Child abuse

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Hypothesis Child Abuse is a big problem in Australia. The legal rights of children, and organizations dealing with children affected by child abuse, urgently need to be strengthened.

Types of Abuse

First, in order to understand child abuse it is helpful to know exactly what it means. There are many legal and operational variations in the definition of child abuse. However, all definitions refer to the physical or psychological damage caused to the child by the abusive behavior of others, or the failure of others to protect a child from such damage. Most commonly, the categories of abuse cover physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect.

~ Physical abuse is any non-accidental physical injury inflicted on a child. This may include beatings, burns and scalds, fractures, poisoning, bruises or welts, internal injuries, shaking injuries or strangulation.

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~ Sexual abuse is any sexual behavior imposed on a child. The child is considered to be unable to alter and/or understand the perpetrators behavior due to his or her early stage of development and/or powerlessness in the situation. The perpetrators position of authority and/or trust enables him or her implicitly or directly to coerce the child into sexual compliance.

~ Emotional abuse is a constant attitude or behavior towards a child, which is detrimental to or impairs the childs emotional and/or physical development. This may take the form of scape goating, emotional rejection, isolation, or continuing verbal abuse.

~ Neglect is any serious omission or commission by a person, which jeopardizes or impairs the childs physical, intellectual, or emotional development. A child who is neglected may be consistently dirty and unwashed, without appropriate supervision for extended periods of time and, therefore, may be at risk of injury or harm, constantly tired, hungry, listless, and with medical conditions related to poor hygiene.

As an example of child abuse I would like to share with you the story of David Pelzer his story can be found in his autobiography called "A Child Called It". In the book he relates that for his developmentary years form age ½ to 1 he was denied food, beaten, and physically and mentally tortured in various ways. Some of these include being smashed face-first into mirrors, forced to eat the contents of his sibling's diapers and rotten meat, forced to swallow spoonfuls of ammonia. This was all instigated by his mother a devoted den mother to the Cub Scouts in her care and nurturing to her other children but not to David, whom she referred to as "it". She starved him for days at a time and forced him to vomit after every day at school to make sure he wasn't sneaking any food. When he tried stealing scraps from the garbage, she laced the trashcan with ammonia. She forced him to take ice-cold baths with just his nose above water. She often locked him in the bathroom with a bucket of ammonia and Clorox (a deadly chemical) the toxic fumes in the 'gas chamber' as he called it, burnt his throat and nearly killed him. His mother beat him with a dog chain, a broom, her fists, burnt his hand on a gas stove, stabbed him in the chest, then left him to clean up the wound.

Although this is an extreme case of child abuse it highlights the need to protect children from such acts of violence.

In Australia an estimated 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 7 boys have been sexually abused before the age of sixteen! Most are abused by family members or others in a position of trust, many of them pillars of the community. Less than 1% of perpetrators are ever convicted of the abuse that is reported. Only 8% of abuse is reported. Perpetrators ensure that victims are too afraid or ashamed to tell, or have no one they can tell. For most, the abuse continues for years. All are emotionally scarred for life. Unless they are helped to heal many later turn to drugs; some die of overdoses. Many attempt suicide; some succeed. (Australian Child protection Alliance)

Figure 1 is the complied data from the Kids Help Line in South Australia during 001-00Figure is the graphing of data in 001. It is the calling profile of Kids Help Line in South Australia. Females made 7% of the calls conserning child abuse, males made 1%. Figure graphs the age and sex of each caller calling about child abuse.What is being done?

The government has established specialist police, education, health and welfare services to provide assistance to victims and their families. Protective programs have been introduced into schools. Policies have been formulated and other procedures have been updated. Legal reforms have been implemented and financial assistance has been given to self-help groups, strategies to work with abusers and a growing awareness of the problem in the community. This is helping to change attitudes towards child victims and those who hurt them.

A convicted child abuse offender will be place in custody for a minimum of 10 years with the option of bail in 5 years. Many believe that that amount of time is not nearly long enough. Persons convicted of not reporting abuse to the appropriate authorities are placed in custody for a minimum of years with bail available to the offenders as early as 6 months after being placed in custody.

What needs to be done in the future?

The greatest chance we have to prevent it.

Prevention of child abuse must be tackled on a number of levels

Primary Prevention is everyones responsibility. The goal is to stop abuse before it happens. Part of this is changing attitudes towards violence, protecting childrens rights and changing the way we behave as a society.

Secondary Prevention includes the recognition that parenting is difficult and that it can create stressful situations. Family support, respite care, personal safety programs, self esteem groups, community awareness programs, parenting skills courses, non-violent conflict resolution courses and self-help groups all can assist in preventing abuse. This is the responsibility of agencies, volunteer groups and others who must offer parents and other caregivers support rather than judgmental criticisms.

Tertiary Prevention is the responsibility of government agencies, which must act to protect a child who has already been abused. They must provide the best services available. Their duty is to ensure the child is safe from future harm.

The community needs to have harsher penalties for child abuse offenders. It is thought by some that we should follow some other countries leads which place the offenders in custody for life. It is the view taken by many that as a nation we are too lax in our child abuse laws and the punishment of the offenders.

Conclusion

Although a variety of child abuse intervention strategies have been introduced around Australia, few have been subject to evaluation. We know little if anything about the relative effectiveness and efficiency of child abuse programs in Australia.

Child abuse needs to be tackled on all fronts, social, legal, personal, and if we want to prevent it, we need to provide support for parents, research information for professionals and a community, which refuses to allow violence against its most vulnerable members.

