Uncle Tom's Cabin

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UNCLE TOMS CABIN

Chapter 1- This book sort of opens with two men talking about slave trade. I dont understand why people have the nerve to talk about trading people like they were baseball cards. When slaves were traded, families were broken up, and I would be miserable if I couldnt be with my family.

Chapter - In this chapter, a slave named George invented a machine for cleaning hemp. Instead of his master being proud of him, his master says let a nigger alone....and theyll invent labor-saving machines. I dont like the way that they say the word nigger. Its really offensive, but I guess that is how it was back then.

Chapter - This is the chapter that George tells Eliza, his wife, that he has decided to try to escape to Canada. He says that his master has worked him too hard for too long. He says to look out for their son Harry. Harry is male, and when fate strikes, it will pierce through Elizas soul.

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Chapter 4- This chapter introduces Uncle Tom. I think that Unlce Tom and his wife sound like nice people. It explains how George Shelby, the masters son, is teaching Tom to read and write. I think that it is sad how we take for granted that we go to school and can actually read and write. Blacks hardly ever knew how to do these things.

Chapter 5- Tom is sold along with little Harry. I dont know how people can sell other people because no one owns any one else. I dont know why the blacks just didnt over power the whites and take control of everything. That would have been my plan.

Chapter 6- Eliza escapes with her son and husband. I would be so thankful because I know that my mother would do something like that for me if I were in that situation. She is such a great women and I love her so much!

Chatper 7- While running away, Eliza cannot eat because she is in so much fear. I think that if I was on the run, and if I got caught and would be killed, I would not eat either. Its all too much to take in, in my opinion.

Chapter 8- There is ice in the river that they need to cross. Eliza is lost on what to do. She goes to the house of a kindly housewife. I am so glad that I have great friend that I too could go to in hard times.

Chapter - Eliza is about to cross a river. When she gets to the other side, there is a man there. He takes her to a house that is old and abandoned and there he gives both she and her son food, money, and clothes! What a great guy!

Chapter 10-16 Uncle Tom gets caught trying to escape. He is whipped until he cant move anymore. George, Elizas husband, is trying to make an escape. He gets to a tavern in disguise. He fools everyone, but then reveals himself. He then says I will fight for my liberty with my last breath. Meanwhile, Haley is going crazy buying slaves. I feel really sorry for all the slaves before the Civil War. I would hate to live a life like that! I would just be so awful. I am so thankful that I dont have to. Eliza is still in the company of friends, which brings to mind the underground railroad. I bet that there had to be a lot of trust in the Underground RailRoad, because of all of the people hiding the slaves. But, I am guessing that people were dishonest and told where the slaves were. You have to learn who you can trust.

Chapter 17-1 Slave hunters are still trying to track down Eliza, George, and little Harry. So, they decide to move in the night. I think that that would be a very good idea because its not as easy to see people in the night, especially when you dont have technology like flashlights and things. Mrs. Ophelia buys her a little girl so that the girl wont have to belong to a cruel master. That is total service right there. Doing something for someone like saving their life is priceless, and they will be rewarded for it if they havent already.

Chapter 0-6 Her new slave girl is everything that she could have imagined. She loves the girl like her own. She is a beautiful dark girl with glittering eyes, and sparkling teeth. When Mrs. Ophelia decides to give Topsy, the slave, a bath, she notices the giant welts and clloused spots all over the girls body. Mrs. Ophelia decides to teach Topsy all that she can. She has Topsy confess all of her sins, when in reality, Topsy has none. I wish that I was as good and pure as Topsy as to have little or no sins. That would be really nice indeed. Topsy is a bery good maid. She does everything with perfection and elegance. Even though it seems to be going great, Topsy is really hurt and says to Ophelia Nobody can love niggers. She is very hurt and upset by this, but I would be also.

Chapters 7-4 Eva dies and her husband St Clare is deeply hurt. I remember when my grandma that I was really close to died. It was like a part of me died with her. Me and my grandma were very close, but not even ask close as a husband and a wife. It was unbelievable to bare for St. Clare. Tom tells St. Clare about Christ. He gets him to pray, and he immediately becomes closer to Eva. St. Clare offers Tom his freedom, but Tom does not go. He wants to fully convert St. Clare and insure Christian happiness for him. St. Clare is worried about sending Tom away. My cousin just left on a mission last night, and I was worried about him going, but you just have to know that they are in the right place at the right time doing the things that they know they should be doing, so, I told him goodbye. Ophelia tells Clare that Tom will be extremely cared for in the North. Later on, Clare is stabbed, and he calls upon Tom to pray for him. He dies. When that happens, Tom is the sold to a man named Mr. Legree. Mr. Legree will not let Tom even speak of God on his plantation. Tom tries to help the slaves on the plantation. He tries to help a lady but then is roughly flogged for it. I would hate to bet beaten. It is probably the worst thing in the world.

Chapter 5-40 Legree is nothing but a loser drunk man that will never give up an sort of drink if he life was on the line. He is afraid of Cassey, a woman slave. Since is feared to harm her, he hurts a helpless Tom instead. There has never been someone more helpful to Tom then the woman named Cassey. She is something. I remember the day that I met my best friend. It was a whlie ago, but we have been the best of friends ever since. She is a really big example in my life and I love her a lot. She means the world to me, and if I lost her, it would be the end of the world as I know it. I also feel that way about my mom and dad and brother and sister and aunt and uncle and cousins. All the important people in my life are really important and I do NOT want to lose them at the least bit. I love them all.

