Emma

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EMMA

By Jane Austin

Jane Austens Emma is a novel of courtship. The main character, Emma Woodhouse, is a heiress that lives with her widowed father at their estate, Hartfield. At the beginning of the novel, she is a self-satisfied twenty-one year old woman who feels no need to get married. In the beginning of the novel, Emmas governess, Miss Taylor, has just married Mr. Weston, a wealthy man who owns Randalls, a nearby estate. When Mr. Westons previous wife died, he sent their only child, Frank Churchill, to be raised by her brother and his wife. It seems as though Mr. Weston could not at that time provide for Frank.

Without Miss Taylor as a companion, Emma adopts the orphan Harriet Smith as a friend that she wants to play the same role in Harriet's life that Miss Taylor played in hers. Harriet lives at a nearby boarding school where she was raised, and knows nothing about her parents. Emma advises Harriet on everything she can, including the people she interacts with. Robert Martin is the son of a family of farmers that finds interest in Harriet, but Emma discourages her from pursuing any type of relationship. Instead, Emma plans to play matchmaker for Harriet and Mr. Elton, a member of the church in Highbury. Emma seems to have some success in her attempts to bring Harriet Smith and Mr. Elton together. The three spend a lot of leisure time together and he seems receptive to all of Emmas suggestions.

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Robert Martin then proposes to Harriet, but after listing to Emma's advice, she chooses not to accept his offer for marriage. Emma made her feel as thought Robert was too 'common'. Mr. Knightly get angry at Emmas matchmaking, since he thinks that the Robert is perfect for Harriet.

The Westons hold a party on Christmas Eve for the members of Highbury society. Harriet Smith, however, becomes sick, and cannot attend. During the party, Mr. Elton focuses his attention solely on Emma. He does not act at all concerned that Harriet is sick. He seems to care only about being by Emma's side. When they leave the party and ride home by carriage from the party, Mr. Elton professes his love and admiration for Emma, and dismisses the idea that he would ever marry Harriet Smith. He said he feels she is too common for him. Mr. Elton obviously intends to move up in society, and is interested in Emma primarily for her social status and wealth. Emma is not happy about this encounter and quickly rejects him saying that his intentions were to get him close to Harriet, but herself. Shortly after Emma rejects Mr. Elton, he leaves Highbury for a stay in Bath. Emma breaks the bad news to Harriet Smith as well as telling her that he was interested in getting closer to Emma, not Harriet.

At the same time, Frank Churchill is in town has not yet visited his father and his new wife at Randalls, which has caused some concern. Emma, without having met him yet, decides that he must be a good suitor for her, since he is the right age and is of the same social status that she is. Another character who occupies Emmas thoughts is Jane Fairfax. She is the granddaughter of Mrs. Bates, a poor widow. Jane is the same as Emma in every except for status and this makes Emma a bit jealous. There is some thought that Jane might be involved with Mr. Dixon, a married man, but this is only gossip. Mr. Elton returns from Bath with news that he is engaged to a Miss Augusta Hawkins. This news saddens Harriet Smith.

Frank Churchill finally visits the Westons, and Emma is pleased to find that he lives up to her expectations, although Mr. Knightly does not think much of him. Emma and Frank begin to spend time together, but he acts a bit immature. As Frank and Emma spend more time together, Mr. Knightly becomes somewhat jealous, but Emma also becomes jealous because she suspects that Mr. Knightly might be in love with her rival Jane Fairfax. Frank quickly leaves the Randalls when he learns that his aunt is sick. Thinking that Frank was ready to profess his love to her, she convinces herself that she is in love with Frank as well, but is not sure how to tell that she actually does love him. But then she realizes that she must not be in love with him, because she is as happy with him gone as she is with him there

Mr. Elton brings his new wife back to Highbury. She is a gossip that compares everything and everyone to her supposive great lifestyle of her family and relatives. She also lacks formality and can seem obnoxious. Emma realizes immediately that she does not like her, and once Mrs. Elston catches on to this she as well dislikes Emma in return.