The legal rights of abused children, the need for preventative measures have come along way from what they once were, BUT they still need to improve in order to insure the safety of our future generations.

Information found

www.law.washington.edu/streetlaw/ lessons/ChildAbuse.ppt

http//www.public.asu.edu/~ksten/Types.

http//www.slosipe.org/TRAIN/santabarbara/Mod4/pg.htm

http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/5400/abuse.html

http//www.aic.gove.au/publications/vt/vt.html#

David Pelzer, autobiography. "A Child Called 'IT'"

Information Found http//users.hunterlink.net.au/~derf/acpa/index.htm

Also see http//brisbane.apana.org.au/~cpds/Teams/Articles/Paul#Paul

Statistics found in "Child Abuse South Australia 001-00" Report, www.kidshelp.com.au

Information found in http//www.aic.gov.au/publications/vt/vt.html#

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The Betrayl of Parents

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When one thinks of parents, one thinks of parents as the source of protection and love. However, in many fairytales, parents are portrayed as unreliable, and sometimes the biological mother or father is the actual culprits of their children's ill fate. For example, why would Little Red Riding Hood's mother actually let her young daughter travel in the woods, in winter, by herself? The mother knows there's a chance that her daughter could get raped, beaten, or killed. In "The Tiger's Bride", the father of Beauty loses her to the Beast in a game of cards! How reliable is that for a father? In Cinderella's case, the parents are even more responsible for the hardship she goes through. We often think that the step-parents are the malevolent force in the plot such as Cinderella's step-mother causes her grief and torment. While this might be seemly true, if one looks deeper into the plot, the realization that the real mother and father are responsible begins to surface. Even in the Disney version, where was the Cinderella's father when her step-mother treated her horribly? Could he not control his new wife and protect Cinderella? Readers have been tricked into thinking that the step-mother is the real demon when the biological parents deserve to be punished.

Cinderella is really a story about a lustful father and evil, selfish mother. In "Catskin", when the queen is on her deathbed, she tells her husband that he must never marry again unless he finds another who can fit her ring. This selfish act leads to extremely bad circumstances for the king and his daughter. At last, when the King has finished grieving and wants to remarry, he sets out to find another who might fit into the queen's ring. When the father realizes only his daughter can fit the ring, he loses sight of morality and wants to subject the both of them to incest. He must realize that forcing his daughter to marry him is a severe sin no father should ever commit, yet his carnal desires lead him astray. The father is also selfish; he chooses his own happiness over his daughter's. The only choices "Catskin" are either to marry her father and sink into incestuous sin or run away; thus, she must run away from her own father. She has to escape from her own father to be safe.

In another tale similar to "Catskin", called "Donkeyskin", the queen tells the king before she dies that he must never remarry unless he finds a woman superior to her in goodness and beauty. Again, the woman is very wicked for wanting to limit her husband's happiness. She wants her husband to be bound to her forever even if she is dead. This sort of wickedness only leads the king to fall in love with is daughter. Only she is superior to the queen in goodness and beauty. Even though "Donkeyskin" is a fairytale, the terms which the queen bound the king are totally subjective. The king could think anyone is superior in goodness and beauty; it didn't have to be his daughter! Again, the father chooses desire over fatherly duty; his only concern is to be happy no matter what the costs. He does not think about the implications of his incestuous lust and how it would devastate his daughter. The daughters in both "Catskin" and "Donkeyskin" are the moral ones; the people who have their heads straight. It is up to them to maintain purity and sanctity of the social norms.

The mother could be seen as even more responsible and wicked than the father for she is one who stirs up trouble in the first place. She is the one who sets up the situation for her husband's remarriage. But the father is not without fault; he became a vile, lustful man after his daughter. The only good one is the child herself.

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Even in the Disney version, the step-mother and step-sisters are very mean to Cinderella. They make her do all these tedious tasks such as picking peas out of the ashes and such, but these tacks are merely annoying. They do not rape her or put her up for prostitution; there is no immoral task forced upon Cinderella. What are some tiresome tasks when compared to being degraded to incest? The severity of Disney's Cinderella situation seems less than Catskin's.

And what of a father who wagers his child on gambling? That is exactly the unfortunate case for Beauty in, "The Tiger's Bride" by Angela Carter. "Father lost me to The Beast at cards" is the first line of the story which sends off a gloomy and disheartening feeling. The father sacrifices his daughter so that he may be freed from the Beast. This act manifests the irresponsibility and extreme selfishness of Beauty's father.

Snow White's father is not at all a loving father either. After his wife dies of illness, he remarries a woman who treats his daughter quiet horribly. In the Disney version, the jealous queen takes away Snow White's beautiful clothes and jewels and sends her to the servants' quarters. Where was the king when all this happened?! Would he not stand up to the queen to protect his biological child?

The mirror which the queen asks everyday, "who is the fairest of us all?" could be interpreted as the king. A constant struggle between the queen and Snow White exists as to who is treasured more by the king. The step-mother fears that her husband might love his daughter more, and when she thinks this might be true, she sends Snow White into the forest to be killed. Again the duty of a father would be to look after his daughter despite that he is a king. Did he fail to notice that his daughter was missing and why was there no search for her?