Chapter 41-44 Tom is about to give up. He as tried everything from forming an escape party to trying to kill himself. His master now says that Tom is trying to die, the troublemaker. Its too bad that people have to lose hope like that. No matter what happens in this life, we should never lose hope. Uncle Tom finally dies. He is then burried on a sandy knoll. All of Toms friends have found freedom, its too bad that Tom could not be there with them.

Chapter 45- This is the ending chapter, just giving hope and faith to those slaves that have none. She states that she has only given a faint shadow, a dim picture, of the anguish and despair that are at this very moment, riving thousands of hearts, shattering thousands of families, and driving a helpless and sesnitive race to frenzy and despair. She says that people who have slaves will be held accountable before God. Please note that this sample paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Uncle Tom's Cabin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alcibiades

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Alcibiades was a brilliant but rather unprincipled Athenian politician and military commander whose selfish political schemings in several ways caused deep political divisions in Athens which were the main causes of Athens defeat by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War.

Born into a wealthy Athenian family in 450 BC, Alcibiades was very young when his father, a commander in the Athenian army, was killed. As he matured, Alcibiades became strikingly handsome and developed a keen mind and good wit, but also became extravagant, irresponsible, and self-centered as well. This might have been caused because his guardian, Pericles, who happened to have been a distant relation of his, was far too preoccupied with his political leadership to provide the necessary guidance that the young boy needed. He however, was attracted to the teaching of Socrates, who in turn also liked his beauty and intellectual promise. But his immense ambitions soon enticed him away from the philosophical life and in later years Alcibiades would break ranks with Socrates preferring the political games that Socrates abhorred and abandoning the intellectual integrity that Socrates demanded.

Alcibiades then became well known for his courage on the battlefield as well as his personal extravagance. He was a good orator and he became a recognized speaker in the assembly. And as Athens moved toward peace, he had hoped he would be the one to negotiate with the Spartans and hence get the credit for bringing peace to Athens because of the ties that had once existed between his family and Sparta. And according to Thucydides, it was the fact that the Spartans instead chose to negotiate through established political leaders that caused Alcibiades subsequent choice of actions and policies.

When he newly became General in 40, he was strongly antagonistic of the aristocratic leader, Nicias, who had negotiated peace, and steered Athens into an anti-Spartan alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantineia, three city-states of the Peloponnese. This alliance was defeated by Sparta at the Battle of Mantineia (418). Alcibiades, in a bid to escape banishment ended up joining forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus.

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In 416 Alcibiades entered a number of chariots in the Games at Olympia and came up tops, this earned him back his reputation and popularity once more. It is this sort of flamboyances apart from his good looks, charm and sharp mind that made him very much liked at this time. As his popularity soared, this then made it easier for him, in 415, to use his persuasion skills on the Athenians to send a major military expedition to Sicily against Syracuse. He was then appointed one of the commanders. But, shortly before the expedition was due to sail, the hermae and the Eleusinian Mysteries were found to have been mutilated and profaned. In the ensuing panic Alcibiades was accused of being the originator of such sacrilege. Even though he protested his innocence and demanded an immediate inquiry, his enemies, led by Androcles made sure that he sailed with the charge still hanging over him rather than have him tried immediately. Shortly after reaching Sicily, he was recalled. On his journey back home, upon learning that he had been sentenced in absentia to death escaped to Sparta. There he advised the Spartans to send a general to help the Syracuse and also to help fortify Decelea in Attica, which would cause two serious blows to Athens.

In 41, Alcibiades helped stir up revolt among Athenian allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor but Sparta however now turned against him because he had seduced the wife of the Spartan king Agis II. He then moved to Sardis. When some Athenian officers in the fleet began to plan an oligarchic coup, he held out hopes that if the democracy was overthrown he could secure financial support from Persia. In this he failed and, discarded by the oligarchs who had seized power, he was however recalled by the Athenian fleet, which remained loyal to the democracy and needed his abilities. From 411 to 408, he proved his abilities by helping Athens to a spectacular recovery, defeating the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Abydos (411) and Cyzicus (410) and in the process regaining control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea. These successes encouraged him to return in 407 to Athens, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm and given supreme control of the conduct of the war. In a bold gesture very typical of him, he led the procession to the Eleusinian festival by road despite the great danger posed by the Spartan force at Decelea. But, in that same year, after a minor naval defeat in his absence, his political enemies incited the people to reject him, and he was forced to retire to a castle in Thrace. He remained, however, a disturbing influence on Athenian politics and destroyed any hopes of a political consensus.

When the Athenians at Aegospotami facing the Spartans in the Hellespont grew increasingly careless, he warned them of their danger. But he was mostly ignored, and, when the Athenians lost their whole fleet in a surprise attack by the Spartans, Alcibiades discovered he was no longer safe in his Thracian castle. He took refuge in Phrygia with the Persian governor, who was induced by the Spartans to have him killed.

Alcibiades was probably one of the most gifted Athenian of his generation, he possessed great charm and brilliant political and military abilities but was unscrupulous. His advice, whether to Athens or Sparta, was usually dictated by selfish motives, and the Athenians could never trust him enough to take full advantage of his talents.