When Frank Churchill returns to Highbury, he and Emma sponsor a ball at the Crown Inn. During this ball, Mr. Elton rudely ignores Harriet Smith, but she is saved from Mr. Elton's snub by Mr. Knightly, who dances with her. After the ball, when Harriet and Emma are walking home, they are assaulted by a group of bums that try to take Harriet's purse away from her. Frank appears and saves her from the men and this incident becomes the gossip in Highbury. This leads Emma to believe that Frank Churchill would be a good match for Harriet. The next day when talking to Emma about what happened, she does say she has some feelings for Frank and this helps take her mind off of Mr. Elston.

At an outing at Box Hill, Frank Churchill, thinks of a game to play to entertain Emma. During this game Emma insults Ms. Bates and Mr. knightly gets very angry at her for hurting her feelings when she should actually pity her. Emma goes the next day to apologize.

Meanwhile, Mrs. Churchill, Franks aunt, passes away. Because she is so overbearing there are things that Frank needed to keep secret from her. One of these secrets is that he is secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax. Emma for the second time will have to break Harriet's heart. However, when she does tell her the news about Frank and Jane, Emma surprisingly finds out that she did not have interest in Frank, but in Mr. Knightly. Ever since he saved her from Mr. Elston at the ball she has been fond of him. Emma then realizes that she herself loves Mr. Knightly and should be the one with him but it was Emma that made Harriet think that she could be with such a high social status.

Mr. Knightly soon after professes his love for Emma and they plan on getting married, but there are a few issues. First, if Emma gets married she would have to leave her father and she does not want to do that. Second, she needs to tell Harried about her new love that happens to be Harriet's love interest as well. Well, Mr. Knightly decides that when they get married he will move to Highbury because he understands that Mr. Woodhouse can not be left alone and should not have to move. This makes Emma very happy. Harriet takes the news of Emma and Mr. Knightly well because she happened to run into Robert Martin and she realized that she does not have to have high aspirations and she becomes engaged to Robert who seems to be the most appropriate suitor for Harriet.

The novel ends with many happy marriages. Robert Martin and Harriet Smith, Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax, and Mr. Knightly and Emma Woodhouse, who has grown to accept that she can give up some of her independence to be with a husband.

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Hi ho

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Music is a reflection of society, and will always evolve as society does. Composers have always sought to push the bounds of conventional harmony, and tonality, as a way of further expressing themselves. Composers such as Schopan, Strauss, Berg, Busconi, Stravinsky, Debussy, and others, all attempted to create something new, and exciting whether they used a traditional framework or not. They all attempt to further the musical concepts of the time; it is this concept of art for art's sake that is fundamental to understanding the importance of these contributions. These composers were no longer concerned with the audience, they no longer cared about the audience, they moved away from creating music for someone else and decided to create music solely for themselves. This is the probably the most important basic development that occurred during this period of 180-10. Along this same line, the actual musical technique evolved at this time, and will be important to observe. Likewise, we will examine the social changes occurring at the time, and see how the changing society influenced the composers and music of the time.

We should beginning this discussion with a brief description of how the technical methods that the composers utilized at this time evolved from what had previously occurred. The move from a rigidly structured music to one of dissonance and atonality was bound to occur. It was in essence inevitable. In further evolving music it was necessary to attempt something new, something that hadn't been tried before. This is the reason for dissonance and atonality; it was creating something new out of a concept that hadn't been explored before. "Chords containing non-harmonic tones must be incorporated into harmonic theory and recognized as valid musical materials. Non harmonic tones form chords, hence they are not non-harmonic; the musical phenomenon they help to create are harmonies, as is everything that sounds simultaneously. " Therefore we see a marked break in what composers had been doing prior to this period. Music was conceived of in very rigid terms. There were rules that had to be followed, as this was the traditional sense of music. A return to the tonic was expected, the musical plot was always returned too. The opera or musical piece was always a simple package for the audience to understand. It was expressed in very simple terms, expectation, and routine would be the best terms to describe the music and the experience at this particular time. The composers such as Stravinsky realized the importance of dissonance. They realized that it only enhanced the musical experience. They realized that dissonance was not an evil of music but rather another character to explore and add to the story. They attempted to create something new by using new theories in accordance with some of the traditional rules. For example they "preserved a fixed order within the presentation of a harmonic unit. " Therefore they didn't seek to make something completely new, but rather evolve some of the traditional aspects of harmony and dissonance, to further express themselves artistically. By furthering the practice of serialism, we certainly see how basic rules of harmony and tonality were followed but how the evolution of tone allowed for the creation of the retrograde, and the inversion, all of which gave composers more freedom of expression. It seems as if this is a pervading societal phenomenon as well.

