly bad corrupt one with untrustworthy members within it, split between them and the trustworthy loyal members. Although suprisingly the government did manage to pull together to right up the marriage treaty of Mary and Philip which was the work of Mary herself, Paget, Gardiner and Renard, and Paget and Gardiner where in opposing factions at that time. Although they all disagreed with the marriage they had to support Mary for fear of losing patronage. Again there was no actual crisis here but there seemed to be possibilities of a crisis breaking out with the instability and corruptness of Mary's government. And that the marriage to Philip would cause trouble for the English. Little harm came from neither.

One of the other main Debates for a Mid-Tudor crisis is that of Religion. At this point in time the religion situation in England was a particularly unstable one with the change from Catholicism to Protestantism and back to Catholicism all in the space of Twenty-five years. Henry had established the Protestant church in England and abolished the Catholic Church. Edward was a devout Protestant and Protestantism followed in his reign. Although it was not followed very securely throughout Somerset's partial rule he was to pre-occupied with war to be bothered about religion although he did what he had to retain patronage with the young king. Northumberland enforced religion much more forcefully then Somerset and Catholicism was not tolerated at all. When Mary came to power She was a devout Catholic and changed England's religion back to Catholicism which proved a problem since so many people had followed the Protestant religion since it had been enforced, it was a difficult time for the masses in which religion to devote yourself to. To do so at that period could be life threatening. The constant changing of Religion at that period caused much confusion within England although I am led to believe that there was never really a crisis, although it seemed like there was. As it was the constant cause of conflict.

The economical situation throughout these reigns was a rather unstable one. Throughout Somersets reign the situation was terrible he was spending thousands of pounds on the war with Scotland his actions led England further into a recession. The French saw this as their time to attack England when it was weak. Boulogne an English settlement within France was attacked. Somerset refused to give up and continued to pour more money into the fight for Boulogne. To worsen matters a bad harvest followed and taxes had to go up inflation also went up as the result of debasement of the coinage and food prices doubled but people's wages didn't. Northumberland restored some order to the economic state of England but unfortunately his reign was to short to make a significant difference and Mary's reign had bad economics also. There were bad harvests again and food prices rocketed, there was severe famine and many died. I would say at this point that if there was a crisis during the mid-Tudor period it was now. Things were at an all time low in England.

England's Foreign policy was particularly poor at the beginning of these reigns when Somerset was in power. His war policy with the French and the Scottish was a bad one, which cost England lots of wasted money and lives. Northumberland's policy was more peace related and was without war as was Mary's in which foreign relations improved heavily with the alliance of English and Spanish through the marriage of Mary and Philip. England had come off better than the Spanish from the marriage as a result of the marriage treaty. And new trade links had been formed. Other then Somerset's reign foreign policy was not too bad other the loss of Boulogne and Calais on Mary's behalf when she was persuaded into a war by Philip I feel there was no real crisis at that point.

Throughout the Mid-Tudor period I feel there was lots of turmoil and lots of situations where it looked like a serious crisis was about to happen although one never actually happened. I think it is safe to say that there was definitely a series of minor crisis that occurred throughout the period that may of raised doubt as to whether there was a mid-Tudor crisis, for example the war situation with France and Scotland. And the economy situation throughout all of the reigns.Please note that this sample paper on to what extent can the reigns of edward and mary be regarded as forming a mid tudor crisis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on to what extent can the reigns of edward and mary be regarded as forming a mid tudor crisis, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on to what extent can the reigns of edward and mary be regarded as forming a mid tudor crisis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Letter to Boethius

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Andrew Bannor

A Letter To Boethius

Where do I begin my friend? I have read your work, "The Consolation of

Philosophy", and by my own accord, along with the overwhelming opinion of others I

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have spoken with, I write to inquire and clarify a point that was made during your

conversation in the fifth book of your work. In this book you focus firstly, and I believe

all too briefly on the subject of chance; accepting Lady Philosophy's astute definition of

chance, "an event produced by random motion without any casual nexus" page 116, you

then allow her to move into her explanation of chance and it's non-existence. The rest of

this final book, and indeed the majority of book V itself, is then concentrated on the

argument between man's free will and God's supreme foreknowledge, concerning how

they interact and co-exist, if indeed that is the case.

