Andrew Jacksons life

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Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw South Carolina. His dad died a few days before he was born. His mom decided to move close to a nearby relative James Crawford. Andrew spent most of his childhood here. He went to the frontier schools and got the reputation of be fiery tempered and willing to fight anyone.

In 1780 they American revolution reached the Carolinas. Jackson was only 1 and became a messenger in the mounted militia of south Carolina. His brother hugh was killed and he and his other brother were captured because he refused to polish the boots of a British officer. They were then sent into a british prison where smallpox broke out. Mrs. Jackson gained her boys release. But robber died. Mrs Jackson became a nurse for the American prisoners. She soon caught smallpox and died.

Andrew was now 14 without any family. He decided to take up saddle making and school teaching. With the 00 dollars he inherited from his grandfather. He went to Charlestown. Jackson next studied law under a lawyer named spruce macay. He set up his office in Mecleanville north Carolina. The next year his companion lawyer John Mcnairy was made judge of the districts superior court. He appointed Jackson as solicitor general.

In Nashville Jackson fell in love with the daughter of John Donelson the founder of the city . Rachel donelson who was separated from her husband. She thought that she was divorced and got married to Jackson. years later she found out she was still married so she divorced her old husband Mr. bobards and remarried Andrew Jackson. Although they had no children they adopted Rachel's infant nephew who became Andrew Jackson Jr. They also raised tree other nephews of Rachel's as well as a native American boy who's parents were killed in Jackson's campaign against the creek nation.

In 176 Jackson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. After one year in the house, Jackson was elected to fill out an expired term in the U.S Senate. He served from September 177 to April 178 and then retired to his private life.

Since he decided to retire the years from 1804 to 181 were very happy year for he and his wife. Some things he did was improve his plantation and breed race horses. He owned 0 slaves but he was said to be a kind master. Later he soon owned over 100 slaves. Even though Jackson was retired he still was very active with local politics.

Jackson had a very hot temper. This hot temper got him into many duels. Many of them were caused by remarks make about his marriage. One of Jackson most famous duels was against Charles Dickinson in 1806. Jackson let Dickinson fire first because he had a faster and better shot. Jackson took the bullet in his chest without flinching at all and took his aim and killed this man.

In 180 Jackson was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. The war of 181 broke out and Jackson offered to lead the invasion into Canada, but was ignored by the staff of president James Madison. In 181 the governor of tennesee, willie blount ordered Jackson to new Orleans. Jackson only got to Mississippi. When the war of department called back the duties of Jackson. Jackson was stranded with out food, supplies or equipment for his 500 soldiers. Instead of leaving his troops he led his troops back to tennesee. The men admired their leader for this. They said he was tough as hickory. This is where Jackson got his nickname Old Hickory.

In may 1814 jackson was made general in the regular army. He was ordered to new Orleans to defend the city against a british attack. When he arrived at the city it was pretty much defenseless he set up defenses. He was in command of 5000 that included of blacks Frenchmen, and even pirates. The british had over 000 veterans that were led by lieutenant General Sir Edward Pakenham who had defeated napoleon. On December 1, 1814 the british landed troops for a surprise attack. Jackson had early that day that it was coming so he set up a defense behind a dry canal. On January 8, 1815 they british finally attacked. The Americans held them back greatly. They had over 000 casualties and we only had 1 dead wounded and 1 missing.

They battle of new Orleans actually came after the war. The treaty of Ghent was signed weeks earlier. Neither side knew that. This was a huge boost for Jackson his troops and all of America.

The election of 184 was said to be one of the most unfair elections in history. In the election Jackson had few political allies and he was lacking political knowledge. His opponents were John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson received electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and clay 7. Jackson also won the popular vote. In order to win you have to have the majority of electoral collage. On February , 185 the house elected adams president he had 1 votes Jackson had 7 and Crawford had 4. Three western states had originally supported clay but switch to Adams. Later when Adams named Clay secretary of state Jackson's supporters accused them of making a corrupt Bargain. This make Jackson want to win the election of 188 even more.

In the election of 188 jackson received 178 electoral votes to adam's 8 Jackson also won a majority in the popular vote. The joy of this win was sonly said by the death of his wife. She died of a heart attack. Jackson thought it was from all the fighting going on with the election but it really wasn't

At the age of 6 Andrew Jackson arrived in Washington D.C. for his inauguration. Thousands of people were at the capital.