In "The Snow Child" by Angela Carter, the male known as the Count creates Snow White; it is plausible that readers view him as her father for he created her. But by and by, he corrupts her and she begins to lose her purity. Material possessions such as a fur coat and leather boots given to her from the Count signify the changes in the child. She appeared into the story stark naked and ends up fully clothed. This transition indicates that the child has been altered, perhaps corrupted and has lost her innocence. At the end of the story, she has an accidental death. But even death can not stop the Count from using her body one last time for his own pleasure, "the Count got off his horse, unfastened his breeches and thrust his virile member into the dead girl…... he was soon finished." This rather sickening description reveals that Snow White's father tainted her purity by exploiting and abusing her sexually.

If the Count is her father, then the Countess must be seen as her mother. Her jealousy of the child led to the accidental death; Snow White fell off the horse when she attempted to pick a rose at the Countess' request. The Countess' intention was to kill Snow White for she asked Snow White to fetch her brooch in the frozen pond, "'Dive in and fetch it for me' she sad; she thought the girl would drown." Neither the Countess nor the Count was good parents to Snow White.

Little Red Riding Hood's parents, although, not really mentioned in the stories, still are also responsible for her death. In all the versions, she lives far from Grandmother thus requiring for her to walk through the woods. She is simply a little girl, why would her mother say, "I want you to go and see how your grandmother is faring, for I've heard that she's ill. Take her some cakes and this little pot of butter." If Grandmother is so sick, why doesn't the mother go to visit and comfort her? She must know traveling through the woods is not very safe for she says, "when you're out in the woods, walk properly and don't stray from the path". When bad things happen to the little girl, the responsibility can not be all put onto her. Small children and even teenagers rely on their parents to watch out for them and keep them safe. In Little Red Riding Hood's case, her mother could be seen as sending her daughter to her death.

But of course, we can not be too harsh on these fairytales for then; there would be no fairytale to read after all. However one thing is certain, the parents are not at all portrayed as the reliable figures that they should be.

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The Iraq War Resolution

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The Iraq War Resolution

Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00

General Purpose Congressional/Presidential Resolution with Iraq/Saddam Hussein

Specific Purpose To inform

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Thesis To inform my audience of current events involving Iraq and its President Saddam Hussein, including Congressional/Presidential decisions and world opinions on the matter of military action to enforce UN resolutions.

Attention Getting "Those who chose to live in denial may eventually be forced to live in fear,"

Introduction

These words were addressed by President Bush as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, a resolution that entitled him to use military power in Iraq. A resolution that Congress and the House of Representatives, after careful deliberation, passed overwhelmingly, determining that Iraq's persistence to defy United Nation resolutions needed to be dealt with. UN resolutions that Iraq agreed to as far back as 11 when they lost the Gulf War, and have spent the last decade breaking.

What powers have Congress given the President in the Iraq War Resolution? We'll look into that

Why have Congress and the House of Representatives called Iraq "a threat to national security" and have decided to force Iraq to abide to UN resolutions "by any means possible"? Is it a little harsh? We'll look into that also.

And what is the UNs' view on America's decision to use, if necessary, military power to force Iraq to follow these UN resolutions, and what stance have countries taken in this predicament. By golly, we're gonna look into that too.

Transition

Because this threat involving the US and Iraq is real, and Iraq is a force that Bush declared in an address to the UN as "a grave and gathering danger."

Body

I. The joint resolution that Congress passed, cited as the "Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00" gives Bush power to use the military, as well as guidelines to follow limiting this power.

A. Congress entitled the President with the power to use military force in the case

1. To defend national security of the United States against a continuing threat posed against Iraq

. To enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions

B. The President must inform Congress and the House of Representatives an attack on Iraq 48 hours after the attack

1. Some argue that to give the right to the President to launch a war with Iraq and not have to tell Congress or the House about it for 48 powers gives the President too much power and is unconstitutional

C. But, accusations of its unconstitutional nature have been brushed aside by politicians, given that the Senate requires the President to site after these 48 hours that further diplomatic negotiations wouldn't protect the national security of the US or accomplish the enforcement of all UN Security Council resolutions, emphasized as the second most important thing to the safety of America.

II. Iraq has broken every resolution that the UN Security Council had created after Desert Storm.

A. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 688, demanded that the Iraqi regime cease the repression of its own people. This has not happened. The UN Commission on Human Rights found tens of thousands of political opponents and ordinary citizens have been subjected to arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, summary execution, and torture by beating and burning, electric shock, starvation, mutilation, and rape. Wives are tortured in front of their husbands, children in the presence of their parents.

B. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 687, demanded that Iraq renounce all involvement with terrorism, and permit no terrorist organizations to operate in Iraq, yet Iraq continues to shelter and support terrorist organizations that direct violence against Iran, Israel, and Western governments. In 1, Iraq attempted to assassinate former President George Bush during a visit in Kuwait, and more recently the Iraqi government openly praised the attacks of September 11th, along with harboring al Qaeda terrorists that escaped from Afghanistan.

C. Congress reported that in 11, the Iraqi regime agreed to destroy all weapons of mass destruction and prove to the world it has done so by complying with rigorous inspections. Iraq agreed. From 11 to 15, the Iraqi regime clamed to have no biological weapons. A defected senior official of the Iraqi regime exposed this as a lie, and the regime admitted to producing tens of thousands of liters of anthrax and other deadly biological agents. As far as letting UN inspectors access to verify Iraq's commitment to rid itself, well, Iraq broke its promise, spending 7 years deceiving, evading, and harassing UN inspectors before ceasing cooperation with them entirely

1. The UN Security Council demanded that Iraq fully cooperate with inspectors twice in 11, once in 14, twice in 16, three times in 17, three times in 18, and once in 1, before UN inspectors were forced out.