You both speak in terms of Providence, "…God has set up a plan for the

multitude of events. When this plan is thought of as in the purity of God's understanding,

it is called Providence.", page 104, and how it differs from Fate in the respect just

mentioned surrounding God's "pure understanding". It is within Providence, along side

the classifications Lady Philosophy makes regarding levels of knowledge, page 10,

and the explanations thereof that I see a hole, as it were, in this particular logical

argument she makes.

In more then one instance our kind Lady presents open doors to the opposition of

her own reason. In these instances I determined an argument for the existence of Chance,

and by it's existence then thus explaining the presence of God's Providence and supreme

foreknowledge coupled with mankind's free-will and ability to make choices.

As I read, I deduced that you had in fact made up your mind about chance before

you even had the need to inquire of Our Lady concerning its existence. Throughout the

"Consolation", you had referred to known things that either exist or have had a

personification attributed to them, Fortune comes to mind as an example as well as

Providence, by capitalizing them as proper nouns and speaking of them as people.

However once you came across the theme of chance, you neglected to do either of these

things, and this tells me you were already set in your belief of chance's absence in the

world and the workings of both God and men. With the combination of these next few

points I will begin to show you the reason behind my thinking, and explain why Chance

does exist.

On page 16, Our Lady lays out the dividers between depths and types of

knowledge, when addressing man's free-will. From least to greatest; sense-perception,

imagination, and reason and intelligence, are the groups there listed. Quite simply the

meanings of these types of knowledge are self-explanatory. Sense-perception allows

information to be gathered through the senses, even the most basic creature have this

ability. Imagination takes sense perception a step further and allows basic animal

instincts concerning the sense perception, such as, something sharp would hurt if one

touched it. Here we come to the most easily debated grouping of two depths of attaining

knowledge; reason and intelligence and the difference between the two. As far as the

definition of either of these goes I have simplified them to this; reason is the ability to

know everything but the grand 'Why?', and intelligence is the addition of that knowledge

to reason.

With this basic framework in place, I have chosen to look at two points Our

Lady makes one supporting the other in its conviction and both supporting the apparent

existence of Chance. "Reason belongs only to the human race, just as intelligence

belongs only to divinity", quoth Lady Philosophy on page 10. This is not to say that

reason does not belong to divinity, because reason is a component of intelligence, but to

say that no other creature on earth can rise to the level of knowledge defined by that

which is reason. However this passage does indicate that intelligence is not for man, and

only his Creator, and by prior definition of intelligence I conclude that man cannot

possibly comprehend the Lord's grand Providence, or God's great 'Why?'.

Our Lady previously said something exactly to just this extent on page 17.

"The point of greatest importance here is this the superior manner of knowledge includes

the inferior, but it is quite impossible for the inferior to rise to the superior." This

statement is further evidence to my conviction, and she continues to say even more about

man's state in comparison to God's that finalize my argument in this respect. "…But

intelligence as though looking down from above, first perceives form and then

distinguishes all things that are under it, but in such a way that it comprehends the form

itself which could not be known to any other." Upon interpretation and examination of

this passage I made the connection between man's perspective of not only himself but the

universe, and God's infinite perspective over all things. Man as part of God's creation

cannot step aside or step back and look 'down' on the grand picture, but God can. Think

of this in terms of a mirror, even as we would stand in front of one, and even if we are

surrounded on all sides by them, we can only view part of our bodies at one time, due to

our the way in which we were created. However, because of the separation of reason and

intelligence when concerning man and God, I also believe that this limited perspective

applies to not only physical abilities but mental capabilities as well.

Follow my argument here friend, and see if I have gone awry. If it is true, and

there has been no evidence otherwise, that man cannot fully understand God's supreme

plan, and only divinity is one with 'intelligence', then is not every seemingly logical,

reasonable, and rational move we make as men indeed Chance? As part of God's picture

and within the bounds of that picture everything we do has both rhyme and reason for

ourselves as far as motive. However, in the grand scheme we know not of what God's

final Providence is, or in fact the truest reason why we have made our actions. Our Lady,

on page 117, used a story of buried gold as an example of chance and how neither the

man who buried it, nor the man who unexpectedly discovered it while tilling his field,

knew of the other's actions. Drawing from this example, it would be safe to say the man

who discovered the gold would count this as a stroke of serendipity, where as the man

who buried it would view it as bad Fortune. However once the discussion turns as to why

God let the man in the field find the other man's gold we are at a loss. Because even as

the smallest stone cast into the ocean can be the beginning of a massive title wave, such is

any one event to what could be in God's Providence. Perhaps this man was in debt, and

badly needed this money to buy his freedom, or perhaps this is part of a much greater

scale. What if this man, being a Godly and generous man, gave the gold to someone more

needy then himself, as only God knew he would? What if that person in turn used it to

feed his children which he would not have been able to do otherwise , one of whom

would arise later in life to be a great and noble king? How could have the man who first

found the gold have possibly known his generosity would give rise to a king, and by

God's plan he was able to give more then what would have normally been possible?