When Jackson was president it really wasn't easy for him. His vice president Calhoun disagreed on many things. This biggest was the nullification of federal laws. Calhoun wrote an essay about it. The whole country was waiting for Jackson to be with nullification or go against it. At jeffersons birthday dinner Jackson stood up and told Calhoun Our Federal Union It must be preserved. Calhoun responded The union next to our liberty most dear.

The election 18 was a landmark in American history because the candidates were chosen by party groups for the first time. The supportes of the bank called themselves the national republics and Jackson's party was called the Democratic Party. The election was mostly based on bank issues. Jackson won the election with ease.

Jackson's second term was not much different. Nullification was still an issue and there was still battles over the bank. He really couldn't take much more of all this. He just wanted to go back to his normal self.

In the election of 186 jackson was weak from tuberculosis and had no thought what so ever for a third term. The last day of Jackson presidency was much more a personal triumph for himself. 1000s came to see the new president but to say good bye to their beloved hero.

Jackson spent his last 8 years at the hermitage even though he had to borrow money to keep the plantation going he contintued to entertain political supporters and kept a close watch with national affairs. On his death bed his famous words that he said were " My dear children and friends and servants, I hope to meet you all in heaven, both white and black , both white and black." Old Hickory Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845

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Organizational Structure Paper

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About the Company

For the purpose of this paper, we have created a hypothetical IT services company that provides consulting services to companies with information technology needs. This includes; project management, system development, implementation, networking, hosting, training and maintenance. This company is an established company in the Chicago area, which is currently grossing $5 million per year. The mission statement for our hypothetical company is to provide cost-effective, high quality IT services to small and medium size companies that cannot afford to maintain and train an internal IT department and staff. The organizational structure described in this paper was developed from a strategic plan that our team had previously designed for this company.

Organizational Structure

The organizational structure for this company is a functional departmentalization with a small hybrid of divisional at the project management level. As this is still small company the organizational structure is made up of less than 0 employees and is still very much controlled by the CEO/owner. Our strategic plan is set for a high rate of growth of the next five years. Small companies at this stage, meaning set for rapid growth and expansion, will place a huge strain on the organization's structure. Having a structure that can support the rapid growth may be the defining factor of whether the organization will succeed or fail. To ensure that our structure will be able to handle the planned growth of 100% over the next 5 years, we have designed a predicted organizational structure. The future organizational structure, takes into account the move to add remote sales areas, as well as to ensure that the support functions for predicted growth will be in place. With the focus on sales and marketing, the proposed organizational structure has added the support functions of a customer service representative, a sales administrative assistant, and new project managers and technicians to handle the workload.

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Current Organizational Chart

Proposed Future Organizational Chart

The organizational structure of functional departmentalization has advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is at the structure creates a simple organizational plan that is adequate and efficient for small company with few products and services. The structure reduces the chance of a duplication of efforts. One article, ("Organizational Structure, p.) states that functional departmentation will respond best to price and quality performance pressures. A single office with only one sales department and one operational manager ensures that the division assigned to the function is completing each of the organizational functions. Functional departments allow employees to specialize, in doing this they become more efficient at what they do. Managers also become specialized, in small companies they also have working knowledge of everything that is going on the department, this allows for more informed decisions. One of the disadvantages of functional departmentalization is that the departments depend on a specific manager to lead. There is little cross management and if the manager is unable to continue his position their more resources in training required to cover his responsibilities. Another disadvantage of this type of organizational structure is that is as difficult for specialized managers to be promoted. The managers not cross trained with other functions of the Company and the organization will be limited in changing his organizational structure to corporate divisional managers or another type of organizational structure.

This structure allows employees to specialize in their respective departments. The close proximity, (single office space), allows them to work closely when needed, yet autonomously when necessary. The satellite sales force is close enough to come to company meetings and functions, yet flexible enough to be able to make sales all over the state. The executives work along side the employees. This allows for corporate objectives to be known to all relatively quickly. Also, employees are able to report obstacles to executives immediately without bureaucratic intervention. This company is lean and specialized with no expensive inventories to keep track of, no heavy machinery to finance and the services are able to improve as technology does, instead of becoming the obsolete.