Alcibiades, despite all his other failings was a great military leader. And Thucydides suggests this when he writes that the Athenians brought the city to ruin through their dismissal of Alcibiades and their entrusting of the city to other hands. Thucydides also gives Alcibiades credit when he writes on the failed Sicilian expedition. He writes that the expedition failed "not so much through a miscalculation of power of those who were sent, as through a fault in the senders in not taking the best measures afterwards to assist those who had gone out, but instead choosing to occupy themselves with private cabals for the leadership of the commons by which they not only paralyzed operations on the field, but also introduced civil discord at home."

Thucydides also enthuses that even though the concerns of state should always come before personal concerns, that personal concerns were not totally incompatible with the interests of the state, writing, for example, that personal considerations inevitably guide decision making, but he also suggests that a good general should not allow naked ambition to blind him in his recommendation of state policy as it did Alcibiades.

Thucydides on the whole considers that his strength of performance as a general outweigh his faults. He argued that even though Alcibiades personal behavior was detrimental to his career, the resourcefulness and incisiveness Alcibiades displayed in his various maneuvers to save his life and achieve his personal aims served him well on the battlefield. So also was the boldness and daring which lead him to promote bad policy was channeled toward positive end in his individual operations. In other words, what is in one context a vice, is an asset in another.

It could be suggested that his constant changing of allegiances and the lack of trust in him by most of his people were some of the reasons why Athens never fully benefited from his military skills and leadership, which might just have cost them the war.

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Bay Watching

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Bay Watching. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Bay Watching paper right on time.

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Introduction

Organizations are increasingly considering leasing or temporary employees because of the appeal of reduced administrative cost and access to lower costs. In reality, these employees come in, do their job, and then leave it up to the full timers to handle the details. The dispute occurs that this situation will only lead to a decrease in employee morale.

Definition temporary worker

A temporary worker is someone employed for a limited period whose job is usually expected by both sides to last for only a short time. Temporary workers may be employed directly by the employer or by private agencies. Agencies will recruit, select and sometimes train temporary workers and hire them out to employers.

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Temporary workers are sometimes employed on fixed term contracts. A fixed term contract is a contract of employment for a definite period, set in advance. Employment ends when the contract expires and no notice need be given by the employer. Employment contracts may also be agreed which end on the completion of a particular task rather than on a specific date.

Most temporary workers will have insufficient service. However, some employment rights such as the right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex or disability have no minimum service qualifications.

Employees on fixed term contracts have the right to be paid the same rate as similar permanent employees working for the same employer and in general terms should not be treated less favourably than permanent employees. This means that employees on fixed term contracts will have broadly the same rights to statutory redundancy payments, written reasons for dismissal and the right not to be unfairly dismissed as permanent employees.

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

• Lost incentives

• Lack continuity with the customer

• Impact on organization culture

• Learning curve decrease

• Lack firm-specific knowledge

• Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

• Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• Security created by employment contract

• Freedom / Independent workers

• Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

• Available talent in the labor pool

• Just-in-time talent

• Access to labor with different types of talent

• Can used for job try out

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

1. Lost incentives

The sense of unsecured to the job poses compared to the full time worker that creates in an employee's mind may affect their performance by decreasing motivation to do good work. Some employers find that temporary workers lack motivation and commitment. The leased employee may not be as experienced as the permanent workers and, therefore, may be less productive.

. Lack continuity with the customer

Due to the nature that leased and temporary workers are seasonal, it may affect the customers whom already comfortable dealing with them.

. Impact on organization culture

Using temporary workers from especially agency 'temps' depend on the screening and testing methods used by the agency which is sometime not match to organization culture. There are tenderly unbalance employee moral and work load and responsibility that can harm the organization culture.

4. Learning curve decrease

Leased and temporary workers are limited in chances for continuing learning and training.

5. Lack firm-specific knowledge

Due to the limited chances in continuing learning and training, the leased and temporary workers tenderly lacking in firm-specific knowledge. Sometime employer just ignores to inform them, as they are not permanent.

6. Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

Leased and temporary workers can sometimes receive higher pay than their permanent counterparts, which can cause resentment amongst employees and trade unions. Resentment might occur due to unbalance employee moral, work load and responsibility.

7. Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Accidents could occur due to lack of learning and training. Thefts and refrain from releasing proprietary info may be an issues due to lack of sense of belonging to the organization.

8. Increase costs

Requires supervisors to closely monitor staffing levels so as not to compromise service or to inadvertently incur overtime costs.

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• flexibility;

• lower benefit costs;

• instant staff;

• lower overall staffing costs;

• rapid availability of workers;

• no severance costs;

• prescreening; and

access to additional skills

Advantages of Temporary Working

The advantage of temporary workers to the organizations can provide greater flexibility because the number employed can vary to take account of changes in demand for the product or service. Temporary workers can also provide cover for permanent staff on holiday, maternity leave or sick leave. The organization can continuing their productivity without having problem

- Temporary employees can provide specialist skills to carry out specific projects

- Some businesses use temporary fixed term contracts as a screening device for potential recruits to the permanent workforce

1. Security created by employment contract

Employees morale can be enhance due to the sense of security created by the mutual understanding in the employment contract.

