CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME

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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to design a prescriptive fitness programme to suit the need of a chosen subject. The chosen clients goal is to successfully complete a day training weekend in order to gain a Royal Yachting Association (RYA) Level 1 Windsurfing certificate, scheduled for August 00. A previous failure in attempting to achieve this certificate has motivated the subject to join her first gym. She is reluctant to do cardiovascular training on the gym equipment as she feels this is gained through other outdoor activities. In order to achieve this goal she has identified her weaknesses as poor balance, strength and endurance. LITERATURE REVIEW Upon investigation into the sport of windsurfing, very little research has been conducted into the training requirements of such a skilful sport. Courses are readily available for anyone with an interest; some even guarantee you to qualify with only an hour of tuition. Noticeably, this increasing popular exciting sport is not without its drawbacks. A major hazardous point identified is poor physical conditioning; the body quickly becomes fatigued, which increases the risk of injury, due to lack of training. (Rosenbaum et al., 1). Custom Essays on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME

Endurance Training Muscular endurance is the ability of the muscles to sustain repeated muscle actions or a single static action. Endurance training involves low resistance with high repetitions that adapts the following physiological changes increased aerobic enzymes and mitochondria, increased capillaries, improved oxygen intake and fat utilization, and more efficient contractions. Starkey B.J., (17). Fitness and Health 4th Edition, Chapter 10, pp 17. Documented effects of muscular endurance is mainly focused on the muscle fibres, suggesting the aerobic enzymic improvements may be a stage in the transformation of fast twitch to slow twitch fibres this was identified in a study conducted by Pette (184), on rats and rabbits, but it is not proven if these fibre changes occur in humans. Starkey B.J., (17). Fitness and Health 4th Edition, Chapter 8, pp 14. Muscular endurance is reliant on muscle glycogen stores. In order to maintain and replenish these stores a high-carbohydrate diet is required. Concepts of Physical Fitness, (000). Muscle Fitness, Concept 11, pp 17. Muscular Strength Muscular strength is measured as the maximal single-effort force that can be generated by a muscle/s against resistance. Commonly measured by performing a one repetition maximum (1RM), the objective being to determine the maximum amount of weight one can lift once only. Concepts of Physical Fitness, (000). Muscle Fitness, Concept 11, pp 177. The effects of muscular strength training include an increase in contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and stronger connective tissue. The increase in strength is said to be due to the increased cross sectional area of contractile protein that exerts more force. Personal Trainer Manual, (16), Muscular Strength and Endurance, Chapter 8, 44. Starkey 15 suggest the combination of moderate repetition and resistance will develop muscular endurance and strength. Both being qualities required for windsurfing. Ideally 40-60% of the subject's 1RM should be used, along with various speeds throughout inner, mid and outer ranges of movement, as windsurfing is a very unpredictable sport. BALANCE The body's centre of mass is considered to be the centre of gravity, a point of equilibrium. With movement this is forever changing making it difficult to balance on uneven surfaces or when supporting external weight. Balance and control exercise are designed to stimulate weakened tissue by motion and force production. Commonly used methods of improving balance include, a combination of proprioception and co-ordination exercises using various equipment such as wobble boards, airex pads, swiss balls etc. CASE HISTORY Subjective History In order to achieve the aforementioned goal the subject feels areas of concentration are- 1) Maintain fitness level by continuing with her outdoor activities ) Increase strength a previous failure in this course, during adverse whether conditions highlighted weakness as a main area of concern. ) Balance and stability experience of the previous course has also indicated the importance of balance, control and stability. Upon completion of a Physical Activity Readiness-Questionnaire (PAR-Q), (see Appendix) the subject has not indicated any cause of concern relating to current or previous health problems. The subject participating in this study is a year old female, currently employed in a sedentary but stressful career. She has no dependents, and no highlighted health conditions. Objective Examination In order to establish the level of fitness the subject is currently at, a selection of standard fitness assessments have been conducted. The subject is fit and activity, participating in weekly training sessions for netball, and runs -4 miles per week, therefore concentration will be prioritised to balance/stability, strength and endurance. TREATMENT/FITNESS PROGRAMME The proposed activity programme will be varied as my subject is currently active and does not wish to participate in any cardiovascular (CV) fitness using the gym CV equipment as she feels her fitness is at a high level due to her weekly running and netball training activities. In order to increase the subject's confidence and make her more relaxed in these surroundings, this prescribed exercise programme consists of a variety of enjoyable activities that do not specifically require attendance to a gym. The reason for this initial variety is to 1) ensure the subject enjoys the prescribed activities, ) ensure the programme is not repetitive so it becomes monotonous or a chore, ) can incorporate others to encourage progression without accompanying the subject in the gym, 4) ensure she actually does the activities. RESULTS In order to access the subject's current level of fitness a standard operating procedure of battery of fitness tests used within the healthclub was performed. 1. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure- using a battery operated machine digital machine, tests were performed, with the average results recorded. . Weight and Body Fat %- using battery operated scales, weight and % body fat were recorded. . Measurements - using a standard tape measure. This series of tests is replicated for each client regardless of their aim or goal. A heart rate monitor is used throughout the initial cardiovascular training programme, using the training zone guideline of 0-age. A 1repitition maximum was used to select a weight-training programme. No tests were included in this routine for balance. This standard operating procedure of testing is extremely basic, and inappropriate to assess a realistic level of fitness. Therefore permission was sought to use a more individualised battery of tests. Resting Pulse measured by palpating the radial pulse and counting individual beats for a period of 60seconds. The recommended method for this procedure by the American College of Sports Medicine (15) is impractical and time consuming as it requires the pulse to be taken over a period of days, prior to getting out of bed. According to the ACSM women average about 75 beats per minute (bpm). However, this is dependent on fitness levels, age, anticipation, stress etc The subject averaged 80 bpm, from , minute interval tests. This may be above the average due to her current stress level, having just arrived from work and also due to anticipation of the exercise to be undertaken. In order to work out a target heart rate training zone the guideline of Percentage of Heart Rate Reserve (Karvonen Formula) was used, as it is more specific to each individual, representing the reserve capacity of cardiac output, rather than the functional capacity (Whaley et al, 1). In conjunction with this test a rate of perceived exertion was used, (Borg 18), along with the talk-test method. Resting Blood Pressure No other method possible, therefore results of this test were compared to The 5th Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V Report) that classifies normal blood pressure 10mmHg systolic and 85mmHg diastolic. My subject averaged 18/8mmHg from reading taken in -minute intervals, which according to these guidelines is classified as normal. Body Fat % In accordance to Lohman et al the Bioelectric impedance in measuring body fat % achieved an overall rating of .5 indicating a good to very good validity of the measurement of Body Composition. Endurance/Strength Programme Based on that idea strength and endurance on be combined using 40-60% of 1RM, due to limited equipment such as a metromone and squat racks. An alteration to the advised Benchpress test was conducted. 50% of my clients 1RM was used on various machines to test the number of repetitions they could produce prior to fatigue (unable to raise the weight) The total figure of repetitions was halved and the weight was increased to 60% of 1RM, sets of each activity were prescribed. DISCUSSION The equipment available was extremely limited. Improvisation was required in several areas. With a greater variety of kit it is thought a more sport specific programmed could have been achieved. Alterations that may have been incorporated would have been the use of an adjustable pulley machine that may have simulated a more realistic training environment, building strength and endurance through various planes of movement, highlighting weak areas, and using a fixed base of support. The subject could also have extend her training times to a) more than 1 hour per session, b) incorporate some cardiovascular training, such as rowing or cycling to build up her endurance, maintaining this activity through various intensities over a training session of 1 hour. The ACSM identify stages of progression for cardiovascular training, the initial conditioning stage advised to last between 4-6weeks, exercise frequency should be daily for a duration of 10-0mins with a gradual increase. The subject therefore is currently getting no benefit by maintaining the same CV routine each week. CONCLUSION The outcome of the prescriptive programme appeared to be successful, although no significant physiological testing results changed between the start and finish of the placement. The subject had noticeably improved on her balance, co-ordination and stability. This she had noticed both in the progression of her proprioception training and also whilst playing netball and jogging. The subject's perception of exercising in a gym had also become more positive. Having previously been dubious about joining a gym the subject experience various enjoyable methods of exercise to assist in achieving her goal which she had not previously en-counted, or thought were attainable in this environment. Please note that this sample paper on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Death in Poetry