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Allocation of Resources

One of the biggest struggles this company will face over the next five years is how to grow rapidly and how to finance that growth. When small companies reach the stage where rapid growth occurs it is important from a financial standpoint to ensure that theres enough cash to sustain the growth. To incorporate both the strategic and management plan the budget has placed a large portion of the cash resources into hiring an external marketing company and financing an aggressive marketing plan. There be some people and time allocated to searching for an appropriate external marketing company. Also be a significant amount of resources but forced to ensure that the marketing campaign will be successful and encourage the predicted growth. As per the strategic plan the company will be hiring two new sales reps. The management plan was to encourage the existing sales reps to create satellite offices with new sales reps to gain a larger geographic area of customers. There will be a small outline of capital to assist the sales reps in creating telecommuting home offices as well as the increase in the payroll for the new sales reps. To assist with all the sales activity the Company has committed to allocate the resources to hire a sales assistant. With the predicted growth rate will be imperative to the Company to ensure that it has enough project managers and technicians to carry out the work generated by the new sales force. The company will outlay resources as needed to the operations department to hire new technicians and project managers where and when VP of operations deems appropriate to the increase in workload. The company also predict sometime in the future to customer service representative to help manage influx of new customers.

The hypothetical organization that we have created is at a crucial time in its growth. As a sustainable small company, it has reached the point where is time for the owner to decide whether to continue as a sustainable company or consolidate the company and marshal resources for growth. The ability of our company to manage this growth and meet its strategic objectives is imperative as this is a stage when many small companies go under.

References

Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H. , Specific and General Knowledge and Organizational Structure (Sep 01, 15). Michael C. Jensen, FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY, Harvard University Press, 18; Journal Of Applied Corporate Finance, Fall 15 http//ssrn.com/abstract=6658

Organizational Structure. Retrieved July 1,00 from http//www.cba.uri.edu/Scholl/Notes/Organizational_Structure.htm

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Dont know

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@Hoc is a software company with the stated desire of being a technology driven firm, however their financial statements do not include an allowance for research and development (R&D). To create an estimate of @Hocs R&D expense for each forecast year, a list of every Israeli software-only firm with offices in the U.S. was compiled. The companies R&D costs as a percent of revenues were taken for each Israeli company and then were divided into categories based on the number of employees. (See Table Israeli R&D) These employee categories are approximate estimates of @Hocs own estimated employee headcount for the projected years. The findings showed that smaller firms spent a much larger portion of their revenues on R&D than did larger ones. This might represent the fact that there is more pressure on small firms to develop a successful product and that larger ones already have an established product and therefore do not need to spend as heavily. Taking the medians of the percent spending on R&D for each category and applying them to the matching year gives us a percentage of revenue that @Hoc can expect to spend on R&D. This causes a readjustment of the financial statement and causes operating profits to go negative in the fourth year while making the last year less profitable. (See Table @HOC R&D)

Other attempts to adjust the financial statements only returned increasingly negative numbers. The revenue growth seems extremely optimistic and it also seems unusual that operating loss should increase each year and then suddenly reverse to great profits. Increasing revenues in correlation with the growth in net active users of the internet also yielded increasingly negative profits.

In finally settling on a valuation model we chose to identify the main value drivers of the company; employees and technology. Employees develop the technology and by extension a software company can only be as good as its employees. Additionally the cost of goods sold for software firms is extremely low with the primary expense being employee salaries. Therefore the number of employees in a firm can be used as a proxy to forecast revenues and costs.

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Using Her Big Chance and any other monologue show how the central characters reveal obliquely their personalities and circumstances.

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Bennett allows both Lesley, in Her Big Chance, and Irene, in A Lady of Letters to inform the audience of their inadequacies and situation, however this information is not blatantly confessioned. In the monologue format the slight comments and innocent detail betray the character and provide evidence of the lonely and unrewarding lives of the two women. Bennett depicts the women very differently, yet in many ways they are similar in their refusal to accept their problems.

Bennett shows both women desperately searching for a role. Lesley is portayed as forever trying to build a part. Capital letters are given to a previous unimportant part, in order to make Lesley feel more significant than she really is

Woman in a Musquash Coat.

Lesley tries to completely involve herself with all the action regarding the film. Bennett shows her insistence on adding her suggestions

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I just wanted to make it crystal clear that when I said briefcase I didnt mean the old-fashioned type ones...

Rather than admiring her persistence, we just begin to feel extremely irritated.

In A Lady of Letters Bennett stirs up irritation with Irene, in her persistent letter writing. Bennett capitalises on our initial irritation, he uses a crescendo effect continually telling us of the occasions on which Irene has felt it necessary to express herself in letters

I wrote to the crematorium...dashed off an answer forwith... I wrote to the council...