. President Bush said in his speech to the UN "It's been almost four years since the last UN inspectors set foot in Iraq, four years for the Iraqi regime to plan, and to build, and to test behind the cloak of secrecy"

Transition There is no doubt that Iraq defies the resolutions they had agreed to in 11, and their consistency to disregard the UN brings the question regarding other countries' opinions and support for America's military backed resolution.

III. There has been a variety of reactions to the Iraq War Resolution passed by Congress and the House, from different countries and the UN

A. Yahoo! News reports that among those that support the US include Bulgaria who has anted up an airport, Romania who has guaranteed air bases and airspace rights to US fighter jets, Qatar who is letting the Pentagon set up a command center and pre-position armored brigade equipment there, as well as the unconditional support of Australia, Poland, and Spain.

B. Yahoo news also reports that among those that criticize America's Iraq resolution supporting war to enforce UN resolutions include Tunisia's UN Noureddine Mejdoub, who says, "This war is useless because its motives are not well-founded, and because UN inspectors have been expected in Baghdad since Sept. 17th to accomplish their mission."

C. Baghdad's UN ambassador Mohammed Aldouri, among claiming that his country wasn't guilty of any accusations made by the US, was quoted in saying, "The American people do not want the inspectors to come back because if they did, they will prove the Americans have been repeating one lie after another, one allegation after another."

Conclusion

And the conflict continues each day, as America proves through its passing of the Iraq War Resolution that it is tired of playing dangerous games with Saddam Hussein, and has taken steps toward solving Iraq's deliberate attempts to slither its way out of one UN resolution after another. Congress is convinced that Iraq is potential threat to national security, and that Congress will no longer tolerate such insubordination. Can this conflict be resolved without military action? As President Bush said in its remarks to the UN,

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately and unconditionally forswear, disclose, and remove or destroy all weapons of mass destruction, long-ranged missiles, and all related material."

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately end all support for terrorism and act to suppress it"

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will cease persecution of its civilian population."

For as President Bush concluded his speech as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, "The broad resolve of our government is now clear to all, clear to everyone to see We will defend our nation, and lead others in defending the peace."Please note that this sample paper on The Iraq War Resolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Iraq War Resolution, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Iraq War Resolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Sexuality, Repression, and Power

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Sexuality, its repression, and the power responsible for this repression are the central themes in Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality. Sexuality, according to Foucault, is a repressed entity in modern society, and has been so for the past two hundred years. The sexual openness once common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries became carefully confined and "moved into the home…silence became the rule." (page ) Though he believes that we are repressed he advocates that we have been forced into this repression by some form of power we have been made to believe that we are repressed. Personally, I do not think that Western societies today are repressed in any sense of the word. In all aspects of life whether it is on TV, in the movies, in the songs we listen to, in the books we read, in the advertisements we see, or just in public sex and sexuality are prominently displayed. I think it is fair to go as far as to say that nowadays very little sells without sex or anything sexual.

Foucault believes that the repression of sexuality was established by some kind of authority, which included the government and heads of families. This authority used its power to ensure that "not only did [sex] not exist, it had no right to exist and would be made to disappear upon its least manifestation." (page 4) This is not to say that sex was not acknowledged at all; it was, but mostly only for reproductive purposes. In addition, concessions were made for "illegitimate sexualities" (page 4), which included brothels and mental hospitals. According to Foucault, in light of this power advocating repression, any talk or action pertaining to sexuality was seen as a defiance of power, a "deliberate transgression." (page 6) Any person taking part in this infringement "places himself…outside the reach of power; he upsets established law." (page 6)

Although the leap into sexual frankness may have been a result of disregard for power, it has now become the norm. There is no longer any power which requires challenging. Nowadays, people, in general, have no problems with openly expressing their sexuality and, at times, do so even if it is highly inappropriate. If ours was a repressed society, we would not hear about pregnant 1 year olds; we would not have easily-accessible pornographic material; we would not see barely-clad Victoria Secret's models; TV shows and movies would not have prevalent sexual scenes; people wouldn't go around displaying affection in public. The extent to which Western societies have integrated sexuality into their everyday lives is evidence enough that any previous power repressing sexuality is definitely either non-existent or on its way to becoming so. Despite evidence to the contrary, a lot of people still think that our society is repressed.

These people believe that since there are certain rules or limitations against doing particular things, society is sexually repressed. A lady gets asked to leave a restaurant because she is breast-feeding her child while waiting for her food to arrive. Immediately there is talk of our society being sexually repressed; that sexuality is not accepted. There are some things are not appropriate to do in certain places. I personally would not breast-feed my child in public, and not because I am repressed or I feel that people will judge me if I do, but because I feel that some things are just not proper if carried out in public. If I was stuck and had to feed my child and I was out somewhere, I would find a place that was sparsely populated, and only because I would not feel comfortable baring myself to others. I don't think that a woman who chooses not to breast-feed in public is prudish; there is a just proper place for everything.