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Theme Based Poetry Essay

To what extent are there common threads in the poems you studied this year?

Refer to a range of poets and poems in your answer.

Poetry is the window into life; it allows readers to read different perspectives on different themes. Death is a universal theme; everyone will experience death, whether it is the death of a loved one or their own. Consequently, everyone has a different perspective on death. Poets such as, John Shaw Neilson, James McAuley, Gwen Harwood, Peter Porter, A.D. Hope and Barcroft Boake, use different poetic techniques to convey their perceptions of death. Their poems share the common theme death, however each convey different ideas and perceptions through the use of different poetry techniques.

Porter in An Exequy portrays death as a time of despair and grief, and the pain in remembering the deceased. In this ode, written some 0 years ago, he uses imagery to convey his experience with death.

This introduction serves to sing

Your mortal death as Bishop King

Once hymned in tetrametric rhyme

His young wife, lost before her time;

Though he lived on for many years

His poem each day few new tears…

Porter writes in the form of an ode to convey his deep feelings for his wife, shown by phrases such as, 'and you alone of pure substance,' but his poem differs from the typical ode form. He conveys a passionate grief with no resolution in sight. Porter uses imagery to compare himself to Bishop King, a man who had too lost his wife at a young age, to convey his feelings after her death. 'Though he lived on for many years, His poem each day few new tears,' conveys how he is grieving for his wife and will continue to grieve her death. 'The abstract hell of memory,' portrays to the readers that he perceives memories of his wife as painful and taunting.

The sky is overcast be doubt,

The time has come, I listen for

Your words of comfort at the door,

O guide me through the shoals of fear

The above extract portrays to the readers the feelings he has become consumed with, despair, doubt and fear. He also uses specific language to maintain the tragic tone of his poem. For example, he uses words such as, 'mourning', 'grief', 'misery' and 'black'.

Similarly, in Harwood's Mother who gave me life, although death isn't the only theme presented, also conveys death as a time to mourn the deceased and the painfulness of memories. She too writes in ode form to portray her strong feelings for her mother, though her ode more relates to her ancestral 'mothers'. Harwood, in contrast to Porter, uses strict stanzas and no rhyme to present her perception of death. 'Anguish remembered hours' portrays to the readers the pain she was experiencing after and as her mother was dying. It also portrays how some memories of her mother caused her anguish which is similar to Porter's poem. The use of short detached sentences emphasises these key ideas which are similar to those in An Exequy.

In contrast to Porter and Harwood's poems, McAuley, a 0th century poet, in Memorial portrays death as time to remember the deceased residents of New Guinea rather than mourn them.

I write it brief and unadorned

That some remembrance may be paid

Far longer than they can be mourned.

He, in the extract above, portrays memories as, not painful, but the way in which the deceased's lives can be remembered. This poem is short, i.e. contains a single stanza and uses alliteration. 'When the sleeping isles were shaken,' is an example of his use of alliteration. He uses alliteration to maintain the atmosphere of the poem. He also maintains the atmosphere of tragedy and pain through similar words such as, horror, fear, and forsaken. Although the theme of the poem is death, like the previous poems, this poem explores a different perspective on death.

Death of a Bird, by A.D. Hope also portrays a different perspective of death.

And the great earth, with neither grief nor malice,

Receives the tiny burden of her death.

He writes of the death of a bird, not a human being, as being blamed on the earth (metaphorically). He mentions the word 'tiny' to convey how small in comparison the death of a bird is and how often it may go unnoticed or if noticed, not cared about. He does not portray any grief or mourning. He also does not mention any afterlife or remembrance.

She feels it close now, the appointed season

The invisible thread is broken as she flies;

Suddenly, without warning, without reason,

The guiding spark of instinct winks and dies.