We are not told that Irene has nothing else to, although this is quite apparent. Bennett in allowing Irene to take it upon herself to produce these letters is letting her feel more important, as he does with Lesley.

The language Bennett uses for Irene indicates that perhaps she is pretentious. Irenes natural colloquial language is cleverly juxtaposed which phrases of learned speech by Bennett

..grief-stricken people do not expect to emerge from the Chapel of Rest to find grown men skulking in the rhododendrons with tab-ends in their mouths.

Bennett does not present Lesley as a pretentious character, but instead her strive to appear intellectual and cultured. This is apparent in the usage of foreign borrowings, in the Italian Ciao and the French Croissant. Technical jargon is used as part of Lesleys pretence of performance

..theres what they call a hair in the gate. Its film parlance for all clear.

Yet we are aware of Lesleys inability to act, not because she tells us, but because she is restricted to just one word in the film

..we tried it once or twice only Gunther then thought it would be more convincing if my headache was so bad I couldnt actually speak..

However, it does not seem that Lesley is actually neglecting to tell us that her line was cut here because she is such a bad actress, but that she does not tell us because she does not realise herself. Similarly in the clich

I didnt fall off the Christmas tree yesterday.

Lesley is shown pretending to be more clued up than she really is, if she knew what was happening she would not have slept with Spud.

Bennett presents Irene also believing she knows more than she really does. She believes that there is cruelty and neglect going on because there is No kiddy still and she has heard it crying. From this we learn of the way her judging things on appearances, without looking any deeper. Bennett shows this quite humorously in the fascination Irene holds for the lack of a table cover No cloth on.

Despite Irenes superficiality there is a certain degree of pathos in the situation. Bennett informs us that her so-called participation is because of she is lonely. We are told of her pen Its been a real friend, the indication here is that Irene does not infact have any friends or family that she can turn to for support. We know also that Mother bought it - there is a tone of reminiscence here that is particularly apparent on the video. The actress is almost fondling the pen. Her voice is slow and calm, with definite touch of humanity. The insinuation from all of this and Irenes current situation is that there was a certain degree of dependency between Irene and her mother.

Bennett depicts Lesleys escape from her solitude in her sleeping with numerous men. We do not really feel any sympathy towards her because she is shown to keep doing it. Bennett selects the metaphor

..the cat sitting there, watching the trout

to explain the way which Lesley falls into the trap. In this there is realisation of what she is doing, so the feelings of irritation are yet stronger. The audience can appreciate her embarrassment because of the technique that Bennett uses - glossing over the details

His rooms nicer than mine. His bathrooms got a hair-dryer.

The video shows her usual lively tone becoming quiet and slow, her body language follows the same pattern. It is obvious that Lesley has slept with this man, yet Bennett only allows her to obliquely reveal this.

It is only in the reported speech of the policeman that we comprehend all the trouble Irene has caused

Were asking you because who was it who was it wrote to the chemist saying his wife was a prostitute?

This not denied, but there is indeed a justification for it.

We learn in reported speech of the type of film Bennett has selected for Lesley, Spud talks of

...main girl...making videos...overseas market...West Germany..

To the reader/viewer this suggests porn. Lesley does not see this, Bennett again shows her lacking basic common sense. For her inadequacies Bennett refers her to an American book. One of the points in the book is purpose and use of name. Yet there is a definite over usage of names

Chess, Simon?...Well, Simon...Spectacles, Simon

This exhibits Lesleys superficially - she does not look deeper than names or appearances. If we look for the reasoning behind this we can realise that to a certain extent it is related to her job. Performance plays a big part of Lesleys life. The frequent use of the word interesting by Bennett in this monologue shows falseness and superficiality . Whereas the reason for the frequent use of the word little by Bennett establishes Irenes sense of modesty and we do not resent her in the slightest for it. Using Her Big Chance and any other monologue show how the central characters reveal obliquely their personalities and circumstances.Please note that this sample paper on Using Her Big Chance and any other monologue show how the central characters reveal obliquely their personalities and circumstances. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Using Her Big Chance and any other monologue show how the central characters reveal obliquely their personalities and circumstances., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Using Her Big Chance and any other monologue show how the central characters reveal obliquely their personalities and circumstances. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Karen Horney