I tell you he could not. And thus, though in everyday occurrence we logically and

reasonably act and move in a way that would promote rational thought, we being inside

of God's Providence cannot comprehend what the final destination of His work will be,

and so what other term then Chance can be used to describe our actions. It is only to God

that some seemingly unconnected events that occur are made sense of in His plan. We

dare not question, we dare not ponder exactly why such things happen, whether it be

from your suffering, to unexpected virtue that befall the wicked, because Chance is all we

can call it while God will call it Providence.

Your friend in Thought,

Andrewthius.

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Gulliver's travels

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Lemuel Gulliver The narrator and protagonist of the story, who seems to be insane to the plain eye because of his vivid descriptions of his travels.

James Bates A British surgeon who takes Gulliver to be his apprentice after graduating from Cambridge.

Mary Burton Gulliver Gulliver's wife, whom he pays no attention and shows no emotional attachment to her, even when he returns from his travels.

Don Pedro de Mendez A Portuguese captain who drags Gulliver back to Europe after being booted from the land of the Houyhnhnms.

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Abraham Pannell The commander or captain of the ship on which Gulliver first sails, the Swallow. (The ship that sunk and stranded him with the Lilliputians.)

The Emperor the ruler of Lilliput, fewer than six inches tall, but never fails to impress Gulliver with his comedian but sinister ways.

Lilliput (Setting #1) This is the first place that Gulliver stumbled upon, that includes the Lilliputians who discovered him and tied him down with tiny strings, only to later discover his potential as a weapon in war and later decipher his death for urinating on the queen.

Brobdingnag (Setting #) His second destination, roughly two months after Lilliput, he lands in the land of the giants. Gulliver was very frightened by all the large animals and people, but is captured by a farmer and used purely for entertainment. Later, an eagle picks up his cage and drops him into the sea.

Laputa (Setting #) Gulliver winds up there after being attacked by pirates, ends up in Laputa, where a floating island inhabited by theoreticians and academics oppresses the land below, named Balnibarbi.

Plot Outline

Gullivers Travels tells the story of Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman trained as a surgeon who sets sail when his business takes a downward plunge. The first-person narrative that shows no sign of self-reflection or any emotional response, Gulliver tells the adventures that he encounters on these travels.

Gullivers adventure in Lilliput begins when he wakes up after his shipwreck to find himself tied down by tiny threads and talked about by the Lilliputian captors who are in total awe of him but protective of the kingdom. They don't think twice about using violence towards Gulliver, though their arrows are no more than little pinpricks. They are friendly, risking famine in their land by feeding Gulliver, who consumes more food than a thousand Lilliputians combined. Gulliver is taken into the city by a huge wagon the Lilliputians have specially built. He is taken to the emperor, who is entertained by Gulliver, just as Gulliver adores the attention of royalty. Eventually Gulliver becomes a resource, used by the army in its war against the people of Blefuscu, whom the Lilliputians hate for differences concerning the right way to crack eggs. But things change when Gulliver is convicted of putting out a fire in the royal palace with his urine, and he is condemned to be shot in the eyes with poisoned arrows. The emperor eventually lets him go and he goes to Blefuscu, where he is able to repair a raft he finds and finally set sail to go back to England.

After staying in England with his wife and family for two months, Gulliver sets off on his next sea voyage, which takes him to the land of giants called Brobdingnag. A farmer discovers him and treats him as an animal, keeping him for amusement and entertainment. The farmer eventually sells Gulliver to the queen, who makes him a diversion and is entertained by his musical talents. Social life is easy for Gulliver after his discovery by the court, but not particularly enjoyable. Gulliver is often disgusted by the Brobdingnagians, whose ordinary flaws are many times magnified because of their huge size. He is uneasy by the ignorance of the people here, especially when even the king knows nothing about politics. More unsettling findings on Brobdingnag come in the form of various animals that endanger his life. Even Brobdingnagian insects leave slimy trails on his food that make eating difficult. On a trip to the frontier, accompanying the royal couple, Gulliver leaves Brobdingnag when his cage is picked up by an eagle and dropped into the ocean.