We should go back to the quote from the book written by Schoenberg on the function of harmony as it provides the perfect segue to the more fundamentally important part of this essay. We should examine the societal implications of what was occurring at this time. This book, was written in 1, it is therefore important that we understanding what society was going through at this time, and how this is important to the understanding of technical achievements within music. The Roaring 0's was time in American history of great investment in the economy and the pervading sentiment however wrong was one of prosper. Generally when the economy is doing well, and people are able to spend more money, they generally have more time to focus there time on other things. Nothing was different for musicians, we see around the turn of the century, composers moving away from the traditional way of creating music. They no longer relied on the aristocracy for patronage rather they were able to teach, or make money through the creation of their music, they no longer needed to create music that was mundane and ordinary. They began to have the freedom to explore other avenues of music. This is certainly a reflection of the period of time we are studying. The 0's in particular were an important time for people to push boundaries. There was a brief sexual revolution; it was certainly a time when many were trying to push boundaries of normal societal action. So the music created at this time was created out of an important concept that was buttressed by the pervading social atmosphere. Composers no longer cared if everyone liked what they created, but they realized it was important to create because it was new. Much like society had shrugged off its Puritanical history, musicians too had evolved. They no longer were tied down to those who really cared nothing for their achievements. As Debussy writes in his "Conversations With M. Croche" "They [the audience] never grasp the noble dramas woven into the symphonic conflict in which one is conscious of the possibility of reaching the summit of the structure of harmony and the breathing there an atmosphere of perfect beauty. " Composers at this time knew that they were on the cusp of something incredible. They knew that by pushing the bounds of convention that they were affording themselves far more freedom of expression.

The technical side of music although fundamentally important to the full understanding of music, is certainly not what I feel as the most important aspect. An attempt was made here to show how Music reflects society and how the music at this time was pushing convention and was looking to break away from the ordinary from the mundane, and truly be something amazing, it is this point that drives this essay. The point of art for art's sake is truly an important idea that needs to be explored by artists. This concept allows them to push boundaries, and although some of the pieces we have listened to in class is more radical than others, it is the affect they have on the music that in the middle that is most important. Regardless of whether it is too far left, or too far right, by pushing the conventional boundary one makes way for the unconventional to become the standard by which to judge the conventional. To draw a parallel to government, the objective of the third party in American politics is not to win every election, because it realistically would not happen, but rather more importantly the object of the third party is to bring their issues into the American spotlight, by doing so they force the two major parties to debate the issues of the third party. Music in essence does the same thing, when musicians or composers create something entirely new the effect on the music in the middle is what is most important.

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Changing perspective

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Area of Study Response.

Changing Perspective.

"Any Change, even a change for the better, always has some drawbacks."

Changing Perspective is the change in ones views; it can be the change in perception about ones culture and heritage like the change viewed in Melina Marchetta's novel Looking for Alibrandi. Josie Alibrandi the main character in Looking for Alibrandi, is a third generation Italian Australian who is ashamed of her legacy and feels she is not accepted by either the Italian or Australian community and is always the victim of racial comments. You can also see this racism and non-acceptance in the movie Remember the Titans produced by Walt Disney this movie is based on a true story about the first African-American football coach of a mixed race team. Set in 171 when racial tensions are soaring because of the integration of the school system.

The changes seen throughout the novel and movie were changes in attitudes. For Josie she accepted her heritage and felt her culture was no longer a barrier, in Remember the Titans the players on the team and more importantly the town accepted each other and put racial differences behind them and came together and formed a community.

The short story Sky High written by Hannah Roberts shows that change can often be associated with growing up and uses the symbol of a washing line to show the reader about the changes in life and the strength of memories. This text is reflecting on the past whereas The Door a short poem written by Miroslav Holub looks towards the future, and it to uses symbolism to convey the changes. Sky High uses a washing line where The Door uses a door that acts as an intimidating barrier which can be perceived as an entry or an exit. The poem explores the possibilities of what may lie beyond the door and the range of possibilities as to what the door will reveal emphasizing the need for action to open the door in order to find out what's beyond and to facilitate change. Both The Door and Sky High use symbolism effectively to shape the meaning of changing perspective.