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Foucault believed that society's position on repression was a hypocritical one since he considers that there has always been discourse on sexuality, and that this verbalization in itself thwarts the whole idea of repression. He says his aim is to "examine the case of a society which has been loudly castigating itself for hypocrisy for more than a century, which speaks verbosely of its own silence, takes great pains to relate in detail the things it does not say, denounces the powers it exercises, and promises to liberate itself from the very laws that have made it function" (page 8). Despite the fact that this was what he thought about society's take on repression, Foucault did believe that we, as a society, believe we are repressed sexually. He believed that the relationship between sex and power is characterized by repression and that to not think so was to "[run] counter to a well-accepted argument." (page 8) He believes that repression is firmly anchored in our society and that to overcome the power that enforces it will take a long time; talking about and accepting sex in its reality is such an alien concept historically, that "it is bound to make little headway for a long time before succeeding in its mission." (page 10) He couldn't have been more wrong!

Writing this is 178, Foucault may have felt that society was repressed and that getting to a society in which sex was openly discussed and prevalent was going to be a major feat. However, it seems like overcoming 'repression' wasn't such a conquest after all since sex is now a firm and much accepted presence in everyday life. It doesn't seem like there were any major obstacles to overcome to get to where we are today it was just a natural progression from where we were before. Sexuality (not the reproductive kind) has always been a part of society, and has just progressed from being something that was not very prevalent to something that has become very common.

Despite what he refers to as the repressive hypothesis, Foucault does believe that talk of sex has become more widespread, but he feels that it has progressed mostly as a means to gather more knowledge about it as a form of science. It is true that knowledge about sex has increased dramatically, and that is due to the fact that the subject has been approached with a scientifically, biologically and psychologically; however, other, non-scientific factors, especially forms of media entertainment, have also furthered our acceptance of sex, and these have probably played a larger role in establishing sexuality in Western societies. However, he doesn't believe that we have made sex more established in our societies because we wanted to; he thinks that it came about due to our repression of the repression.

According to Foucault, "one adjusts [the time repression began] to coincide with the development of capitalism." (page 5) This gives the impression that sex is severely restricted, not because society wants it that way, but because it is "incompatible with a general and intensive work imperative." (page 6) This means that we did not want to show that we are repressed and hence tried to cover it up by making is seem like that is the way it had to be. So mentioning sex gave the impression that talking about it was not out of the ordinary and hence this caused the surge in our knowledge about sexuality. This is another way in which Foucault believes society to be hypocritical. Personally, I don't think that any repression of repression took place. Repression, if you can call it that, was present in the past, and that led to our society today, where sex is more accepted and fewer things are taboo; and mostly these things are unacceptable because they are morally wrong or just unsuitable.

All in all, it seems that Foucault has a set idea on society and its repression of sexuality, and he believes that there is a certain power associated with this repression, causing it. It is this authority that has led us to where we are today, in terms of our acceptance of sex, since our pursuit for the want for sexual freedom has made us go against the roadblocks against discourse on sex. Personally, I believe that this is not the case, and that our acknowledgment of sex has had a natural evolution from being in a society where sex was present, but slightly common, to a society in which sex is highly rampant.Please note that this sample paper on Sexuality, Repression, and Power is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sexuality, Repression, and Power, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Sexuality, Repression, and Power will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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E-Business Models Paper

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Running a profitable e-business involves accepting continual change and finding the correct business model is not always easy. Thanks to many of the Internet pioneers, corporations now have some history to analyze their desired approach. IBM analyzed over 700 companies that are currently active on the web and noticed that specific online business model patterns emerged (see table below). "Interestingly, while these groupings remain constant across geography, industry, company size or type of commerce, their distinction is marked by their primary focus and market scope" (IBM, p1).

The following is a list of these groupings and a brief description each

1) Offline facilitator promote their brands online, but do not take online orders in an effort to avoid potential channel conflicts,

) Context provider also called affinity groups or content aggregators, they are experts in a particular domain, are aligned with a specific value proposition, and might be based on subscriptions, advertising or transaction fees,

) Commerce destination direct sales channels that exist to sell a company's product or service.

4) Online exchange bring buyers and sellers together and revenue is generated from commission, advertising and subscription fees,

5) Gateway generally a search engine, ISP or shopping agent deriving most of its revenue from advertising.

While most companies find themselves in one of these models hybrid versions do exist. The key concept to remember is that "[…] the dynamic nature of the digital economy demands constant reevaluation and adjustment" (IBM, p). This paper will look at three different e-business models Business-to-Consumer (BC), Consumer-to-Consumer (CC), and Business-to-Business (BB) and discuss the differences and similarities between these models.

BC

First, we will look at Amazon.com. Amazon sells and ships products to consumers. The company launched its site in 15 and quickly took on the nations major retailers. The company's web site offers several pages of product categories to choose from. It is laid out very much like a major retailers "Super Store" with many departments. While Amazon originally started with books they have definitely branched out in many directions. The website offers several features to help increase the number of browsers that become buyers (see graphic below).

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As the header from the web page shows, they offer shopping carts, wish lists and personalized recommendations. Amazon.com is very easy to find through any search engine. In fact, information searches will often lead to a book which they stock and searches for items for sale will take you to their web site. Pushing the "shopping button on many home pages will also take you directly to Amazon.

This site offers many benefits to both the organization and its customers. First, the organization benefits through the shear volume of visitors. They offer such a variety of items it is easy to begin any search for merchandise on the web site. Browsers can look through Amazons offerings, add and remove items from their shopping carts, and pay for everything through an existing account.

The organization benefits by having a high volume of traffic. While not every visitor is a customer, the cost is lower than having a chain of stores. Therefore, a relatively low number of buyers are required to produce a profit.