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In Horney's book, New Ways In Psychoanalysis she significantly widened the limitations of Sigmund Freud's theories and prepared the theories to be obtainable to a wide-ranging public. Freud is considered the father of psychology and psychoanalysis. His theories are based on sexual instincts rather than biological. In Horney's book she disagrees with Freud's libido theory, views and emphasis of childhood, and female masochism. Horney emphasized the significance of communal, educational, and gender aspects in human maturity, disagreeing on Freud's focus on sexual disagreement as the origin of neurosis. Horney says, "Sexual problems, although they may sometimes prevail in the symptomatic picture, are no longer considered to be in the dynamic center of neuroses. Sexual difficulties are the effect rather than the cause of the neurotic character structure" (Horney p.10). These will be the three points discussed in the paper. It is important to know that she did base her beliefs on Freudian theory. She believed that change and contributions were necessary in order to further psychoanalysis. She believed that Freud did not pay attention to social factors that he emphasized physiological factors. Horney did agree with Freud that childhood is important to understand, however, she thought he spent an inordinate amount of time on it. Horney thought it was more important to find what in the past was causing the problem in the present not the psychosexual stages concentrated by Freud. Freud believed that masochism was natural to the female existence where as Horney believed masochism originated from personality conflicts. Her contributions and involvement in psychosomatic theory led her to be the first therapist to confront Freud's culture bound analysis of women. She believed that Freud's theories were made to explain the male's view and completely ignore female's view.

In Horney's book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis Horney rejected Freud's libido theory. Freud's libido theory is based on sexuality and its influence on the personality. Freud believed that all bodily sensations of a pleasurable nature, or strivings for them, are sexual in nature. Freud believed that after a baby nursed he/she felt the same sensation after someone having intercourse. Horney had her own theory about Freud's theory. Horney emphasized that woman's feelings of inferiority to men point to the defects in our society, and is not the result of women's lack of penis. "I realized… that my search for a better understanding had led me in directions that were at a variance with Freud. If so many factors that Freud regarded as instinctual were culturally determined, if so much that Freud considered libidinal was a neurotic need for affection, provoked by anxiety and aimed at feeling safe with others, then the libido theory was no longer tenable. Childhood experiences remained important, but the influence they exerted on our lives appeared in a new light" (Horney 1, p1). Horney questioned the role of gender in personality development and stressed the importance of society and culture as determining factors for normal and pathological development. Horney disagreed with Freud's penis envy. Horney believed that Freud was really detecting a women's justified envy of men's power in the world. While penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic woman, she said womb envy occurs just as much in men. Horney felt that men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. To the degree in which men are driven to succeed and to have their names live on. Horney believed that men compensated for their inherit ability to carry, nurture and bear children. Horney did not understand why Freud placed so much emphasis on the male anatomy. Furthermore, Horney desexualized Freud's oedipal complex, stating that clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship. "When we realize the great impact of cultural conditions on neuroses, the biological and physiological conditions, which are considered by Freud to be their root, recede in to the background" (Horney 1, p.1) .

Horney did agree with Freud on the importance of anxiety-provoking childhood experiences in the development of maladjustment. However, Horney did not agree with Freud's theory of primary narcissism, infantile fixation, and repetition compulsion theories. Anxiety became a central aspect of Horney's theory, accounting for the personality's defensive and security operations. Horney believed that oral, anal, and genital drives do not exist in all human beings. Horney believed that the compulsive drive was not based on satisfying sexual instincts as Freud did, but to provide safety from feelings of isolation, helplessness, fear, and hostility. She did not question the influence of childhood development, but how it operated. Horney believed that adverse experiences in childhood affected development… "Let us say, anticipating evil rather than good, the old experiences enter directly into adult ones" (Horney 1 p15). She believed that all childhood experiences develop the personality not sexual instincts "the sum total of childhood experiences brings about a certain character structure, or rather starts its development" (Horney 1, p.67).