Each composer for each text used a number of different and similar techniques to convey the changes.

In Looking for Alibrandi, Melina Marchetta shows us the changes through techniques that include simple sentences with colloquial language that effectively delivers a clear understanding of themes and changes. The novel is written in first person retrospective narration, the story is told through the eyes of Josie Alibrandi. This first person narration shows how the character matures, and this allows us to see the changing perspective more effectively and we become more involved with the characters feelings and due to the result of the first person narration we get a more vivid sense of Josie's feelings of alienation because of her Italian heritage. Rhetorical questions are used to stimulate a reaction from the responder and to highlight an opinion. Satire and humour are used throughout the novel, through the use of satire the reader can understand Josie's perspective, for example when Josie says, "Telecom would go broke if it weren't for the Italian community." This shows how Josie feels about the gossiping ways of the Italians. The humour of the novel especially the self-mockery that shows Josie is actually "Looking for Alibrandi".

Walt Disney's Remember the Titans also uses first person narration, the story is told through the eyes of Sheryl, and Sheryl tells the story of how the titans show the small town how to "trust the soul of a man rather than the look of him". This too like in Looking for Alibrandi shows Sheryl's opinions and her emotions more evidently and allows the responder to become more involved in the events occurring in the movie. With the movie being about racial issues, racial slurs are detected through out. Camera angles are used to show how the different races felt about each other the camera angle would look down on the black player if the white player was speaking to them this angle shows how they view the other race as below them, but at the end of the movie a levelled camera angle is used to show how they both see themselves as equals.

In The Door Miroslav Holub uses an optimistic tone to present the change as positive. "If there's a fog" an obstacle or difficulty when we open the door the poem then reassuringly says "it will clear" Repetition of "go and open the door" is used at the beginning of each stanza to highlight the fact that a change is behind the closed door and this repeated command creates an emphatic tone that implores the reader to take a chance. The poem presents the door as a symbol, a closed door can be an intimidating barrier and the participant is prompted to change their world and to explore and new environment. And regardless of what we find on the other side of the door and how we perceive the poem itself, it emphasises that "even if" we think, "nothing is there"…."at least there will be a draught" suggesting that we will still feel something.

Sky High by Hannah Roberts uses similar techniques as to the ones Miroslav Holub used. The composer uses a nostalgic tone to show the reflection of childhood and to convey the change in perspective. The persona in Sky High gained optimism and her result of maturing and the changes that occurred in her life. Like in Looking for Alibrandi and Remember the Titans first person narration is used this again allows the responder to see the washing line through the eyes of the child and to feel closer to the narrator. Figurative language is used quite frequently through the short story, the hyperbole "almost sky high" shows the feelings she used to have as a child and it also reinforces the title of the story and highlights the feeling she used to experience. The personification of the washing line " silver skeletal arms" shows the imagination she once had as a child, the insights into the change in perspective from childhood to adulthood are presented and reinforced through the use of figurative language and first person narration.

The four texts Looking for Alibrandi, Remember the Titans, The Door and Sky High each show a change in perspective. "Any change, even a change for the better, always has some drawbacks." This quote I believe means that when a change occurs, even if it is a good change there is always a drawback to go with it. And this can be shown in The Door, the change in perspective will occur after you open the door, this change is for the better because its opening a new world up for you and the drawbacks from this change is that once you opened the door and stepped into the new world it might not be as exciting as you would of anticipated, it wasn't the change you were hoping for. This quote can also be linked with Remember the Titans, the change in attitudes towards each other when the titans go to camp they accept each others differences and become one but this change is then frowned upon when they return to school, that is the drawback that occurred from that change. Another drawback from a change is the one that occurred in Sky High, where the girl grew up she went from childhood to adulthood even though she found freedom after her change she still wishes to be able to be a child again and to be able to swing on the wash line once again.

So any change no matter how good the change is it always has some drawbacks.

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Women Representing Women

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Women Representing Women

Many female artists in the 17th century used women as subject matter. Images of women are powerful because women have often been treated as the second sex. Such images are often paradoxical in their power. Female artists often times represent the most extreme representations of women's subservience in effort to convey their messages. Two instances are in Elisabetta Sirani's, Our Lady of Sorrows and in Geertruyd Roghman's, A Woman Ruffing. I will contend that in both pieces the female artists have integrated subject matter, light, space and symbolism to create both a characterization of female and emphasis on man's prevailing role in woman's life. In these two pieces I find substantiation that the female artists have been influenced by hierarchically ordered male-female relations.