Through the explanations in his poem of her life before death and how she died, he portrays that he had a sound understanding of her death. He uses imagery to emphasise the feelings he felt after her death, and to maintain the dreary tone. For example, 'the invisible thread is broken as she flies,' portrays her instinct when migrating and drives us to feel sympathy for the bird. He writes with strict stanza patterns and rhyme to create a 'songlike' poem which appeals emotionally to his readers, as he wants them to feel empathy for the bird.

In contrast, McAuley in Pieta conveys no one is to blame for the death of his child and cannot comprehend the aftermath and the loss.

A year ago you came

Early into the light

You lived a day and night

Then died; no-one to blame.

This portrays to the readers that his young baby had died unexpectedly, only after living for a day. It also portrays that he feels that death is no one's fault.

Your mother in farewell

Touched you. I cannot tell,

I cannot understand

A thing so dark and deep

So physical a loss

This portrays to the reader the confusion he felt regarding his and the mother's mourning and the loss of their child. In his sonnet (4 lines, 4 lines, lines, lines), he uses detached sentences to maintain the rhythm (through rhyme) and flow of the poem and to emphasise key points in his sentences. For example, 'I cannot understand,' and 'So physical a loss'. McAuley also makes a reference to a religious symbol, the Cross, to strengthen his perception of great loss and the everlasting wounds, by comparing it to the death of Christ on the Cross.

In contrast to all of the previous poems, Barcroft Boake, in Where the dead men lie, portrays that there is 'life' beyond death. He uses imaginative writing to portray the presence of ghosts and his perception of death.

Hearing them call to their friends the plover,

Hearing the dead men cry;

Seeing their faces stealing, stealing,

Hearing the laughter pealing, pealing,

Watching their grey forms wheeling, wheeling

Round where the cattle lie.

He portrays 'life' after death by comparing the ghosts' actions as similar to human activity, for example, they cry, they laugh and they have faces. He uses repetition to emphasise his perception of death and how the dead taunt the living, for example, 'stealing, stealing'. He also arranges the structure of his poem in a certain way to emphasise the 'living' actions of the dead, as shown above.

Also in contrast to the previous poems, The Moon Was Seven Days Down, by Neilson portrays that death is something to be feared, is unavoidable or cannot be changed, and hence somewhat insignificant. He portrays these elements of death by making references to two characters in his poem, a woman and Peter.

I fear no evil; but, oh! the moon!

She is seven days gone.

This portrays how the woman fears her death, as the use of imagery, the moon being seven days gone/down, symbolises her death or soon-to-be death.

That I should die in the turning time

When the wheat was in the ear;

That I should go in a plain coffin

And lie in a plain gown

When the moon had taken her full glory

And was seven days down.

This extract informs the reader that she was told she was going to die and this is why she is filled with fear because the moon was seven days down. It is also used to prepare the reader for the upcoming stanzas.

How cool and straight and steady he was

He said, 'She seems so young!

Her face is fine it was always fine

But, oh, by God! her tongue!

This portrays how insignificant her death was to Peter. He did not feel sadness, grief or guilt for ignoring her. Instead it is mentioned that he continued to complain about her tongue. To continue expressing his perception of death Neilson mentions, in the following stanzas, that he speaks to his neighbours, not about the woman's death but of his crops.

He said, 'A good strong plain coffin

Is the one I am thinking on,'

- And the moon was over his shoulder

She was seven days gone.

These closing sentences reveal that the information of her death previously stated came true. It portrays that death is governed by fate, cannot be changed nor avoided.

Neilson uses repetition, such as repeating 'seven days down/gone', to emphasise the key elements of his poem and to create a 'songlike' feel similar to Hope's poem. He uses specific wording to emphasise the dullness in death, for example, he uses the word 'plain' repeatedly. Neilson, similar to Boake, manipulates the structure in his poem to emphasise certain sections of his sentences.

These poems although covering the same central theme express different perspectives of death. Whether it is depressing, tragic, a time of remembrance, or insignificant, they all cover the theme of death. Each poet uses poetry techniques to emphasise the key elements of their perceptions. To some extent each poem has its similarities, such as the same theme or techniques used, but the majority of the poems differ from one another in their perceptions.

Please note that this sample paper on Death in Poetry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Death in Poetry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Death in Poetry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts

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People often say, Theres nothing interesting in my life. Or, Nothing exciting ever happens to me. Most people underestimate themselves and I am one of those people. I never thought about my life and how interesting it has been, I only thought about the worst times I had been through. Now when I look back upon my life, the blurred memories awake and wait to be unfolded. Every one has their stories on their life about good and the bad things they have done. In my life I think I have done more bad things in my life than good things. I grew in a small town called Lahore located in Pakistan. While growing up my grandmother used to tell my mother that once grown up Hassan will be a very honest person. Even when I was very young I had the habits of a very obedient and an honest boy. My brother named me Hassan, which in Arabic means handsome, and always smiling.

While I was quite young I used to donate money out of my own pocket money so that poor people would live a better life. I remember this one time when my mother gave me my monthly pocket money and I gave it all to this homeless person who used to live close to my house on a street. I would always see him sitting on a stone just staring at the sky; I always wanted to know what he would be thinking. In my heart I wanted to help him because it seemed like life didn't play a fair game with him. So whenever I would get a chance I would give him money, food and even my clothes although, they wouldn't fit him but he used them for blankets. I think I am generous, I care too much about people and inside my heart I can't see people suffering. I make other peoples suffering my own, and try to help them in any way possible so when I was moving to Dallas, Texas I ask my dad to buy the homeless guy an apartment so his life would be a little better. My dad was so proud of me because I was young and I thought of someone else's comfort.