Horney also disagrees with Freud's theory that women are masochistic the desire to be hurt, even physically, a probable source of the myth that women wish to be raped. Horney states, "Masochistic drives are neither an essentially sexual phenomenon nor the result of biologically determined processes, but originate in personality conflicts" ( Horney 1, p. 80). Freud believed that masochism was natural to female existence. Freud's purpose was to discover the internal psychic reasons for the realities he observed. His theory, stated briefly, was that the original anatomical structure of both sexes was male which remains obvious in the boy (the penis) and in the girl (the clitoris). When children discover the difference between the sexes by seeing the external difference, girls suffer shock, they have no penis. Girls then envy the boys, loose their sadistic-aggressive tendencies, and develop feelings of inferiority. In the same experience, boys, however, find their aggressive self-confidence. Girls turn to their fathers in order to make up for their deficiencies. The girls think that the father relates to the boys because of the physical differences. Then the girls feelings of inferiority are greater and the fear of not being loved deepens their dependent relationship towards men. The relationship that the girls have towards females is resentment. Identity is tied to the loss of maleness, which can only be regained through the birth of a son. If girls are to have anything enjoyable, she must get over the chain of masochistic frustrations. Freud believed that male masochism is pathological; the female form is the normal psychic consequence of the difference of anatomy. Horney believed that Freud's view of female masochism stems not from Freud, the Psychoanalysis, but from Freud, the boy.

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Horney observed that her uncertainties about Freud's theories regarding women caused doubts concerning his theory as correct. After she immigrated to the United States in the 10's, these qualms were established in her book, New Ways in Psychoanalysis. Many of her colleagues said the she was abandoning the spirit of psychoanalysis.Please note that this sample paper on Karen Horney is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Karen Horney, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Karen Horney will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Celtic Art of The Middle Ages

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Celtic Art

Of

The Middle Ages

The style of ornamentation came about by medieval tribes in central Europe. Archaic examples date from around 450 BC masks and brooches in bronze work with gradually more sophisticated geometric patterns, animal and floral motifs, and in time, realistic human- head designs. The most intricate jewelry, decorated swords, and scabbards. In Britain, Celtic craftsmanship flourished all over the Roman livelihood, producing work in gold and silver, shields of inlaid enamel, and bronze mirrors. Afterward, Christian monks tailored long-established designs to embellish religious manuscripts.

When we speak of 'Celts' today, we mean people who lived on the vastly western edges of Europe, in Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland and Brittany. The word comes from Keltoi; the term, which the Greek authors of the 5th century BC and later, gave the native people of Western Europe from Spain to Czechoslovakia. The Celts expanded into Britain, Northern Italy, and parts of Asian Turkey as well; they found themselves not as one people, but as different tribes.

Celtic art has its birth in the sculpture, carving and metalwork of the ancient Celtic peoples who dominated Continental Europe and the British Isles from about of 1000 BC and beyond prior to becoming inundated in the growing Roman Empire. Only in Britain and Ireland did the Celtic way of life continue to exist.

The art of the primordial Irish and Britons was also profoundly affected by the art of the peoples with whom they came into contact, the Picts (the pre- Celtic inhabitants of Britain) and later Norse and Anglo- Saxon settlers. In spite of this, conventional Celtic art as we know it is very much a creation of the escalation of Christianity in Early Britain and Ireland when the native styles pooled in a spectacular fashion with Mediterranean influences brought in by Christian missionaries. The product was masterpieces like the illuminated Gospels such as the Book of Kells and the Book of Lindisfarne.

The Book of Kells and the Book of Lindisfarne are both Gospel manuscripts created by Irish monks in approximately th century A.D. somewhere in the British Isles. The attention to the lettering that was a transitional step between Roman Capitals and lower case lettering and illumination; make these the best surviving examples of illuminated manuscripts.

To comprehend and value fully the art of the Celts, it is essential to understand the distinction flanked by two fundamentally different styles of artistic expression.

One is what is called naturalistic art- art that attempts to symbolize or to replicate what is seen in nature. The other is abstract or geometric art. It imitates nothing; it constructs ornate designs by means of a gratifying grouping of flowing lines and decorative patterns. It is full of fancy and minds eye, and depends in a distinctive way on a keen sense of rhythm, balance and proportion.

Three of the major design rudiments of Celtic geometric art are knotworks, spirals and key patterns. Knotwork symbolized the interconnection of life and humankind's place within the universe. This symbolism is important because it stems from the Celts being Druidic nature worshippers that believed that everything in nature was connected and interdependent. Knotwork came astonishingly late to Celtic art, it is believed they were introduced from Coptic Christian manuscripts which were also a key foundation of inspiration for early Islamic art. Characteristic features of Celtic knotworks are the use of rounded edges and attempting to make the knotwork one nonstop line. Frequent knots comprise the Trinity knot, representing the Holy Trinity, and the lover's knot, representing two together as one.