Next, Gulliver sets sail again and, after an attack by pirates, ends up in Laputa, where a floating island inhabited by theoreticians and academicians oppresses the land below, called Balnibarbi. The research done in Laputa and in Balnibarbi is totally impractical. Taking a short trip to Glubbdubdrib, Gulliver is able to witness the conjuring up of figures from history, such as Julius Caesar and other military leaders. He finds them much less impressive than in books. When visiting the Luggnaggians and the Struldbrugs, the latter of which are immortals who prove that age does not bring wisdom, he is able to sail from Japan back to England.

On his fourth journey, Gulliver sets out as captain of the ship, but after the mutiny of his crew and a long confinement in his cabin, he arrives in another unknown land. This land is populated by Houyhnhnms, horses who rule the land, and by Yahoos, brutish humanlike creatures who serve the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver sets about learning their language, and when he can speak the language well enough he narrates his voyages to them and explains the constitution of England. He is treated with courtesy and kindness by the horses and is enlightened by his many conversations with them and by his exposure to their noble culture. He wants to stay with the Houyhnhnms, but his bared body reveals to the horses that he is very much like a Yahoo, and therefore he is banned. Gulliver is grief stricken but of course agrees to leave. He fashions a canoe and makes his way to a nearby island, where a Portuguese ship captain who treats him well picks him up. Gulliver then concludes his narrative with a claim that the lands he has visited belong by rights to England, as her colonies, even though he questions the whole idea of colonialism.

Lilliputians (Symbol #1) They symbolize humankind's excessive pride in its own small existence. Jonathan Swift fully intends the insincerity of representing the tiniest race existing by Gulliver as by far the most arrogant and self-righteous, both collectively and individually. There is surely no character more obnoxious in all of Gulliver's travels than the lethal Skyresh. There is more backstabbing and conspiracy in Lilliput than anywhere else, and more of the pettiness of small minds that see themselves to be grand. All in all, the Lilliputians symbolize misplaced human pride, and point out Gulliver's inability to diagnose it correctly.

England (Symbol #) As the site of his father's disappointingly small estate and Gulliver's failing business, England seems to symbolize insufficiency or failure, at least in the financial sense that by the way matters most to Gulliver. England is where Gulliver's wife and family live, but they are hardly mentioned. Yet the author chooses to have Gulliver return home after each of his four journeys instead of just having him continue on one long trip to four different places, so that England is kept constantly in the picture and given an unspoken importance.

Style Jonathan Swift's style relies heavily on his vocabulary to describe the many places to his audience. He also likes to bring the idea of fantasies and imagination into his work. He uses tools such as clothing, size of individual, and continuous distress to display his themes.

Themes The symbol of might vs. right occurs. It continuously poses the question of whether physical power or moral righteousness should be the governing factor in social life. Gulliver experiences both might and right as he travels to different places and the tables are always turning.

Quotations

1. "He said, he knew no Reason, why those who entertain Opinions prejudicial to the Public, should be obliged to change, or should not be obliged to conceal them. And, as it was Tyranny in any Government to require the first, so it was Weakness not to enforce the second." Gulliver

. "My little Friend Grildrig. . . . I cannot but conclude the Bulk of your Natives, to be the most pernicious Race of little odious Vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the Surface of the Earth." Gulliver

. "My Father had a small Estate in Nottinghamshire; I was the Third of five Sons. . . . I was bound Apprentice to Mr. James Bates, an eminent Surgeon in London … my Father now and then sending me small Sums of Money. . . . When I left Mr. Bates, I went down to my Father; where, by the Assistance of him and my Uncle John . . . I got Forty Pounds, and a Promise of Thirty Pounds a Year." Gulliver

4. "They go on Shore to rob and plunder; they see an harmless People, are entertained with Kindness, they give the Country a new Name, they take formal Possession of it for the King, they set up a rotten Plank or a Stone for a Memorial, they murder two or three Dozen of the Natives, bring away a Couple more by Force for a Sample, return home, and get their Pardon. Here commences a New Dominion acquired with a Title by Divine Right . . . the Earth reeking with the Blood of its Inhabitants." -Gulliver

Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. New York Barnes & Noble, Inc., 00.

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