. Freedom / Independent Contractor

Workers enjoy a feeling not being employees of any employer. They are regarded as an Independent Contractor. By using different contract provisions, the parties may tailor the relationship to meet both, company's and employee's objectives,

. Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

With a written contract, both parties to the contract are more clearly aware of both their respective rights and obligation.

4. Available talent in the labor pool

Laborer holds their strength via their talent to select an appropriate job for them selves.

5. Just-in-time talent

Inline with above statement, laborer can tentatively plans their move in placing the job market requirement.

6. Access with different types of talent

Employees can be cross-trained to become generalists or specialists in several areas. Employees with different types of talent can select and match the job due to their strength.

7. Can used for job try out

The duration of the employment relationship may be established so that each party may make future preparation. Workers can leave the job after contract finish.

Conclusion

Actually the employers can consider to leased or hire temporary workers especially during festival season or other occasion but they have to emphasize on several factors before hiring them.

There are several things a business should do if it is to make temporary working a successful part of its workforce planning

 Avoid using temporary contracts when the job is in reality permanent

 Consider the likely cost of using temporary workers compared to permanent workers

 Consult with managers to determine their views on the possible effects of employing temporary workers

 Agree proposals to use temporary workers with recognised trade unions

 Where temporary workers are recruited through an employment agency, contact several agencies to compare the services they provide, including their screening and testing methods

 Provide temporary workers or the employment agency with job descriptions and information on company benefits, rules and regulation

 Give temporary workers a written statement of the

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Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative

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Introduction

The topic of this lecture strikes one as puzzling because it has an air of familiarity and yet it seems to startle one into trying to figure out what poetry is. Then one wonders what poetry has to do in the lives of individuals and society. It is quite easy to relate poetry to poems but what makes poems cardinal to existence seems unclear. Does it transform or enrich individuals and communities? How is this done?

As one ponders these questions, some commonly held ideas, derived from impressions of poetry the study of prescribed poems in schools begin to come to the fore. One recalls how "poems canonized by scholars" were thrust on students and how they were expected to respond enthusiastically to these classic in the poetic tradition of Literature. But alas, one could neither muster nor feign the required feeling of excitement; most of the poems seemed to parade verbal puzzles that proved quite formidable. How could such writings as obtrusively affronted one's senses be responsible for indicating a worthwhile life style?

If poetry presents one with this high measure of unease, then how desirable would a poetic life be? Is poetry not a collection of pieces of writing that are notorious for the uneconomic use of space on pages of paper? Are the uneven lines on paper, not a result of dislocations of normal linguistic patterns? Is the stock of trade of poetry not the distortion of conventions word, phrase, clause and sentence order? Do poetic manipulation of sounds, images and meanings ever facilitate communication? Is poetry not a recondite method of transmitting experience? If one is unable to grasp the poetic import and is successfully denied involvement in the transmitted experience, how can he benefit from the supposed bounty provided by poetry? These questions not only suggest the reader's notion of the formidability of poetry, they underscore his frustration.

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The reader's frustration stems form the manner in which the "outer form" of poems places obstacles on the reader's attempt to gain entry into the secret bowers of poetry. The situation is worsened by the fact that teachers of poetry openly declare that the daunting linguistic paraphernalia constitutes the hallmark of real poetry. Is it not normal that many readers naturally react negatively to poetry from their perceptions of the technical or formal linguistic machineries or devices in written texts? These devices, all too often, rudely confront and force many a reader from a rewarding poetic adventure.

Not even well intentioned explanations of the technicalities of poems can successfully change these fairly common perceptions of poetry. Neither explaining that what is referred to as "uneven lines" are specific arrangements of "sounds of words" that constitute lines or verses nor demonstrating how metre as measured movement verse ad the length of lines can generated any renewed interest in poetry. Ask the reader if he did enjoy the rhythmic effects produced by systematized deployments of stressed and unstressed syllables in intonational languages as well as structured emphasis on syllables in tonal languages, the response would be, how can one enjoy what cannot be accessed in the first place? No one could blame such a reader because iterative structuring of sounds through peculiar lineation configurations in the written text constitute graphic representations poetic effects that become truly manifest only through performance or oral re-creation. Thus the frustrated reader is cheated out of being part of rhythmic impetus of poetry by written texts even though this rhythmic impetus remains an indispensable vehicle for the poetic experiences that connects man with the essence being.

Modern critical theories do not ease the pressure put on the reader either. For example, Russian Formalism postulates "literariness" as what distinguishes poetry from other discourse because it "defamiliarizes" by making language draw attention to itself. By insisting the poetic experience be seen virtually as mere sensitivity to the distinctive devices by which meaning is either deployed or subverted rather than a participation in the meaning implicated in poetry, formalist approaches to poetry subvert the fervour necessary for a poetic involvement in life. Is it any wonder that that poems are regarded as obscure propositions that have little or no reward to offer for the great effort they demand? How then can these kinds of discourse generate attraction towards poetic existence?

This uncomplimentary view of poetry, which is based on the premise of impenetrability, seems quite logical but it is also important to not that it originates from "restrictive or specialized" consideration of poetry as a distinctive kind of verbal discourse. Futhermore, this attitude is underscored by a total reliance on the "formal cause" in utter disregard for the "material cause" of poetry. To have a full understanding of what poetry is, not only should both causes be taken into consideration, their coalescence is a vital function of the formation of poetic visioning which is reflected in the Coleridgean concept of an organic form that flows naturally from the matter to compel the desired poetic involvement. Thus poetry, even in this more restricted sense of being verbal artifact, intensely communicates what resonates in the soul of man.