There are three main downsides to this model higher overhead than CC sales, low browser to buyer ratio, lack of comfort from customers. Amazon stocks inventory in it own warehouses and ships material to customers. The carrying and shipping costs are significant. Further, it is estimated that only 1% of all browsers ever become buyers. Hence, Amazon has developed all the features and functions to entice more browsers to buy. Finally, customers dread the possibility of returning an item. Most shoppers still prefer the simplicity of dealing with a traditional retail store.

CC

Second, we will examine eBay. EBay acts as a broker between buyers and sellers. They never touch the product and manage to make 6% off every sale. Since eBay never touches the product it does not incur the hefty overhead of Amazon. As a result of this approach to business eBay generates a hefty 85% gross profit margin. EBay's model of real-time auctions could not work without and are perfectly suited to the Internet.

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EBay offers everything imaginable for sale on its website. There are actually over million items for auction daily on eBay ranging. Browsers can search for products by category, seller, key word, or many other possibilities. The auctions are real-time and bidders can track their progress at any time. As the graphic from eBay's website (above) shows the whole process is very well thought out and easy to use. EBay's website is very easy to find through search engines, home pages, etc.

EBay's business model offers some very unique benefits to the organization, sellers, and buyers. First, as previously mentioned, eBay does not ever take position of any products. It acts as a broker and can, therefore, operate with a very low head count (18 compared to Amazon's ,000) and overhead costs. The business model is perfectly suited for the Internet with its real-time auctions. Second, sellers can easily set up an account and post their products. Anyone can instantly become a player in the on-line auction game. Finally, buyers can search for an anything and everything imaginable. Every aspect of conducting business through eBay is very intuitive and easy to use.

BB

Finally, BB is more than companies buying and selling to each other on the Internet. It has evolved to encompass supply chain management as more companies outsource parts of their supply chain to their trading partners. Some of the benefits realized by companies through BB e-commerce include managing inventory more efficiently, adjusting to customer's demands more quickly, getting products to market faster, reducing administrative costs, controlling rogue purchases, and obtaining lower costs on some supplies.

ILink Systems, Inc. sells BB software solutions to companies. They are doing so as BB seller. Companies come to them to meet their BB requirements. Their goals are to enable its clients to conduct business any time, anywhere, in any language and currency through any distribution channel. The company's website offers lists of clients, partners, careers, feedback, and a sitemap. This company is targeting companies that want to expand their BB involvement. Their goal is to strengthen the relationships between customers, suppliers, and partners. The solutions they offer enable companies to interact directly and securely with a variety of customers, suppliers and partners. The benefits of doing so include decreasing the time it takes companies to respond to the constantly changing market place. The website has links to business sites and is easy to find using several search engines. ILink is an active participant in its target market.

Hof, Robert D. (1, May 1) Businessweek Online. EBay vs. amazon.com. Retrieved from the World Wide Web October 0, 00 http//www.businessweek.com/1/_/b61001.htm

Models made "e" What Business are You In? Retrieved from the World Wide Web October 0, 00 http//www-1.ibm.com/services/innovation/gsee510160000f.pdf

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Shakespear-romeo and juliette (A-/B+)

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When I watched a Version of Romeo and Juliet the first thing I became aware of was the prologue being spoken, it tells us of two star crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet, who are destined to love, the words 'star crossed lovers' indicates that fate and destiny may be a strong theme to the story. But alas the love was not to be as we learn the twos vast love for each other is halted by the perils of the warring families each are members of.

The prologue is a good way to set the scene which Shakespeare does effectively with the words 'In fair Verona' not only because it tells us where the story takes place, Verona (Italy), but it stretches the full extent of the violence the two families oppose each other with, it does this by saying 'Civil blood Makes Civil hands unclean' Meaning there has been bloodshed and the word 'Fair' is the word which contrasts with the bloodshed making it seem even more violent.

In this particular prologue Shakespeare tells the audience basically what is going to happen, by doing so he is getting across lessons to be learnt and morals such as the way the fryer by trying to help the two innocents caught up in a war of hatred, ends up killing them both, this is done by making the audience pay more attention to how and why tragedy is happening rather than them just feeling the initial shock of the play and the bold statements it makes, this is typical of Shakespeare as most of his plays were based on death and is an excellent way to start this particular play.

I was initially shocked with the way the families were so openly fighting in the streets, this contrasts with the way people in the present conduct themselves in public even though a lot of fighting does go on in this modern day and age, most of it happens at night under the influence of alcohol, whereas in Shakespeare's time fighting in the streets was not uncommon to be over simple disagreements and unnecessary arguments. Although the punishments have changed for the crime the crime itself isn't and wasn't tolerated now or then. The punishment back then was death but now may only be a simple warning or maybe prison, this shows that the value of a life even a criminal in the present day is respected much more than that of a criminal in Shakespeare's time.

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I was not quite so shocked to see the families having minor disagreements as the same things happen in the present, although it is stereotypically seen as families off council housing estates, it does happen.

The relationship between fathers and daughters in the time Romeo and Juliet was set is somewhat different to the same relationships in the present day, where as then the fathers were pressuring there daughters in to arranged marriages with wealthy young men of power and prestige the exact opposite is happening at present fathers try to encourage there daughters to become as successful as they can on there own.

I chose to study Romeo in detail as my character because I found his personality emerged as the conventional lover, secluded from the other boys and young men of his age he is a romantic at heart who does not wish to fight as we see in the opening when the young men of the families are fighting we see Romeo drifting in and out of love with lady Rosalyn the unresponsive object of his obsessions from the house of the Capulets.