When I moved to Dallas it didn't take much time for people to know that I was a very honest person. I got very popular in high school because I never used to talk bad about people; I always kept everything to my self. People came to me for help, and they always used to share their secrets with me. My girl friend used to tell me that I was the best boy friend that she had ever been with. She always used to tell her friends how nice, sweet, honest and sincere I was. Her mother used to love me so much that she trusted me with her only daughter when before me she never used to life the idea of her daughter dating. I got my girlfriend anything and everything she wanted. She always used to tell me how she loves Paris, and she would want to go there with me someday. So, in the summer of 000 I surprised her with tickets booked for Paris. You can imagine the loving I got after that. I used to be very popular amongst my friends because they found me very easy to talk with. I never made fun of them if they ever wanted to talk to me about personal things. I think that was one reason why my girl friend liked me so much because I listened.

After the summer of 000 I had to move here in California. One of the worst things that ever happened to me was breaking up with my girl friend. I used to think about all the good things that I had done, and all the people that I had helped and in the end I was the one who was broken hearted. I couldn't understand it. After moving to California I realized that there were better things to do then to be an honest person or whatever they called it. I started caring less about people, I only thought my self and did what ever I wanted even if it was bad. I started racing on the freeways and didn't care about anything. I started getting jealous very easily I think this is the beast in me even now. I am a very jealous person, and once I start getting jealous I get angry easily as well. The anger in me and the frustrations in my life lead me to depression. People think that my life is a dream world, a perfect setting of heaven. But they don't know the insights to it. Outside I laugh and try to enjoy with everyone so that I can overlook my problems, but in the end of the night those are the problems that haunt me.

Custom Essays on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts

I think one of my good deeds that I did saved my life in the beginning of this year. On the 5th of the February, I was involved in a very dangerous car crash. Early morning me and my friends decided that we would all go to Stanford mall after getting done with our classes. So around three in the after noon we left, with around 5 people fitted in 5 cars. Going around 0 miles an hour having fun on highway 85, I suddenly started having this weird feeling inside me and I wanted my friend to slow down but I couldn't say the words because I didn't want them to think that I was scared. Suddenly one of my friends came into our lane and Beenish who was driving the car I was sitting got very scared and tried to get into the other lane so she could miss the other guy. While doing this she lost control of the car completely. I knew something bad was bound to happen and it did. The car went out of control, and hit the side curb, I tried shouting but nothing seemed to come out f my throat. Next thing I saw was the beautiful blue sky staring down at me, and then I saw darkness. When I woke up I was in the hands of the paramedic, he was asking me my name and the date so he could know if I was in my senses or no. Apparently I was pretty dazed and I had a concussion. Before all this happened, my friends told me that they thought I was dead because I was lying down in the car bathed in blood. Then they told me that I came out of the car, by myself and started asking everyone how they were and then I passed out. I have no memory of how I got out of the car and if I asked anyone about how they were. The paramedics cut my shirt and pants and wanted to check if I had internal bleeding inside, but it was fine. I had cuts all over my body and I was loosing blood very quickly. They put me on a stature and took me in the ambulance. The whole time I was in the ambulance I kept on shouting about how I seen this scene in my dream before, I couldn't believe it, I thought I was dying because the pain was practically killing me. I found out that I had broken my color bone, and 6 ribs. I was in so much pain that I couldn't even shout after a while because it would hurt too much. I came to the hospital not knowing about the other people who were with me at the time of the accident. I heard the doctor saying that there were four survivors and one fatality. I couldn't believe it, I was in shock the one of my friends died, and I passed out. When I woke up I was naked in the bed with tons or blankets resting on top of me. I couldn't move anything; there was this immense pain in my back and shoulders, it was unbearable. Next day when my friends came in to visit me told me that no one died and everyone is alive. One of my friends got seriously injured and was in the verge of loosing her life. After 8 surgeries on her brain she was finally out of danger. I stayed in the hospital for months and I had to drop out for the spring quarter. The memory of the pain that I had to go through and that time still haunts me. One day before the accident, I was in San Francisco partying with my cousins and I saw this homeless guy out on the streets begging for money for food. I talked to him for 10 minutes and asked him about his life and gave him around 100 dollars. He said he will pray for me so that I would have a long life, I think after that accident I was alive because of this prayers. I think one of my inner beauties saved me that day.

After the accident I realized how much life is worth living and it really changed me inside out. I stopped doing the bad things I had started. While I was growing up I got this habit of lying to people, I don't know where I got it from but I would lie so much to people, and in the end it became my weakness. Lying got me in so much trouble one time. One time I was grounded and I wasn't allowed to go to parties, and no one knew I had a girl friend not even my mother. So I left home telling my mom that I was going to the library to study with a bunch of people. Instead, I ended up going to San Francisco with my girl friend. Meanwhile, my mom went looking for me in the library and I was no where to be found so she got suspicious. She called me on my cell phone and I was stupid enough to tell her that I was still in the library, so she asked me where I was, and I told her what part of the library I was sitting in. she knew I wasn't there, so she got so mad at me. When I got home, I was in so much trouble I never imagined my mother would be angry with me to the extent of not talking with me for the whole entire day or the next. From that moment on, my mom wouldn't let me go anywhere and she wouldn't trust me with anything I was under watch all the time. I felt so guilty inside and from that day on I promised my self that I would never lie again. I learned my lesson, and since that day I haven't lied to my mom about anything because I know that whenever I lie, I would have to lie about another thing to cover it and eventually I will be caught and loose all the trust that mom my has on me.

One of the bad things about me is that I am a money waster. I have wasted so much money in the past few weeks that if my dad finds out he will kick me out of his house. Whenever I go shopping I always get unnecessary things and when I really need the money for something important I don't have any but with this, one of my beauties is to help others in their money problems. So I think that makes up for the bad things I do or have done in my life.

One of my beauties is that I am very dependable guy and people can always relay on me. I keep my word and I do anything people want me to for them if they really need me. Along with that my beast is that I am a very picky person, I don't usually get along with everyone. I have this certain types of people that I can really get along with. If in my heart I decide they I don't like a certain person no matter what he or she does, wouldn't change my decision. He or she will stay bad in front of my eyes and I would never get along with them. I think I should get rid of this habit because there are some good people whom I don't talk with and don't associate with. I think the good deeds that I have done in my life have had a great impact on the way I am living right now. I think over all I am very nice person, easy to get along, and can make an ideal friendPlease note that this sample paper on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An Article To Describe the Ethical Issues Involved in Using Forensic Psychology In A Court Room

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To firstly understand and then evaluate the importance of ethical practice in the role of forensic psychologists we must first understand what it means to be a forensic psychologist. This involves the burden put on them and the power of persuasion they weald in a courtroom when it comes to persuading jurors for or against a case. So firstly we must ask the question what is forensic psychology?