While the Greek word poesis (which etymologically spun off such words as poem, poet, poetry, poetic and poetics amongst others and denotatively means "making or to make") supports this specialized consideration of poetry as an artistic verbal construct, it also recognizes a wide array of creations or products. Poesis as "making or to make" implies that poetry can be applied to any object fabricated by human beings or even any action or activity that stands in contrast to a natural phenomenon. This explains why Plato, in the tenth book of The Republic, correlates products of verbal fabrications with those of carpentry and warfare and proceeds to apply the same standards in evaluating their usefulness. In effect while it is acceptable to regard those who artistically produce oral or written works as poets and their products as poems in the specialized sense, it is also acceptable to regard, in a general sense, all things produced by man as poems while all humans are poets because they produce things and initiate actions that can be regarded as poems.

If the core attributes of aesthetic verbal discourses form the base of all human products and activities, then it follows that the products and activities are poetic. For example the rhythm, which flows from the measured movements or "metred language," creates an aesthetic harmony that showers forth intense experiences and profound insights. When this aesthetic harmony is infused into all other human products as well as into the lives of individuals and social groupings, they become poetic. Other verbal discourses (be they literary - prose, drama, fable- scientific treatise, philosophic musings, or historical records), mathematical equations, artistic types like painting, music, architecture etc and other non-verbal and sign-related texts are poems, in the general sense, if they thrive on the poetic thought and impulse. In like manner, all human products, activities and visions are enriched and made more worthwhile by being poetically realised.Please note that this sample paper on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes

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How to live peacefully within a society may be one of the most important concepts ever debated. Many great thinkers have done extensive work on this particular issue. In "Hobbes Leviathan," Thomas Hobbes argues that humans can not live peacefully within a society unless there is a single sovereign power to enforce laws and govern that society. However, there are examples of other creatures that do live peacefully in a functioning society that have no sovereign power to govern them. Hobbes clearly recognizes this as an argument against him and attempts to justify his claim using bees and ants as an example of creatures that do live together peacefully with no sovereign power. He argues that humans cannot be compared equally to bees and ants since there are distinct differences between then. Although I do think that there are very distinct social differences when comparing humans to bees and ants, I believe that Hobbes justification for this can be proven wrong through recent studies on bee and ant colonies.

Hobbes explains that humans in their natural condition are always at constant war with each other to satisfy their selfish interests. In this condition, humans desire peace, yet their own passions go contrary to keeping peace so they will remain at war. Hence, he argues that there must be a single sovereign power over them to force them to live in peace. He states that for humans, a sovereign power is essential for "getting themselves out from the miserable condition of war, which is necessarily consequent to the natural passions of men, when there is no visible power to tie them to there punishment (Hobbes 117)." He continues by explaining that nations must have only one sovereign judgment to follow or they will not be able to function properly, nor will they have security against enemies because they will be constantly distracted by each other with all their conflicting opinions. He states that if the actions of humans are "directed according to their particular judgments, and particular appetites, they can expect no defense, no protection neither against a common enemy, nor against the injuries of one another (Hobbes 118)." Hence, humans must have a single sovereign power to rule them or there is no chance of peace.

Hobbes makes every attempt to argue that humans cannot live peacefully by simply agreeing with each other to live that way, but require a power over them to uphold this agreement. However, one argument against this claim is the fact that other species do live peacefully in functioning societies without any sovereign power forcing this peace upon them. Hobbes recognizes this argument and makes an attempt to justify it by describing bee and ant colonies. Hobbes clearly choose bees and ants since they are perfect examples of creatures which live together peacefully, all working together for the good of their community, yet have no higher power to over them to uphold this. Hobbes justifies this by presenting six reasons why human communities are very different from those of ants and bees, and hence no logical comparison should be made between the two. All six follow from the assumption that bees and ants do not posses the ability to reason or rationalize. First, Hobbes points out that humans are always in competition with one another which provokes them to go to war. Ants and bees, on the other hand, do not feel compelled to compete with one another and hence will not have this problem. Second, Hobbes believs that humans are more prone to "procure the private good of themselves, and if the public interests cross the private, humans prefer the private (11)." However, ants and bees cannot see any difference between their common good and private good and since they are naturally driven towards the private good, the will naturally serve the common good. Third, bees and ants do not have, "the use of reason" so they are without the ability to analyze any problem in their daily routine. Contrary to this, humans will reason out better and more efficient ways of managing their community and hence think themselves better fit to govern it. Forth, ants and bees do not have any language and therefore cannot discuss with others the concept of good and evil. Therefore, unlike humans, ants and bees will not stir up trouble through these discussions. Fifth, bees and ants are irrational creatures and "cannot distinguish between injury and damage." Hence, when they are at ease they are content with their society. Humans, on the other hand, love to show off their intelligence and thus will become troublesome when they are at ease since they will desire to control their community as a display of wisdom. Sixth, bees and ants naturally agree to keep peace, but humans require a covenant. Hence, since Hobbes previously argues that, "a covenant made based on the trust of once another is void, but if there is a common power over them to force them to keep this covenant, it is not void there must be a sovereign power to enforce these covenants and keep peace (Hobbes 6)"