My initial Response to Romeo was that he was a little irresponsible in the way he seemed to fall innocently in and out of love so easily, but I did perceive Romeo as a more open minded young man of intellect rather than that of a violent, hatred driven and misled boy, driven in to his own aggressive manhood like the other young men of his age. Rather than the ability to think, judge, forgive and perceive the other family for themselves the others I feel would have continuously fought until something equally as devastating as the deaths of Romeo and Juliet happened marking the end of the rivalry.

The character Tybalt Directly contrasts with Romeo as he is driven by hatred and the overwhelming sense of loathing he possesses for the Montagues, whereas Romeo is the complete opposite, proof of this is the party scene where we see Romeo sneak in to the house of the Capulets to attend a social gathering where Tybalt spots Romeo and Romeo recognising the danger of confrontation slips away in to the shadows to avoid fighting, but Tybalt on the other hand stirs up a fuss and takes the news to the head of the Capulet house looking for support in his anger, but in spite of the families history the elder more wise Capulet swallows there pride to avoid the embarrassment of fighting in there own home.

One of the most interesting things in Romeos personality I found was his loyalties and equally his disloyalties. He showed his loyalty to his friend Mercutio when he killed Tybalt after he killed Mercutio in a fight, which could have been so easily avoided, which of course Romeo not wishing to fight would have preferred. Even though Romeo would rather have seen Tybalt as a friend, due to his recent marriage to Juliet, he new where his loyalties lay, with his friends. The disloyalty he displayed when he married Juliet were equal to the disloyalties he received from his family when they forbid him to marry his one true love Juliet, and Juliet received the same disloyalty from her family.

I feel the most influential speech Romeo makes in the story is the one in act scene 1 after Mercutio has been killed by Tybalt, because it is the first time we see the more passionate Romeo, his passion for his family and friends, instead of seeing the romantic lover boy, we see the vengeance driven side of him and a bravery so far unseen. The open mind he has thought with is clouded by anger and his judgement is hence forth smothered as he fights to the death but this bravery could also be seen as his stupidity as no matter who kills who, both shall have died in the end as the prince, after fair warning, said 'if you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace.' However he did fight for the pride and honour of his friend making a brave and heroic man of the Montagues a more fitting title.

It is this scene I chose to study in more detail as I feel the effect Shakespeare intended Romeo to have on his audience in this scene was somewhat different to any other, as so far in the story Romeo has only delivered the element of love, in this scene the aggression may appeal more to the emotions of anger, hate and sadness over the death of his close friend. The provocative language used by Tybalt and Mercutio as they taunt each other over exemplifies this. This works because it makes the death of Mercutio seem in vain.

In this scene we see almost every character act aggressively towards each other there is only one character who does not and that surprisingly enough is Benvolio as Benvolio has been involved in most arguments even if he hasn't said anything he was there, Benvolio however is only looking out for his friend Mercutio by taking precaution in the fighting due to the princes words of warning. But he fails in breaking the tension as Mercutio continues to parade his pretentious side to his personality by continuing with the taunting, but Romeo with the aura he possesses breaks the tension upon entering the scene without intending to because Tybalt after so vigorously and aggressively conversing with Mercutio turns his attentions to Romeo without a second look at Mercutio this shows Romeo is a man of importance in the eyes of both families.

The power of the language used by Romeo in this scene is very passionate and if I were to give some advice to the actor performing this scene I would say make sure he understands the text before he says it, this also would be vitally important for anyone acting in a play with old and sometimes confusing language such as many of Shakespeare's plays. If I were to give the director one piece of advice it would be to get plenty of close-ups of Romeo to exaggerate the feelings he is performing with facial expressions and hand gestures of course it would be important to tell the actor to perform the hand gestures and facial expressions also.

Please note that this sample paper on shakespear-romeo and juliette (A-/B+) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on shakespear-romeo and juliette (A-/B+), we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on shakespear-romeo and juliette (A-/B+) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pinky

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Cry, The Beloved Country

Alan Paton

Cry, The Beloved Country, is a profound, majestic novel that depicts South Africa during the poverties years of British rule. It is a novel about a black mans country under white mans law. It is about all kinds of injustices that man inflicts on his own brothers.

Alan Paton, born in Peitermaritzburg, Natal, saw South Africa in the worst of times. Britain was the ruling power, and in a country that had belonged to the black man for centuries, where the overwhelming majority of the population was black, and where black man was the infrastructure, black was considered inferior. It was a time of racial, political, and social injustice, and it was all directed at the black man. Black was considered stupid, black was considered dirty, and unintelligent. As Alan Patons Robin Hood, Arthur Jarvis, writes in a speech in the book, We say we withhold education because the black child has not the intelligence to profit by it; we withhold opportunity to develop gifts because black man have no gifts; we justify our action by saying that it took us thousands of years to achieve our own advancement, and it would be foolish to suppose that it will take the black man any lesser time, and that therefore there is no need to hurry. We shift our ground again when a black man does acheive something remarkable, and decide that it is a Christian kindness not to let black men become remarkable. Thus, even our God becomes a confused and inconsistent creature, giving gifts and denying them employment.

Do my essay on pinky CHEAP !This alone is so well-written, so well-synchronised with the rest of the book, that it sends shivers down my spine to read it. Paton is a master of words, of nuances, of dialogue, and meaning. He will draw you into a world where it is not difficult to understand the plight of the black man in his own country, and it is even easier to become one of them, on their side, hoping for all its worth that they survive.