Spirals typically mirror personal spirit, and an individual's attainment of balance and in the inner consciousness and outer self, they are believed to represent the life- force. Spirals may also represent the cosmos, heavens, and water (waves). Spirals are one of the eldest design elements in Celtic art dating right back to the most primitive times. Very typical of Celtic spirals is the -pronged spiral, or triskele and many more elaborate spirals are derived from this essential pattern. The number three was of profound worth in Pagan Celtic Religion.

Key patterns have been described as spirals in a straight line. Key patterns are also instituted in Mediterranean art. Typical of Celtic key pattern is the use of the 45-degree angle so that the pattern is made up of triangle shapes.

Later Celtic art made great use of calligraphy and adorned initial capital letters. The greatest work of art from the Celtic tradition is the illuminated manuscripts, which are essentially masterpieces of calligraphy. Letters were twisted into extraordinary shapes, and bejeweled with designs, colors and patterns.

Even though Celtic art has the distinction of incorporating many forms and diverse influences, depending on the locality of the artist, there is definite similarity that is communal in much of the art the Celts produced. Perhaps the most apparent is the love of zoomorphic, or animal forms. The Celts tended to envision many of their deities in the guise of animals, either as hybrids (such as the god Cernunnos, who possessed the antlers of a stag), or as gods who took on the form of an animal for some purpose or another. Examples of zoomorphic usage are hounds- loyalty, lions- nobility and strength, snakes- rebirth (dragon or serpent designs may be interpreted the same as snakes), birds- purity (peacocks), or nobility (eagles), salmon- knowledge, bull- strength, and, boar- ferocity, strength.

As Christianity spread through out the world, especially the Celtic world, it absorbed much of the Celtic culture and style. However, before the Christian cross existed, the Celtic cross, which is much older and can be dated back to 10,000 B.C.E., as established by crosses that were found engraved or painted on flat pebbles in a cave in France. Their strong belief in nature is symbolized in the cross as the four roads that lead to the four corners of the earth Air, Water, Wind, and Fire. The center of the cross represented the center of the world body as a place where we find all the forces of life.

Mother Earth is well represented in another important Celtic art form, The Celtic Tree of Life. The Celtic Tree of Life serves to show that it is the sum of the equation in the creation of life and always includes the seven created beings in the Celtic world, which are plants, insects, fish, reptiles, birds, animals, and man. The tree of life displays intricate interweaves that grow in a logical pattern and stem from one location. Even though they all stem from one location, the interweaves are typical of knotwork as they show no beginning and no end.

There are numerous schools of thought as far as knots and symbolism go in Celtic artwork. Various people say that the symbols have no bona fide importance and just served as decoration. Others, including myself, believe that some of the common knots and icons did indeed have certain meaning or connotations. Regrettably, today, it is near impossible for us to acquire what those meanings were. (Too many lost generations of teachers). Granted, there were many different tribes of Celtic peoples who had different interpretations and that is one of the mysteries of this culture that I love.

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Tobacco

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Tobacco

" A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular and what no just government should refuse." (Thomas Jefferson www.oehha.org) Smoking is the right of the consumer. If the consumer chooses to smoke, then that choice is non other then the consumer's. Just like we are entitled to our own opinions, we are entitled to our own rights. Many times, smoking has come up as a huge and involving issue. Compared to this century of having much disagreement, and controversy; in the sixteen hundreds, tobacco was so popular that it was regularly used as money. (http//www.buedu/COHIS) No one now, in 00, would use such a thing. But since tobacco was such a popular item, and many people around that time, often craved for it, it was a good source of income.

Around 184, cigarettes became very poplar and in style. (www.lcolby.com) On the other hand, smoking and tobacco companies have had its twisting and turning. Many people frown upon those who smoke, for the non-smokers find it tasteless and unappealing. As for those who have long since been smoking, they cannot help but continue. Nicotine is a very addictive but yet satisfying activity that is a hard habit to break. Prohibition was the banning of alcohol in the 10's and before. Prohibition failed greatly because the addiction to alcohol was so high. Just like prohibition failed, so would banning smoking. Both are an addictive behavior and both would fail to ban. (www.lcolby.com) Just because someone makes a law, doesn't mean that its right, and just because it's a law, doesn't mean the rest of the world will follow it. There are many who drink, smoke, drive, etc. all under age. All of those acts have laws against them, yet so many choose to ignore those laws and proceed in their life. For an example; Driving is an act that someone is entitled to. It is their right to drive. Driving such as smoking are both a hazzard. Driving could easily kill someone else, or injure someone else. The government seems not to understand, that it is the consumer's RIGHT to smoke, just like it is their right to go driving when they need/want to.