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Although at first glance Hobbes argument may seem logical, a little research and insight into this matter will show that it does not hold. This can be demonstrated by the fact that Hobbes argument is based on either his own assumption or what was believed about ants and bees in his day. His arguments are based on his assumption that ants and bees cannot reason or rationalize and hence cannot be compared to humans. However, a resent article written by Dr. Ed Vargo at North Carolina University clearly shows this assumption to be false. In the article, Vargo claims that "queen and worker ants in an ant society are often at odds about the proportion of new male and female ants raised in their colonies (Vargo)." Vargo continues to explain that worker ants will kill off a certain numbers of males to increase the female population. However, different ant colonies have very different ratios of male to female populations. He explains that this is due to the fact that the queen ant can decide the sex of each unborn ant and will enforce her own personal preference of what sex she wants more of. However, the worker ants will disagree with her witch causes a power struggle. "The root power struggles between queens and workers results form their different interests (Vargo)." Likewise, bees show an amazing ability to reason as well. According to the French researcher Martin Giurfa, bees "excel at cognitive tests normally performed by lab primates and human volunteers (Giurfa)." He claims that his studies can prove that "Abstract rules can be mastered by honey bees (Giurfa)." Hence, Hobbes is way off by his claim that ants and bees cannot reason or rationalize.

Hobbes argument that humans cannot live peacefully without the existence of a sovereign power to enforce peace may not be quite as true as he believed. Considering that there are species that can reason and rationalize and at the same time live peacefully in functioning societies with no sovereign power to enforce peace, one must continue to ask the question, "why must this be impossible for humans?" We can only hope one day that like these ant and bee colonies, humans can figure out how to willfully live together as well.

Works Cited

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Cambridge University Press, 11.

Vargo, Ed. Science Daily Article. Augest 0, 001. http//fluid.stanford.edu/~mbrennan/interests/insects/ant_sex_ratio.html

Giurfa, Martin. San Francisco Chronicle article. April 1, 001. http//faculty.nl.edu/jste/Animal%0Behavior/bees.htmPlease note that this sample paper on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The life all shit

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Animal Testing

Animal testing can be defined as taking animals of all sorts to go under experiments under their own will. Scientists of today are testing products of highly regarded companies on poor, defenseless animals. Everything from make-up to household products is killing millions of animals each year. These animals are kept in tiny, dirty cages and live in the most miserable conditions. The animal tests are useless, and prove nothing to the well being of human beings. The number of animals killed in experiments each year is horrifying, and shows that humans care nothing about nature's creatures.

Animal testing is cruel. Dogs, monkeys, rabbits and many other different species of animals are kept in tiny, confined cages with barely any food or water. Feces are scattered every where, and parasites infest the cages. Tests, such as the Draize test, is the number one test done on rabbits. A solution of liquid, flake, granule and other powdered substances is dropped into the eyes of the rabbit. Scientists inspect the eye to see if any effects occur. Their eyes will likely be swollen and expand twice the normal size, causing them to go blind. These rabbits live through and die with the excruciating pain, anywhere from seventy-two hours to nine days. No pain killers or anesthetics are given to the animals, as scientists' suspect it may 'interfere' with the results. The Draize test is responsible for the suffering and death of thousands of rabbits each year in the United States alone. Dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and monkeys suffer even more than rabbits. Due to their sensitive skin, lotions, perfumes, and even sunscreen will be applied directly to the flesh. In most cases, the substance will eat its way through the skin, killing the animal in two to three days.

The tests that are done on animals will not bring new cures or prevent any diseases. The Draize test kills thousands of animals each year, yet does not give a single piece of information to help in the well being of humans. The Lethal Dose test (LD-50) measures the amount of toxic-substance that will, in a single dose, kill a percentage of animals in a test group. The substance is forced into an animal's throat or will be pumped into the stomach by a tube, which will most likely cause death by stomach rupture and the sheer bulk of the chemical dosage. It can also be injected under the skin, a vein, into the peritoneal lining of the abdomen, applied to eyes, rectum, vagina, or forcibly inhaled through a gas mask. This test doesn't accurately measure human health hazards and is crude and imprecise. The test results can be affected by age, sex of the animal, their housing and nutritional conditions, temperature, time of day and year and the exact method to administer the substance. The LD-50 test has come under pressure for its cruel effects and inaccuracy.

Animal testing is killing millions of animals each year; everything from rabbits, to lab mice and to man's best friend, the dog. Rabbits, whose large eyes, docility, and breeding habits have made them a favorite for Draize tests, have a much higher pain threshold than humans do, as well as a third eyelid and different corneal structure. Embryos of chicken eggs are also not spared. A few drops of suspected irritant, is placed on the membrane of the embryo and the damage will be recorded. During the LD-50 test, the scientists' will wait for fifty percent of the animals to die (forty to two-hundred) before recording the results. Vivisection, the experimentation on animals, kills seventeen to seventy million animals in the United States alone. The Animal Welfare Act (A.W.A) requires labs to report the number of animals used in experiments, but the act does not cover mice, rats and birds. It is unbelievable since these animals are used in eighty to ninety percent of all experiments. Due to the fact that these animals are not covered by act, they remain uncounted and the number of animals that suffer each year is remarkably huge.