Elizabetta Sirani's 1657 piece, Our Lady of Sorrows is a religious etching depicting the Virgin Mary. She shows her mourning the death of Christ. Angels who too are mourning his death surround Mary. It is evident that this is the occasion because we see instruments of Christ's passion. The chief instrument is the cross but we also see nails, a lance, the crown of thorns, and dice. The presence of these instruments not only serves to indicate Christ's death but they represent man on a larger scale. They along with the angels lamenting Christ's death dominate the composition. Although Mary is centered in the picture plane, the emphasis is not on her but on her grief for Christ and his pre-existence. Her gestures and expression as well as those of the woman on her left show their need for him, and furthermore, woman's need for man. This scene shows how women are wilted without man. Sirani uses chiaroscuro in her etching to create a sad mood. A contrast between dark and light can be looked at as the contrast between life and death as well the use of dark and light help to aid in the portrayal of man's dominance. Darkness represents man's solidity and light represents his holiness. We can conclude that the strategic use of darks and lights exists to represent man because every other part of the composition thrives on instilling that idea. The diagonal lines symbolize depth and dimension, which along with light and shadow add to the drama of the scene. The cross is being lifted into the air by the angels. This alludes to the idea that Christ is up overhead. Sirani has rendered the foreground and background so that there is a great deal of light in the background where Christ would be. According to Christian symbolism in From Abacus to Zeus, light is an ancient sign of divinity and holiness. Everything surrounding the Virgin has to do with Christ. Sirani has rendered the image in this way to show that man is seen as 'higher' than woman. The strongest evidence that there is a representation of male dominance is that emphasis is lifted from the lamenting Virgin and placed on the reason why she is crying.

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Geertruyd Roghman's 17th century engraving, A Woman Ruffing, is a small yet, powerful and provocative piece. Roghman depicts a woman sowing a frilled collar for a man. Simultaneously, she represents a characterization of female and a virtuous activity. She is characterized as meek and submissive, as she does the charitable task of sowing clothing for a man. The fact that she is doing work for a man is evocative of her position and on a larger scale, women's role in society. This woman's expression and gestures are suggestive of her ennui and reluctance for having this function in the world. Each aspect of the engraving has been carefully designed to illustrate the essence of the image. The fact that the woman is shown doing work for a man, yields the implication that she is subservient to him.

Through symbolism Roghman insinuates the notion that man prevails over woman and has been doing so for ages. She demonstrates the concept of time passing in a number of ways. The clock on the wall is clearly representing time. The closed books on the desk as well as the skull on the floor remind the viewer time's passage. The skull also symbolizes the vanity of man's ephemeral life. The artist is implying that men are narcissistic in their own life, which is virtually no more than a fleeting moment in the grand scheme of things. Each generation of man continues to treat women subserviently, and the men die and the unfair tradition lives on. The symbols thus illustrate Roghman's implication that women will always cater to men. There is a dark shadow over the women. This dark shadow helps to characterize her. She is tired and worn from this time-honored tradition of serving man. Additionally, Roghman has chosen to put this woman in a domestic environment. This is yet another expression of a woman's position and lack of independence. All of the aspects of the piece work together to create this monotonous everlasting reminder than man is higher than woman.

Both of these female artists express in one-way or another that man governs woman and holds the dominant place in life. In their work, they represent that women have been stereotyped and marginalized by men who fail to see their real abilities and understand their real desires. However, Jacob Matham's engraving, The Seven Virtues, expresses the opposite image of the female. He illustrates seven scenes in the mannerist style. The women have elongated, contorted poses, and the compositions are crowded into seven individual squares. Each contains a rather burly yet elegant Renaissance woman who possesses one of seven virtues. Matham characterizes women in a much broader way than do Sirani and Roghman. He encompasses a much more dimensional virtuous creature through his female representations of Faith, Hope, Charity, Justice, Prudence, Fortitude, and Temperance. On the whole, he gives women a lot more credit than do the two female artists. It is ironic that the male artist shows a powerful 'Renaissance' woman while the female artists depict their kind as modest and meek. In Roghman's etching the only virtue we observe is the virtue of obedience. Matham's piece almost contradicts the ideas expressed in the other two.