He adopts John Steinbecks method of dialogue, with the dash coming before the actual speech and no quote marks. It gives the novel fluidity, makes it all come together. It also lends a sort of serious sadness to the characters speeches, and it makes their words resound in silence, almost like a word spoken aloud in a lonely,deserted, desolate church, coming from nowhere and ending nowhere.

Religion is a centerpoint, as Patons main character is a Zulu pastor whose church is in a povertised, dry valley of old men and old women, of mothers and children. The men have gone away to Johannesburg, one of South Africas major cities whose central industry is gold mining. It is a city of sin and dirt, that has come, because of the white man, between the tribe and its people. Paton displays the city and its people, black and white, as corrupt, so evil that even someone innocent and whole, fresh from the grasslands, is overtaken by its filth. This is hard for a man whose innocent life revolved, in its entirety, around the principles of God, Church, and Goodness.

Stephen Kumalo, the pastor, comes to Johannesburg to seek out his sister. She went to look for her husband, who disappeared into the jaws of the city and never came back. She also is eaten, and Kumalo gives her up for lost. His son, Absalom Kumalo, goes to Johannesburg to look for his aunt, and is never seen or heard from again. Stephen, upon receiving news of his ailing sister from a kind-hearted pastor in Johannesburg, gathers up his worldly posessions and sets off in search of his lost family. He combs the streets and slums of Johannesburg and its surrounding areas with his pastor friend, following the ghosts of his sister and son from one place to another without pause. His friend, at first, seems inconspicuous and unimportant, but as the story progresses, Paton subtlely introduces Johannesburg through the eyes of one that knows of its ability to corrupt, maim, and discard. This friend drops many hints of wisdom, of profoundness, and of depth.

Kumalo finds his sister and son, but in what condition I will leave you to discover. The novel will not be the same if you know whats going to happen, not because its like that with every book, but because the surprise of its incidents is part of its enigma, and Johannesburgs horror.

This novel is so rich, so adept in describing the sorrow of mankind, the frustration, the incredible sadness of life in a torn world, that it will draw you in, capture you in a way you never believed possible, in a way you will remember long after you turn the last page.

Shazin Ali

Alan Paton wrote Cry, the Beloved Country during his tenure as the principal at the Diepkloof Reformatory for delinquent African boys. He started writing the novel in Trondheim, Norway in September of 146 and finished it in San Francisco on Christmas Eve of that same year. Concerning the state of racial affairs in South Africa, the novel tells the story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his search in Johannesburg for his son, who is accused of murdering the white social reformer Arthur Jarvis. Paton gave the novel to Aubrey and Marigold Burns of Fairfax, California, who sent it to several American publishers, including Charles Scribners Sons, whose editor, Maxwell Perkins, immediately agreed to its publication. According to Patons note on the 187 edition of the book, the novel was titled as such during a competition in which Paton, Aubrey and Marigold Burns each decided to write a proposed title and all three chose Cry, the Beloved Country.

Upon the publication of the novel in 148, Cry, the Beloved Country became an instant phenomenon with near unanimous praise. Soon after its publication the composer Kurt Weill adapted it into a musical, Lost in the Stars, and Paton himself worked on the screenplay for the 151 film adaptation of the novel, directed by Zoltan Korda. In 15, Miramax Films again filmed Cry, the Beloved Country, with James Earl Jones and Richard Harris in the roles of Stephen Kumalo and James Jarvis, respectively.

Undoubtedly much of the power of the novel comes from its depiction of the particular social conditions in its contemporary South Africa. The novel takes place in the time immediately before the institution of apartheid in the nation (the character Msimangu even discusses the possibility of apartheid), which occurred within a year of the novels 148 publication. Therefore, although the novel does not discuss the state of South Africa during the apartheid years, Cry, the Beloved Country is often used as a proxy for lessons concerning apartheid-era South Africa.

Even before the apartheid years, as Paton makes clear in his novel, discrimination against blacks in South Africa was significant. Blacks were forbidden from holding political office, had no viable unions, and certain positions were closed to them. The 11 Native Lands Act prevented blacks outside of the Cape Province from buying land not part of certain reserves. But apartheid was officially institutionalized in 148 with the election of the National Party and Daniel Malan as Prime Minister. The National Party enshrined apartheid into law with such legislation as the Group Areas Act, which specified that separate areas be reserved for the four main racial groups (whites, blacks, Coloreds, and Asians). The African National Congress, a group of black leaders under the leadership of Albert Luthuli and Nelson Mandela, emerged as the principal opposition to apartheid and the National Partys reforms. The African National Congress became increasingly militant, even using terrorist tactics that led to the government banning the ANC in 160.

After several decades, the end of apartheid was a slow one that began with the election of F.W. de Klerk as leader of the National Party and President of South Africa. De Klerk began to permit multiracial crowds to protest against apartheid and met with blacks leaders such as Bishop Desmond Tutu. Most importantly, he lifted the ban on the ANC and ordered the release of the imprisoned Nelson Mandela. By 1, the National Party and the ANC reached an agreement that pledged to institute a democratic South Africa. The ANC won political power in April of 14 during the first nonracial democratic election, with 6 percent of the vote. Under the ANC, Mandela repealed all apartheid legislation, while the South African parliament approved a new constitution in 16.

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