Some people believe that animal testing is the only way to research products and cures. This is not the only path, and research shows that ninety percent of the time the experiment is useless. It is cruel and unjust by torturing millions of animals since all the recorded information reveals that animal testing in unnecessary and those alternatives do exist and is open to be used. Scientists' can now test in environments they will enjoy and make human life safer and better. It is efficient and reliable. It takes less time to complete, costs only a fraction of what animal experiments cost, and people will not be plagued by species indifferences that make the extrapolation difficult or impossible. To define animal testing, it simply states that new techniques for cell and tissue testing in test tubes can now supplant animal toxicology results.

To prevent animal testing from continuing, the consumer can purchase "Cruelty-free" products, which are not tested on animals. These products do not contain animal ingredients and can be made entirely from plant extracts, herbs, flowers, and many other ingredients proven to be safe. The list below contains all of the companies currently testing their products on animals. If the consumer stops buying their products, the company will surely reconsider animal testing and use alternatives. (Those marked with an asterisk () are presently observing a moratorium on (current suspension of) animal testing.

Arm & Hammer (Church & Dwight)

Bic Corporation

Block Drug Co. (Carpet Fresh, Lava, Polident, Sensodyne, Tegrin)

Boyle-Midway (Reckitt Benckiser)

Braun (Gillette Company)

Chesebrough-Ponds (Faberg, Ponds, Vaseline)

Church & Dwight (Arm & Hammer, Arrid, Lady's Choice, Nair, Pearl Drops)

Clairol (Procter & Gamble)

Clorox (ArmorAll, Formula 40, FreshStep, Glad, Pine-Sol, SoftScrub, S.O.S., Tilex)

Colgate-Palmolive Co. (Ajax, Fab, Hills Pet Nutrition, Mennen, Palmolive, SoftSoap, Speed Stick)

Coty (Adidas, Davidoff, JOOP!, Jovan, Lancaster, Rimmel, Stetson)

Cover Girl (Proctor & Gamble)

Del Laboratories (Commerce Drug, Flame Glow, New York Color, Propa PH, Sally Hansen)

Dial Corporation (Purex, Renuzit)

Drackett Products Co. (S.C. Johnson & Son)

Erno Laszlo

Gillette Co. (Braun, Duracell)

Helene Curtis Industries (Finesse, Salon Selectives, THermasilk, Unilever)

Johnson & Johnson (Aveeno, Clean & Clear, Neutrogena)

Kimberley-Clark Corp. (Huggies, Kleenex, Kotex, Scott Paper)

Lamaur (ColorSoft, PermaSoft)

Lever Bros. (Unilever)

L'Oral U.S.A.

Max Factor (Proctor & Gamble)

Mead

Melaleuca

Mennen Co. (Colgate-Palmolive)

Neoteric Cosmetics

Noxell (Proctor & Gamble)

Olay Co./Oil of Olay (Proctor & Gamble)

Oral-B (Gillette Co.)

Pantene (Proctor & Gamble)

Pfizer (BenGay, Desitin, Listerene, Lubriderm, Plax, Schick, Visine)

Physique (Proctor & Gamble)

Playtex Products (Baby Magic, Banana Boat)

Proctor & Gamble Co. (Clairol, Cover Girl, Crest, Giorgio, Iams, Max Factor, Physique, Tide)

Reckitt Benckiser (Coty, Lysol, Mop & Glo, Resolve, Spray 'N Wash, Woolite)

Richardson-Vicks (Proctor & Gamble)

Sally Hansen (Del Laboratories)

Schering-Plough (Bain de Soleil, Coppertone, Dr. Scholl's)

Schick (Pfizer)

S.C. Johnson (Drano, Fantastik, Glade, Pledge, Shout, Windex, Ziploc)

SoftSoap Enterprises (Colgate-Palmolive)

Suave (Unilever)

M (Post-It, Scotch)

Unilever (Calvin Klein, Diversey, Helene Curtis, Lever Bros., Mentadent, Suave)

Vidal Sassoon (Proctor & Gamble)

Animal testing is cruel, inaccurate, and wrong. It makes people believe that animals are voiceless, have no sense of feeling or pain. Would you ever consider giving something of poison to your pet? Something that you and your family would never eat or use? Never in my life would I do such a cruel act. Animal testing must be immediately banned.

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The Chosen

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Conflicts in The Chosen

In reading The Chosen, one is exposed to conflicts between characters throughout the book, which Potok expresses in three main conflicts father against father, son against son, and father against son. Each variation of conflict has a very important significance to the main theme of conflicts among four Jewish males throughout the book. In post-Holocaust times, can it be assumed that all Jews would share a common belief system and have no conflicts?