Its difficult to turn on a television, go to the movies, or walk through a bookstore without running across a fictional portrayal of a crazed but brilliant serial or mass murderer being tracked by a psychologically trained and deductively sound hero. Popular movies such as Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal and television shows like CSI or MIT or something else that sounds just as thrilling, they often depict the intersection of law enforcement and psychology in a sensational and dramatic fashion. If you watch the news or read a newspaper you can hear about the psychological profile written up by a forensic psychologist linked to the latest serial killer/high profile case. In truth the world of a forensic psychologist is far from the glitz of popular media and lies mostly on evaluating witnesses and assessing the worthiness of a defendant to stand trial.

So if someone told you they were a forensic psychologist what would you expect them to do? If like most people you automatically zoom in on the word forensic and automatically think that they help collect evidence at a crime scene or that they perform autopsies you would be far from the truth. By definition a forensic psychologist literally describes any individual who works where the legal system and psychology cross. The American Psychology-Law Society (15) define forensic psychology as

The professional practice by psychologists within the areas of clinical psychology, counselling psychology, neuropsychology, and school psychology, when they are engaged regularly as experts and represent themselves as such, in an activity primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise to the judicial system. (p. 6)

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As you can see this is seemingly a very broad sweeping definition and could encompass many psychologists but in fact this only really covers the areas associated with mental health issues and does not bridge onto any of the new fields opening up for forensic psychologists. These new areas which psychology is moving into at a greater extent cover areas like jury selection and the arguments ensuing from the use of eyewitness testimony. The type of expertise varies though from what is needed when working with mental health issues to the knowledge needed to say asses a jurors personality and leanings in relation to the case in hand.

When dealing with mental health issues the help of a clinical psychologist would be needed. If in relation to criminal proceedings the services of a clinical psychologist were called upon the dispute would probably involve areas like pleading insanity, raising issues of competency to stand trial, assessment of future violence potential during sentencing, or treatment of sex offenders.

On the other end of the field there are other psychologists who hail from other areas of psychology and use their own specific expertise to assist either the prosecutor or the defence in pleading their case. These individuals may work on the area of eyewitness testimony where it is estimated that there are over 4,50 wrongful convictions each year due to sincere, yet inaccurate eyewitness identification. This has led many courts to consider inviting forensic psychologists to offer testimony about perception and memory. Forensic psychologists are not permitted to testify on the accuracy of a particular witness, only on the inherent unreliability of eyewitnesses in general. Another new field where forensic psychologists are required is in the process of jury selection as it is on the decision that these 1 people make that decides the verdict. Jurors would be selected for their biases, which may affect the case; for example a female juror may look at a victim of rape and automatically think she was asking for it without even looking at the evidence.

The field of forensic psychology has been around for many years and through this time it has experienced many changes through its development. The field actually predates the sociological jurisprudence movement of 10-150 where it first came to the forefront, and goes back at least to 108 when Hugo Munsterberg the founder of applied psychology published his book named On the Witness Stand, a book mostly about eyewitness testimony and juries. With the insanity defence, the field goes back even further, to the case of Daniel MNaghten in 184, who shot and killed the secretary of the Prime Minister. In criminology, one can trace the origins of a clinical or psychological criminology to the psychiatrist William Healy, who in 10 created the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute to assist the newly created juvenile court in Illinois. Through this time there have been numerous thinkers who have all added to what we see as forensic psychology today and it is through mistakes made in the past that the ethical and moral values of the present day are based.

Ethics and codes of practice must accompany all major advances to allow them to be used correctly and justly. Forensic psychology is no exeption the knowledge used by the psychologist can also be misused. The code of ethics a particular practitioner abides by depends unto which organisation he/she is a member. For the purposes of this article I will use the ethical codes used by the APA. The Speciality Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists go beyond the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and represent an aspirational code of ethics for those who represent themselves as psychologists involved in providing professional expertise to the judicial system. The following areas are ones which are in the most important to uphold

1. RESPONSIBILITY - Quote "services and/or products should be provided in a forthright, responsible manner, reflecting the highest standards of the profession EAPA ethical code)

. COMPETENCE E"services should only be provided in those areas of psychology in which a person has specialised knowledge, skills, experience, or educationE(APA ethical code)

. RELATIONSHIPS E"fee structure and anticipated costs should be contracted beforehand, avoiding contingency fees; a certain amount of work should be done pro bono, and clients should be informed of their legal rights and give informed consent EAPA ethical code)

4. CONFIDENTIALITY E"every effort should be made to maintain confidentiality of any information that does not bear directly on the legal purpose of the services provided EAPA ethical code)

5. METHODS " accepted clinical and scientific standards for scholarly/empirical investigation should be used, actively testing plausible rival hypotheses, minimising reliance upon hearsay, and exercising extreme caution in preparing reports or other documentation, applying such detail and quality to the documentation that the standard is higher than for general clinical practice EAPA ethical code)

6. COMMUNICATIONS E"every reasonable effort should be made to correct any misunderstandings, misuse, or misrepresentation of products, evidence, and testimony, but avoiding any out-of-court statements EAPA ethical code)

1 Every forensic psychologist represents through the quality of their work the profession as a whole and must strive to work at a certain level this level is called the Daubert Standard. The standards for the assessment must meet the criteria set by Daubert (1). The expert must be knowledgeable in test construction, reliability and validity issues, standardization and norms applicable to the client, and limits on the interpretation caused by the type of measurement instruments used. Additionally it is unethical under this reliability standard to reach a clinical diagnosis from one test but unfortunately too many tests confuse the jury so they are kept to a minimum.