The careful execution of both Sirani's and Roghman's pieces are evident in their momentous power to convey the artist's sentiments towards male dominance. The fact that these works are both prints is not arbitrary. The provocative qualities that both possess were not to be overlooked and thus with the use of printmaking methods the artists were able to popularize their work and enlighten many. During this time period, and earlier, it was common for the society to believe that man had hierarchy over women. This was something that prevailed not only in this time but also for centuries preceding and following. Women of the time felt it was their duty to express this. Male dominance is more explicit in Roghman's piece however the conveyance of this idea through Sirani's religious perspective equally effective.

Please note that this sample paper on Women Representing Women is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Women Representing Women, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Women Representing Women will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Andrew Jacksons life

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Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw South Carolina. His dad died a few days before he was born. His mom decided to move close to a nearby relative James Crawford. Andrew spent most of his childhood here. He went to the frontier schools and got the reputation of be fiery tempered and willing to fight anyone.

In 1780 they American revolution reached the Carolinas. Jackson was only 1 and became a messenger in the mounted militia of south Carolina. His brother hugh was killed and he and his other brother were captured because he refused to polish the boots of a British officer. They were then sent into a british prison where smallpox broke out. Mrs. Jackson gained her boys release. But robber died. Mrs Jackson became a nurse for the American prisoners. She soon caught smallpox and died.

Andrew was now 14 without any family. He decided to take up saddle making and school teaching. With the 00 dollars he inherited from his grandfather. He went to Charlestown. Jackson next studied law under a lawyer named spruce macay. He set up his office in Mecleanville north Carolina. The next year his companion lawyer John Mcnairy was made judge of the districts superior court. He appointed Jackson as solicitor general.

In Nashville Jackson fell in love with the daughter of John Donelson the founder of the city . Rachel donelson who was separated from her husband. She thought that she was divorced and got married to Jackson. years later she found out she was still married so she divorced her old husband Mr. bobards and remarried Andrew Jackson. Although they had no children they adopted Rachel's infant nephew who became Andrew Jackson Jr. They also raised tree other nephews of Rachel's as well as a native American boy who's parents were killed in Jackson's campaign against the creek nation.

In 176 Jackson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. After one year in the house, Jackson was elected to fill out an expired term in the U.S Senate. He served from September 177 to April 178 and then retired to his private life.

Since he decided to retire the years from 1804 to 181 were very happy year for he and his wife. Some things he did was improve his plantation and breed race horses. He owned 0 slaves but he was said to be a kind master. Later he soon owned over 100 slaves. Even though Jackson was retired he still was very active with local politics.

Jackson had a very hot temper. This hot temper got him into many duels. Many of them were caused by remarks make about his marriage. One of Jackson most famous duels was against Charles Dickinson in 1806. Jackson let Dickinson fire first because he had a faster and better shot. Jackson took the bullet in his chest without flinching at all and took his aim and killed this man.

In 180 Jackson was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. The war of 181 broke out and Jackson offered to lead the invasion into Canada, but was ignored by the staff of president James Madison. In 181 the governor of tennesee, willie blount ordered Jackson to new Orleans. Jackson only got to Mississippi. When the war of department called back the duties of Jackson. Jackson was stranded with out food, supplies or equipment for his 500 soldiers. Instead of leaving his troops he led his troops back to tennesee. The men admired their leader for this. They said he was tough as hickory. This is where Jackson got his nickname Old Hickory.

In may 1814 jackson was made general in the regular army. He was ordered to new Orleans to defend the city against a british attack. When he arrived at the city it was pretty much defenseless he set up defenses. He was in command of 5000 that included of blacks Frenchmen, and even pirates. The british had over 000 veterans that were led by lieutenant General Sir Edward Pakenham who had defeated napoleon. On December 1, 1814 the british landed troops for a surprise attack. Jackson had early that day that it was coming so he set up a defense behind a dry canal. On January 8, 1815 they british finally attacked. The Americans held them back greatly. They had over 000 casualties and we only had 1 dead wounded and 1 missing.

They battle of new Orleans actually came after the war. The treaty of Ghent was signed weeks earlier. Neither side knew that. This was a huge boost for Jackson his troops and all of America.