In The Chosen, the father against father conflict is a result of clashes between David Malters and Reb Saunders. Each held drastically opposite views on life, parenting, religion and most every issue. This created major conflict at a time when American Jews who had escaped Germany were beginning to relay horrific stories from the Holocaust. While David Malter and Reb Saunders are both fathers and religious scholars, they demonstrate fundamentally different beliefs about disciplining children and religion. Reb Saunders and David Malter are very different in their ways. Reb is a Hasidic Jew and isolationist fanatic while David is an Orthodox Jew, more open-minded and interactive with the modern world around him. Reb's traditionalist mindset is stubborn and parochial. For most of the novel, he refuses to consider the outside world or interpret Judaism in ways other than his own. David Malter, on the other hand, remains tolerant of other points of view, even Reb Saunders. Most important, David Malter is willing to adapt his religious beliefs to incorporate contemporary issues. For Reb Saunders, being Jewish means one must accept a special set of obligations like studying the Torah and serving God. "We are commanded to study His Torah! We are commanded to sit in the light of the Presence! It is for this that we were created! . . . Not the world, but the people of Israel (Potok 18)! For David Malter, being Jewish is less rigid and more about possessing a certain intellectual and spiritual mindset and honoring obligations that will, in turn, provide meaning. The statement "man must fill his life with meaning, meaning is not automatically given to life (Potok 17), reflects David Malters growing feeling that it is not enough to wait passively for biblical prophesy, as Reb Saunders does. Unlike Reb Saunders, David Malter believes that religion should impact politics, and that it is important for Jews to actively engage the outside world. At times, each father feels threatened by the others views. At other times, each father displays strong respect for the other. The essence of different value systems and opposing viewpoints between these fathers is the core catalyst for conflict as the story develops.

As the old saying goes, like father like son. "I'm my father's son, remember? I'm the inheritor of the dynasty. Number one on our catechism Treat the son as you would the father, because one day the son will be the father" (Potok 178). It isn't surprising that, the sons of these two strong-willed men conflict with each other in a similar fashion as their fathers throughout the pages of The Chosen. Danny and Reuven become friends in an unlikely way. While playing an interschool baseball game, Reuven was pitching and Daniel hit the ball and shattered Reuven's glasses. Reuven went to the hospital for immediate eye surgery. After the eye heals, Danny went to Reuven to beg his forgiveness and the two boys became fast friends. Reuven's family has more flexible religious customs, while Danny's relatives represent very strict Hasidic beliefs with limited views. "My father doesn't like us to mix with outsiders" (Potok 16). The two boys embark upon adulthood in New York in the 140's and together try to negotiate issues typical for that era. Reuvens father becomes an outspoken proponent of Israel as a Jewish homeland while Dannys father is fanatical in his belief that only the Messiah could lead the Jews to Israel. It is at this point when Reb Saunders goes to the extreme of demanding that his son cease being friends with Reuven because of a speech on Zionism made by Reuven's father. "Danny was not to see me talk to me, be found within four feet of me. My father and I had been excommunicated from the Saunders family" (Potok 1). During this ban, Danny and Reuven continue to communicate through eye contact and subtle gestures. The look on Dannys face, though, when I saw him for the first time, helped a little. He passed me in the hallway, his face a suffering mask of pain and compassion. I thought for a moment he would speak to me, but he didnt. Instead, he brushed against me and managed to touch my hand for a second. His touch and his eyes spoke the words that his lips couldnt. I told myself it was bitter and ironic that my father needed to have a heart attack in order for some contact to be established once again between myself and Danny (Potok 41). This, they learn, is a non verbal means of perpetuating a friendship. As the boys grow into young men, they discover in the other a lost spiritual brother and a link to an unexplored world that neither had ever considered before. In effect, they exchange places, and find a peace that neither would have gained without the other.

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The last, and one of the most important conflicts in the book, is father against son. Fathers and sons cannot choose each other, but this lack of choice does not make their relationships any less meaningful. These conflicts may not be quite as obvious because they are typically more silently communicated. Danny and his father speak only to one another when Reb Saunders asks him questions about the Talmud on Shabbat. "They never talk, abba. Except when they study Talmud" (Potok 47). Primarily, this stems from the respect that is expected to be shown between parent and child in a Hasidic family. An example of father-son conflict takes place within Danny Saunders when he is torn between a life devoted to the intellectual study of psychology which he realizes is not congruent with his Hasidic religious views because it emphasizes a non-religious view of human nature. He realizes that he faces a decision of deeply disappointing his father by not following in his footsteps of living a life devoted strictly to the Hasidic traditions or foregoing that which his heart desires. Although very intelligent, Danny has never been to a movie or a museum, but he secretly goes to the library every day, and reads secular books. Danny becomes increasingly torn between honoring his father and his religious upbringing and his intellectual hunger. Even when Danny was still very young, Reb Saunders realized that in his boy the dazzling intellect was growing into a dominant force. "I cried inside my heart. I went away and cried to the Master of the Universe, What have you done to me? A mind like this I need for a son? A heart I need for a son, a soul I need for a son, compassion I want from my son, righteousness, mercy, strength to suffer and carry pain, that I want from my son, not a mind without a soul (Potok 15)!

Despite what can seem like insurmountable differences in The Chosen, everyone has similarities as well. There is good in everyone and two people are bound to share some common views. By dwelling on the similarities and respecting the fact that everyone doesn't see eye to eye on every single issue, it can be possible for individuals to cohabitate peacefully and sometimes even enjoy sharing attributes of their differences. For, in sharing these differences, diverse citizens learn about perspectives beyond their own and can experience growth. While some people remain more narrow-minded than others, they may refuse to accept a lifestyle or a belief. But, they may begin, little by little, to consider tolerating the differences. Like it or not, the world is full of many different people and no matter who the group of people, or what past experiences they may share, there will always be conflicts because no two people are alike.Please note that this sample paper on The Chosen is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Chosen, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Chosen will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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