This applies to any work being done by someone who is not qualified to do so, any tests/procedures done in this way are not admissible in court the stress put on the qualified psychologist may tempt them to cut corners by asking others to carry out routine tests.

Firstly, there is a need to clarify the role to be played and the expectations of an employer. A formal contract is needed at this stage to allow clarity of thought for both parties. In most circumstances, psychologists avoid performing multiple and potentially conflicting roles in forensic matters. The contract is drawn up to assess the extent of confidentiality in advance in order to avoid compromising professional objectivity

4 In areas where the psychologist is administering tests to be presented as evidence the limits to confidentiality must be explained to the patient. In private evaluations or therapy sessions which will often involve information from third parties, that will affect the admissibility of anything reviewed in the sessions. Except if previously wavered in the contract.

5 All tests that are carried out must be to the highest standard, as the psychologist cannot afford to 'foul upEon a test carried out; the tests must be standardised and administered under controlled conditions as to minimise error, which could lead to a subsequent wrongful conviction. (See also point 1)

6 There are many ways of wording responses and if a barrister can manipulate facts to mean other things. The misuse of psychological evidence in this way must be avoided and prevented whenever possible though brash and off the cuff remarks may bring the evidence into question effectively making it worthless.

Now do you see any glamour in the world of forensic psychology? This is a far reach from the media portrayal of the role isn't it there are no references to codes of ethics in movies are there. The difficulties with forensic assessments are the requirements placed on procedures. clarity of roles, integrity of the results. and the blurring of tasks/roles/responsibilities. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer and evidence produced will be cross-examined thoroughly by opposing parties. The main ethic applicable in this field is do not make assumptions and stick to facts. The botched job done in a rush will be evident during trial and cross examination thereby convincing everyone that the role of the paychologist is not needed in court and they cannot contribute to legal questions. So if you were talking to a forensic psychologist now, would you ask them what they did or would you just congratulate them on doing such a hard job?

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Discrimination

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Bridging the Gap

"Equal means getting the same thing." These were the words of Thurgood Marshall, both Supreme Court justice, and legal director of the NAACP. On February 1, 10, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by a multiracial group of activists who initially called themselves the National Negro Committee. This group was built on the individual and collective courage of thousands of people. These people of all races, nationalities and religions, fought for one purpose that all men and women are created equally. The NAACP has a network of more than ,00 branches covering all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Japan and Germany. These branches are divided into seven regions and are both managed and governed by a National Board of Directors. The headquarters of the NAACP is located in Baltimore, Maryland. Today, the total number of members in the NAACP is over 500,000 people. For 87 years, the NAACP through political pressure, marches, demonstrations and effective lobbying, has served as the voice, as well as the shield of minority Americans. As the nations largest advocacy organization, the prolonged protest for peaceful change has been felt in every corner of American life.

Not Without Laughter is story that provides an accurate picture of the life of an African American family in the early twentieth century. It provided its readers with the struggles of racism that African American families faced through out the fight for equality. The NAACP, who's goal was to end these struggles and these brutal ideas of inequality, fought to ensure African Americans with a better life. Langston Hughes, who has many poems published by the NAACP, was also an active member of the fight for equality. His story portrayed a very important idea that was firmly established in both the black community as well as the white community. This idea was that African Americans were not equal with the white community during the early twentieth century. He allows the readers to feel the hate that racism unleashes through Sandy's experiences as well as the hardships that Sandy and his family had to go through in a society dominated by whites.

Please note that this sample paper on Discrimination is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discrimination, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Discrimination will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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How do the authors of "Black Rain" and "No Exit" portray the characters and their personality? How successful were they in constructing the characters? Discuss

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Dealing with adversity is very revealing for Sartre and Ibuse. Of the two, Sartre focused on revealing the nature of the characters by keeping the plot of the play "No Exit" to a minimum. Sartre did this to show his existentialist view of the world where making choices shapes the personality of a character.

Both authors concentrate on major characters but also their skill in characterization is shown when they are able to portray the personality of minor characters in a short period of time.

In 'No Exit' Sartre characterized the Valet in a short time. The Valet gives an impression to the reader of being a gentleman with polite gestures from the beginning of his entrance. The first word he says is "Yes Mr. Garcin." Referring to the character with 'Mr.' shows how he is a polite, well-mannered man. Furthermore, he replies to other characters with 'sir.' In pg. 4, the Valet replies to Garcin "Sorry, sir. No offence meant." Also in pg. 8 "This is your room, madam. If there's any information you require-?"He informs Inez of the things she does not know. In this short period, we can see how the Valet is characterized to be a gentle, polite man.

Sartre also gives personality to the characters who are mentioned in the book but do not appear. He does this by making other characters reflect upon their life to describe them. Estelle characterizes Olga when she sees the vision of her funeral. Pg. 11 "She's not crying, and I don't blame her, tears always mess one's face up, don't they?" This suggests how Olga was not upset when Estelle died but was actually happy. We can see this in pg. "Our poor dear Estelle"? Oh, don't be such a humbug! You didn't even shed a tear at the funeral…" This further emphasizes that Olga was happy when Estelle died. Also "Poor Estelle wasn't exactly- 'No, I wasn't exactly- True enough" Olga tells Peter everything that Estelle did, which shows that Olga wanted Estelle to die so she can get close with Peter.

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Similar to Sartre, Ibuse reveals his skill in characterization of minor characters through a short interval. Teiko's character is portrayed when Shigematsu meets Teiko on the way home from his temporary headquarters. We can see how she likes to gossip. We can see evidence of this in pg. 05 "She also gave me snippets of confidential information," Furthermore, in pg. 0 "Another had told her about some American-made" This shows how she cannot keep secrets. Adding to this, in pg. 0 "Noncommisioned officers had turned up in Imbe from somewhere or other and tested the performance of the hand grenades." From this we can identify Ibuse's skill to characterize Teiko in a short period of time.