People today seem to be finding more and more effects of secondhand smoke. The portion of the public, whom choose not to smoke, should not have to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Second hand smoke is dangerous but occurs in many public places. Secondhand smoke was found to cause lung cancer by Surgeon General in 18. (www.bu.edu) In 187, Congress banned smoking on all flights lasting more than two hours because of these high risks it took. Even by 16, had the United States started to take serious action, by making it illegal (law) to smoke in public places.(www.bu.edu)

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You cannot prove smoking is a harmful activity because you can't prove a negative. (www.smartlink.net, Johnson, Jonathan Dallas) Tobacco companies require a lot of workers. They give many jobs to women who cannot find jobs elsewhere. For the many people in this world that have just gotten out of a rehab center for alcoholism etc. many turn to smoking, because it is a very relaxing way to relieve stress or tension.

Back in 10, a ban on alcohol was attempted. It failed greatly for many found how addictive alcohol is (alcoholics.) Smoking however is just as addictive as alcohol. (www.lcolby.com) If the government were to try and put a ban on smoking in public areas etc. I highly doubt that anyone that had been smoking for more than one year would stop "cold turkey." Although smoking has been more accepted in today's society, there are still very many people that have their strong disagreements about it.

(http//no-smoking.org)

It is the people's and public's right to stay smoke- free, especially in public places. Secondhand smoke is harmful and the public is entitled to their safety. It is a proven fact that cigarette smoke accounts for thirty percent of all heart disease deaths.

On the other hand, we know nicotine is in the process of smoking. Nicotine is the leading ingredient that people most often, would think would cause the heart disease and would attack the heart and make you crave more. A proven study was shown that while smoking a cigarette, only a little allows its way into the bloodstream.(http//no-smoking.org "Action on Smoking.")

While snoring is one of the less complicated and less dangerous effects of smoking, it is still a problem associated with smoking. Many sleepless nights and damaged passage ways for airflow because of the number of cigarettes smoked, is something almost every smoker deals with. Yet, we have all seen the ads in the papers on the television in magazines etc. about cures for snoring. Patches, surgery, exercises, positions to sleep in at night, etc.

It is the smokers RIGHT to smoke. If they choose to smoke, then so be it. Non-smokers are not to say whether or not a smoker can smoke or not. It isn't their body. A woman died at age one hundred twenty- five and smoked up until she was one hundred and twenty- three. A man died at age one hundred and two, from old age, and smoked almost every day of his life, compared to a man fifty years of age, died and never smoked once. If the public has such a problem with passive smoking, then don't resort to that public place.

There have been many times through out history when smoking has come up as a big issue and, has had up roaring action taken upon, and against the danger of smoking. Many people say, how dangerous it is, yet only know from what they've read, seen, or heard. But experience, is how you really find out. People say that the smoking ads for the various types of brands of smoking encourage young adults to smoke, and gain and unhealthy lifestyle. Concluding that this may be the simplest form of conclusion is not so. The smoking ads in reality are ads to entice smokers to switch to their brands. A survey was taken of one hundred and twelve middle school students, and only two out of the hundred and twelve students raised their hand to the question whether or not an ad has ever enticed them to smoke.

Free- choice is a magazine sent out with information from and organization called, Forest. They send out useful information for those who agree that it is the consumer's choice and right to do what they want to their body. Surveys, documents, general information, etc. are all included in this magazine. Many smokers depend upon to get their information. The OSH society is a smoking control agency. It relates to people with questions on smoking related topics. (www.just4u.com) It can be reached at 470 Buford highway, NE Atlanta, GA 041-74. The Cigarette Pack Collectors is a group which follows the tobacco industry trends and gives people a forum or exchanges stories as well as swapping packs. The newsletter is published six times a year. (www.just4u.com)

Rights 1. Qualities that constitute what are correct, just, proper, or honorable. . Something to which one has a just or lawful claim. By banning smoking in all public places is something unjust, which will hopefully never again be an issue. I have a great apprehension, that people have a problem and disagreement to the fact where people have their rights, and it is the nonsmoker's right to stay smoke free… But where there is a simple problem, there is a simple solution. If the nonsmoker has a problem with the smoke, leave. No one is making that person stay. Allowing a person to smoke in a work place, etc. would be an act of justice, but we don't have a just society.Please note that this sample paper on Tobacco is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tobacco, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Tobacco will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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