The election of 184 was said to be one of the most unfair elections in history. In the election Jackson had few political allies and he was lacking political knowledge. His opponents were John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson received electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and clay 7. Jackson also won the popular vote. In order to win you have to have the majority of electoral collage. On February , 185 the house elected adams president he had 1 votes Jackson had 7 and Crawford had 4. Three western states had originally supported clay but switch to Adams. Later when Adams named Clay secretary of state Jackson's supporters accused them of making a corrupt Bargain. This make Jackson want to win the election of 188 even more.

In the election of 188 jackson received 178 electoral votes to adam's 8 Jackson also won a majority in the popular vote. The joy of this win was sonly said by the death of his wife. She died of a heart attack. Jackson thought it was from all the fighting going on with the election but it really wasn't

At the age of 6 Andrew Jackson arrived in Washington D.C. for his inauguration. Thousands of people were at the capital.

When Jackson was president it really wasn't easy for him. His vice president Calhoun disagreed on many things. This biggest was the nullification of federal laws. Calhoun wrote an essay about it. The whole country was waiting for Jackson to be with nullification or go against it. At jeffersons birthday dinner Jackson stood up and told Calhoun Our Federal Union It must be preserved. Calhoun responded The union next to our liberty most dear.

The election 18 was a landmark in American history because the candidates were chosen by party groups for the first time. The supportes of the bank called themselves the national republics and Jackson's party was called the Democratic Party. The election was mostly based on bank issues. Jackson won the election with ease.

Jackson's second term was not much different. Nullification was still an issue and there was still battles over the bank. He really couldn't take much more of all this. He just wanted to go back to his normal self.

In the election of 186 jackson was weak from tuberculosis and had no thought what so ever for a third term. The last day of Jackson presidency was much more a personal triumph for himself. 1000s came to see the new president but to say good bye to their beloved hero.

Jackson spent his last 8 years at the hermitage even though he had to borrow money to keep the plantation going he contintued to entertain political supporters and kept a close watch with national affairs. On his death bed his famous words that he said were " My dear children and friends and servants, I hope to meet you all in heaven, both white and black , both white and black." Old Hickory Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845

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Organizational Structure Paper

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About the Company

For the purpose of this paper, we have created a hypothetical IT services company that provides consulting services to companies with information technology needs. This includes; project management, system development, implementation, networking, hosting, training and maintenance. This company is an established company in the Chicago area, which is currently grossing $5 million per year. The mission statement for our hypothetical company is to provide cost-effective, high quality IT services to small and medium size companies that cannot afford to maintain and train an internal IT department and staff. The organizational structure described in this paper was developed from a strategic plan that our team had previously designed for this company.

Organizational Structure

The organizational structure for this company is a functional departmentalization with a small hybrid of divisional at the project management level. As this is still small company the organizational structure is made up of less than 0 employees and is still very much controlled by the CEO/owner. Our strategic plan is set for a high rate of growth of the next five years. Small companies at this stage, meaning set for rapid growth and expansion, will place a huge strain on the organization's structure. Having a structure that can support the rapid growth may be the defining factor of whether the organization will succeed or fail. To ensure that our structure will be able to handle the planned growth of 100% over the next 5 years, we have designed a predicted organizational structure. The future organizational structure, takes into account the move to add remote sales areas, as well as to ensure that the support functions for predicted growth will be in place. With the focus on sales and marketing, the proposed organizational structure has added the support functions of a customer service representative, a sales administrative assistant, and new project managers and technicians to handle the workload.

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Current Organizational Chart

Proposed Future Organizational Chart

The organizational structure of functional departmentalization has advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is at the structure creates a simple organizational plan that is adequate and efficient for small company with few products and services. The structure reduces the chance of a duplication of efforts. One article, ("Organizational Structure, p.) states that functional departmentation will respond best to price and quality performance pressures. A single office with only one sales department and one operational manager ensures that the division assigned to the function is completing each of the organizational functions. Functional departments allow employees to specialize, in doing this they become more efficient at what they do. Managers also become specialized, in small companies they also have working knowledge of everything that is going on the department, this allows for more informed decisions. One of the disadvantages of functional departmentalization is that the departments depend on a specific manager to lead. There is little cross management and if the manager is unable to continue his position their more resources in training required to cover his responsibilities. Another disadvantage of this type of organizational structure is that is as difficult for specialized managers to be promoted. The managers not cross trained with other functions of the Company and the organization will be limited in changing his organizational structure to corporate divisional managers or another type of organizational structure.