Another character that Ibuse characterizes in a short time is Lieutenant-Colonel Washio. His brutal and cruel nature is shown from the fact that he recruited people who had physical defects. Pg. 8 "You're little better than a pack of traitors." Lieutenant-Colonel Washio refers to the recruits in a cruel manner calling them 'traitors.' To further emphasize this point, in pg. "(the commander) hit him full across the face with his open palm, then, as he reeled from the blow, swept his hand back to hit the other cheek." He treats the recruits like slaves. We can see how the recruits had physical defects from pg. "Many had actually been drafted both this year and the year before, but had been sent home again on the same day because of physical defects." Ibuse successfully revealed Lieutenant-Colonel Washer's military attitude by having long descriptions of his brutal actions.

On the other hand, when both authors reveal the personality of major characters, one method that they use is the manner of speech the characters talk in. Shigematsu has a scientific, observant way of talking even when he is in a disaster. He uses many scientific words and several hypothesis and conclusions. We see in pg. 87 "Leaning at an angle of 15º". Also in pg 16 "started to draw the diagram for Pythagoras's theorem." And in pg 171 "horizontal parabola" Ibuse shapes Shigematsu's scientific character in this way.

Furthermore, Ibuse characterizes Shigematsu by the actions he takes. In Black Rain, the reader can observe how he is a responsible character. In the beginning of many chapters, he insists on writing his journal until Shigeko calls him to stop. Pg. 5 "Shigematsu! Whatever time do you think it is? I'd be grateful if you'd call it a day" From this we can see Shigematsu's dedication and will to complete his journal because he has been working on it for a long time. Furthermore, Shigematsu goes back to the coal mine although he knows that there is no supply. He goes because his boss tells him to which shows his loyalty and responsibility to his company. Also, Shigematsu leads Shigeko and Yasuko through Hiroshima after the bombing with a calm and observant manner. From this we can see how Ibuse reveals the nature of Shigmetsu by the action he takes.

In "No Exit" Sartre portrays Inez's sarcastic and cruel nature by the way in which she delivers her opinion. Pg. 16 "Inez (breaks in ironically) -a hero!" Here we can see that Inez is being sarcastic because of the stage direction and her word choice. Also in pg. 15 "Well, do it. Do it if you can." We can see Inez's cruel nature daring Estelle to do what she says. Additionally, in pg. 7 "He shot himself because of you." We can say from these points that Inez's daring and inquisitive nature is shown by how she approaches the other characters. This helps to emphasize the existentialistic view of Sartre.

Moreover, Sartre gradually reveals the true nature of his characters as the play progresses. Garcin who is the first to arrive in hell has his personality exposed through his actions. In the beginning, Garcin is well aware of keeping his self-image but towards the end, his nature of cowardness is revealed. In pg 7, Garcin starts to kiss Estelle but he pauses and quits. Adding to this, in pg. 4, Garcin wants to leave the room and the door opens but Garcin does not go out of the room saying, "I shall not go". By these techniques, Sartre and Ibuse are similar in the way that they portray the characters by their manner of speech and action. However, playwrights are limited in revealing character so Sartre effectively uses speech and action to expose the personality of his characters.

The distinction between the two authors is that Ibuse uses a different style of writing by the use of the diary. Ibuse uses diaries in order to provide the true emotions of the characters where we can trust what the characters are saying. Shigematsu does not show his emotions very often in the novel. It is rare for Ibuse to include direct emotions of characters, this greatly emphasizes this when it is mentioned in the novel. Pg. 161 "I hated war. Who cared, after all, which side won?" This quote shows strong hatred towards war but we see how Ibuse never puts the blame on any country. Furthermore, 'I hated war' is a very short phrase, which has a great impact onto the reader. Shigematsu's hatred towards war can also be seen in pg. 150 "It was outrageous for soldiers on active service at such a time of emergency … along as bold as brass in an army truck and cheat civilians" Moreover Shigematsu states in pg. 161 "Did the poet fancy himself as an insect, with his prating of his 'friend' the worm? How idiotic can you get?" This unusual revelation of Shigematsu's hatred towards war shows his strong emotions. This helps to shape Shigematsu's character because his emotion is usually restrained in the novel. Therefore, when it is conveyed, it gives a stronger impact to the reader. By using the novel to portray emotions, Ibuse is able to characterize Shigematsu to have a restraining personality, but gives his strong opinion when it is needed.

Ibuse's purpose for characterization is to make the story of the bombing as realistic as possible in order for the readers to remember the people who died. Also, he did this to protest that war is useless. Sartre revealed the true nature of the characters through his play, to effectively show his views on existentialism. The portrayal of the characters successfully fulfilled the intention of the authors. Through the essay, I experienced that characterization is an important aspect of the novel in order to get the message across from the author to the reader.

Please note that this sample paper on How do the authors of "Black Rain" and "No Exit" portray the characters and their personality? How successful were they in constructing the characters? Discuss is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How do the authors of "Black Rain" and "No Exit" portray the characters and their personality? How successful were they in constructing the characters? Discuss, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on How do the authors of "Black Rain" and "No Exit" portray the characters and their personality? How successful were they in constructing the characters? Discuss will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discrimination

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War On August nd, 10 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied

the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi

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dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take

control Kuwait's oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge

oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the world's oil reserves ).

Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking

agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According

to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and

caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraq's annual revenue.

Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the

invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman

province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman

province collapsed after World War I and today's Iraqi borders were

not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious

blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the

capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 16.

Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from

the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce

Iraq's essential oil income.

By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire

world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which

had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was

soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council

passed 1 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision

was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally

by January 15, 11. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to

start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush

confronted little difficulty in winning Americans' support for the

potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult

to decide upon and state one overriding reason for going to war. Was

it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies?

Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf

oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk

their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of

President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of

the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public

opinion in favor of war.

After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in

early August 10, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops

onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwait's destiny; therefore, he wanted

protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further

advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called "Operation

Desert Shield." These troops were armed with light, defensive

weaponry.

On November 8, 10 President Bush announced a military buildup

to provide an offensive option, "Operation Desert Storm," to force

Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and

a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in

January 11, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council

resolution 660. It authorized using "all necessary means" if Iraq did

not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final

warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of

Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international

coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The

military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt,

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco,

the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland,

Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria,

Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United

States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable

to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More

than $5 billion was pledged and received.

Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very

little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the

parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that

the Coalition had a total of 600 aircraft, over three times more

than Iraq's 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would

not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan,

the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraq's leader only 40

days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraq's prospect was

dreary.

President George Bush waited two days after the UN deadline for

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait before ordering the Coalition to begin

action against Iraq. The winds of Desert Storm began howling across

Iraq on January 17, 11, at .0 am Baghdad time. Bhagdad was bombed

fiercely by the coalition's fighter airplanes in the first night of

the war. An interesting fact is that several weeks before this, US

intelligence agents successfully inserted a computer virus into Iraqs

military computers. It was designed to disable much of Baghdads

air-defense system.

To minimize casualties, the coalition forces, under the command

of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, pursued a strategy beginning with

five weeks of intensive air attacks and ending with a ground assault.

Drawing on its 1,800 planes, land- and carrier-based, the United

States flew the greatest number of sorties. The British, French, and

Saudis made up most of the rest. Besides the tremendous air power, the

coalition deployed technologically advanced weapon systems, such as

the unmanned Tomahawk cruise missile, advanced infrared targeting that

illuminated Iraqi tanks buried in the, sand and laser-guided bombs,

"smart bombs." Its use of brand new aircraft that never before had

been engaged in combat, such as British Tornados and U. S. F-117A

Stealth fighters, gave the Coalition an accuracy and firepower that

overwhelmed the Iraqi forces. The large-scale usage of air force and

latest technology made the war short and saved great numbers of

Coalition soldiers' lives.

After establishing air superiority, coalition forces disabled

Iraq's command and control centers, especially in Baghdad and Al

Bashrah. This caused the communication to fail between Baghdad and the

troops in the field. The next stage was to attack relentlessly Iraq's

infantry, which was dug in along the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, and the

elite 15,000 man Republican Guard in southeastern Iraq and northern

Kuwait. Iraq retaliated by using mobile launchers to fire Scud

missiles at Saudi Arabia and Israel, a noncombatant coalition.

Overall, Hussein's forces launched Scuds. The United States

countered this threat with Patriot antimissile missiles, called also

"Scudbusters," and commando attacks on Scud launchers.

Patriot missiles gave an engagement rate of nearly 6 per cent.

The coalition's air raids on Iraq's infantry lowered Iraqi soldiers'

morale dramatically. It is easy to sense in the following quote from

an Iraqi lieutenant's war diary the powerlessness and fear that the

soldiers felt during air attacks by the Coalition

" February 11 I was awakened this morning by the noise of an

enemy air raid. I ran and hid in the nearby trench. I had breakfast

and afterwards something indescribable happened. Two enemy planes

came toward us and began firing at us, in turn, with missiles,

machine guns, and rockets. I was almost killed. Death was a yard

away from me. The missiles, machine guns and rockets didnt let up.

One of the rockets hit and pierced our shelter, which was

penetrated by shrapnel. Over and over we said, Allah, Allah,

Allah. One tank burned and three other tanks belonging to rd

Company, which we were with, were destroyed. That was a very bad

experience. Time passed and we waited to die. The munitions dump of

the 68th Tank Battalion exploded. A cannon shell fell on one of the

soldiers positions, but, thank God, no one was there. The soldiers

were somewhere else. The attack lasted about 15 minutes, but it

seemed like a year to me. I read chapters in the Quran. How hard

it is to be killed by someone you dont know, youve never seen

and, cant confront. He is in the sky and youre on the ground. Our

ground resistance is magnificent. After the air raid, I gave

great thanks to God and joined some soldiers to ask how each of

them was. While I was doing that, another air attack began.

February at 000 hours."

The ground war began at 800 p.m. on February and lasted exactly

100 hours. This phase featured a massively successful outflanking

movement of the Iraqi forces. Schwarzkopf used a deceptive maneuver by

deploying a large number of forces as if to launch a large amphibious

landing. The Iraqis apparently anticipated that they also would be

attacked frontally and had heavily fortified those defensive

positions. Schwarzkopf instead moved the bulk of his forces west and

north in a major use of helicopters, attacking the Iraqis from their

rear. The five weeks of intensive air attack had greatly demoralized

the Iraqi front-line troops, causing wholesale desertions. Remaining

front-line forces were quickly killed or taken prisoner with minimal

coalition losses.

Iraqi front-line commanders had already lost much of their

ability to communicate with Baghdad, which made their situation even

worse. On the final night of the war, within hours of the cease-fire,

two U.S. Air force bombers dropped specially designed 5,000-pound

bombs on a command bunker fifteen miles northwest of Baghdad in a

deliberate attempt to kill Saddam Hussein. President Bushs decision

to terminate the ground war at midnight February 8, 11 was

criticized, because it allowed Baghdad to rescue a large amount of

military equipment and personnel that were later used to suppress the

postwar rebellions of its Shiite and Kurdish citizens. In his own

defense, the president asserted that the war had accomplished its

mandate. The mission, given by the Security Council, was to expel the

Iraqi forces from Kuwait and reestablish Kuwaiti independence. Bush's

decision was probably influenced by his desire to maintain coalition

unity. A particular reason was to keep on board the Arab members, who

were increasingly unhappy at the devastation inflicted on Iraqs

infrastructure and civilian population.

Iraqi representatives accepted allied terms for a provisional

truce on March and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. Iraq agreed to

pay reparations to Kuwait, reveal the location and extent of its

stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and eliminate its

weapons of mass destruction. Subsequently, however, UN inspectors

complained that the Baghdad government was frustrating their attempts

to monitor Iraqi compliance, and UN sanctions against Iraq were kept

in place. The following chart shows total equipment and casualties of

the Gulf War. In addition, 00,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded,

150,000 were deserted, and 60,000 were taken prisoner (an estimate of

U. S. Defense Intelligence Agency). The United States suffered 148

killed in action, 458 wounded, and 11 female combat deaths. 11 were

killed in nonhostile actions; they were mostly victims of friendly

fire.

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