This structure allows employees to specialize in their respective departments. The close proximity, (single office space), allows them to work closely when needed, yet autonomously when necessary. The satellite sales force is close enough to come to company meetings and functions, yet flexible enough to be able to make sales all over the state. The executives work along side the employees. This allows for corporate objectives to be known to all relatively quickly. Also, employees are able to report obstacles to executives immediately without bureaucratic intervention. This company is lean and specialized with no expensive inventories to keep track of, no heavy machinery to finance and the services are able to improve as technology does, instead of becoming the obsolete.

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Allocation of Resources

One of the biggest struggles this company will face over the next five years is how to grow rapidly and how to finance that growth. When small companies reach the stage where rapid growth occurs it is important from a financial standpoint to ensure that theres enough cash to sustain the growth. To incorporate both the strategic and management plan the budget has placed a large portion of the cash resources into hiring an external marketing company and financing an aggressive marketing plan. There be some people and time allocated to searching for an appropriate external marketing company. Also be a significant amount of resources but forced to ensure that the marketing campaign will be successful and encourage the predicted growth. As per the strategic plan the company will be hiring two new sales reps. The management plan was to encourage the existing sales reps to create satellite offices with new sales reps to gain a larger geographic area of customers. There will be a small outline of capital to assist the sales reps in creating telecommuting home offices as well as the increase in the payroll for the new sales reps. To assist with all the sales activity the Company has committed to allocate the resources to hire a sales assistant. With the predicted growth rate will be imperative to the Company to ensure that it has enough project managers and technicians to carry out the work generated by the new sales force. The company will outlay resources as needed to the operations department to hire new technicians and project managers where and when VP of operations deems appropriate to the increase in workload. The company also predict sometime in the future to customer service representative to help manage influx of new customers.

The hypothetical organization that we have created is at a crucial time in its growth. As a sustainable small company, it has reached the point where is time for the owner to decide whether to continue as a sustainable company or consolidate the company and marshal resources for growth. The ability of our company to manage this growth and meet its strategic objectives is imperative as this is a stage when many small companies go under.

References

Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H. , Specific and General Knowledge and Organizational Structure (Sep 01, 15). Michael C. Jensen, FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY, Harvard University Press, 18; Journal Of Applied Corporate Finance, Fall 15 http//ssrn.com/abstract=6658

Organizational Structure. Retrieved July 1,00 from http//www.cba.uri.edu/Scholl/Notes/Organizational_Structure.htm

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Dont know

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@Hoc is a software company with the stated desire of being a technology driven firm, however their financial statements do not include an allowance for research and development (R&D). To create an estimate of @Hocs R&D expense for each forecast year, a list of every Israeli software-only firm with offices in the U.S. was compiled. The companies R&D costs as a percent of revenues were taken for each Israeli company and then were divided into categories based on the number of employees. (See Table Israeli R&D) These employee categories are approximate estimates of @Hocs own estimated employee headcount for the projected years. The findings showed that smaller firms spent a much larger portion of their revenues on R&D than did larger ones. This might represent the fact that there is more pressure on small firms to develop a successful product and that larger ones already have an established product and therefore do not need to spend as heavily. Taking the medians of the percent spending on R&D for each category and applying them to the matching year gives us a percentage of revenue that @Hoc can expect to spend on R&D. This causes a readjustment of the financial statement and causes operating profits to go negative in the fourth year while making the last year less profitable. (See Table @HOC R&D)

Other attempts to adjust the financial statements only returned increasingly negative numbers. The revenue growth seems extremely optimistic and it also seems unusual that operating loss should increase each year and then suddenly reverse to great profits. Increasing revenues in correlation with the growth in net active users of the internet also yielded increasingly negative profits.

In finally settling on a valuation model we chose to identify the main value drivers of the company; employees and technology. Employees develop the technology and by extension a software company can only be as good as its employees. Additionally the cost of goods sold for software firms is extremely low with the primary expense being employee salaries. Therefore the number of employees in a firm can be used as a proxy to forecast revenues and costs.

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