Flowers for Algernon

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Flowers For Algernon, by Daniel Keyes, tells the story of a mentally disabled man named Charlie Gordon, who undergoes an experimental procedure that increases his intelligence. Through Charlie's story, we find that one theme involves whether man possesses the right to play God and change the natural state of things. Several characters in the book question whether scientists or doctors should change what God intends or try to correct the mistakes of nature. Along with this theme of man versus the natural state, Keyes uses another theme in the book related to the importance of friendship. Charlie values his friends more than anything in his life and these friendships influence many of the decisions he makes. The story unfolds through progress reports that Charlie writes, beginning at the time he learns he will undergo an experimental procedure that will increase his intelligence, and ending nine months after the procedure. Prior to Charlie, only a mouse named Algernon underwent this procedure with successful results. As the first human subject, no one can predict the short and long term effects of the surgery. Charlie undergoes the procedure and over a short period of time, he experiences a great increase in his intelligence to a genius level. Charlie's progress reports indicate that this increased intelligence causes many problems and issues to arise that didn't exist before. Although Charlie's intelligence increases, his social skills do not, so he must learn how to behave as an adult. He also begins to recognize that many of the people he thought of as friends actually view him as someone to make fun of. He can now remember his past and his family, which causes many unhappy emotions to come out. Finally, Charlie's increased intelligence enables him to discover a flaw in the experiment, which eventually leads to a regression for him and Algernon. At the end, Charlie watches what happens to Algernon and realizes that he will go back to his previous state. The experiment eventually fails, but Charlie hopes that his experience contributes something to science, and he vows that he will never stop reading books or trying to "get smart."

The main character of the book, Charlie Gordon, a thirty-two year old developmentally disabled man, starts out at the beginning of the story with an I.Q. of 68. He works as a janitor in a bakery during the day and he attends a school for disabled adults during the night. He exhibits a trusting, loving nature and the most important aspects of his life consist of his friends, trying to please others, and "getting smarter". Charlie learns that he will soon undergo an operation that will make him smarter and the doctors request that he write progress reports describing his experiences. At first, the reports contain many spelling and grammatical mistakes. After the procedure, Charlie's intelligence increases dramatically, and the progress reports reflect this increase. Charlie's new intelligence brings many conflicts and changes to his life. He must learn to behave in social situations and how to maintain adult relationships; he must learn how to deal with the realization that people he used to think of as friends take advantage of his low intelligence by teasing and making fun of him; and he must deal with the anxiety that occurs when he remembers negative things about his past and his family. Further, he must deal with peoples' criticisms that his new intelligence does not represent what God or nature intended for him. Regardless of the new problems Charlie faces, he always maintains that friendships represent the most important thing in his life. He constantly tries to please others so they will like him. Since Charlie doesn't maintain any contact with his parents or sister, his friends at the bakery and at the school develop into family substitutes for him. He doesn't want to do anything to jeopardize these friendships. "This intelligence has driven a wedge between me and all the people I knew and loved, driven me out of the bakery. Now, I'm more alone than ever before. I wonder what would happen if they put Algernon back in the big cage with some of the other mice. Would they turn against him?" P. 75. Prior to the operation he maintains much simpler relationships with people because he never understands the real meaning behind people's actions and words. But after his operation his greater understanding causes him some conflicts. His new intelligence drives away his friends because they don't think that anyone should change what God gives to people, or because they now believe themselves inferior to him. The operation that he desperately wanted actually ends up working against him in certain ways. Yet the value he places on friends never decreases. Even in his regressed state he still continues to think of his friends as he commits himself to an institution so he won't burden anyone and he requests that someone remember to put flowers on his friend Algernon's grave.

Alice Kinnian plays a major role in the book because she illustrates the theme of friendship and she moves the plot along. Alice teaches at a school for disabled adults, and meets Charlie because he attends her class. Alice represents the only person who acts as a true friend to Charlie both before and after the surgery. In fact, Alice recommends him for the experimental procedure when she notices Charlie's strong motivation to learn. She does not disappoint Charlie as many of his other friends do, since she always treats Charlie with respect and honesty. As Charlie's mental state changes from very low intelligence into a genius, her involvement with Charlie changes from friendship into love. Although frustrated at times with the way Charlie treats her as his intelligence increases, she continues to exhibit loyalty and love towards Charlie. Even when Charlie discovers the flaw in the experiment and he realizes he will soon regress, she still wants to spend time with him. "Alice knows everything about me now, and accepts the fact that we can be together for only a short while. She has agreed to go away when I tell her to go. It's painful to think about that, but what we have, I suspect, is more than most people find in a lifetime." P. 05. Even as Charlie regresses into his previous state and he tells Alice not to visit him or help him anymore, she doesn't abandon him. She demonstrates the meaning of a true friend as she desperately tries to maintain ties with him even though he pushes her away.

Gimpy represents a minor character in this book who works at the bakery with Charlie. Before Charlie's operation, Gimpy and the other workers at the bakery make fun of Charlie, but Charlie doesn't really understand it; he just enjoys their company and wants them to like him. After the operation, Charlie realizes how they make jokes at his expense and he recognizes some negative things about his co-workers that he didn't realize before. This leads him to question the worthiness of their friendship. He discovers that Gimpy often steals money from the bakery by undercharging customers and pocketing the extra money. Charlie's loyalties lie toward the owner, someone he considers a friend, but also to Gimpy, since he considers Gimpy a friend too and doesn't want to get him fired. He finally shows loyalty to both Gimpy and the owner of the bakery. He confronts Gimpy with his knowledge and says that he won't tell the owner if Gimpy will stop stealing immediately. Gimpy reluctantly agrees to stop and doesn't even realize that Charlie's loyalty and friendship just saved his job. Charlie leaves the bakery as his intelligence increases since others find it difficult to maintain a relationship with him as he reaches the genius level. But, at the end of the story when Charlie regresses to his original state of intelligence, he goes back to the bakery and asks for his old job. "Later Gimpy came over limping on his bad foot and he said Charlie if anyone bothers you or trys to take advantage you call me or Joe or Frank and we will set him strait. We all want you to remember that you got frends here and dont you ever forget it. I said thanks Gimpy. That makes me feel good." P. 15. Gimpy and the others he worked with before finally show true friendship qualities as they protect him and support him when some of the new people make fun of him. Gimpy thought that Charlie betrayed them by reaching an intelligence level greater than theirs. But now, his friends at the bakery accept him as he returns to his original state.

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Clearly, Keyes wants us to examine the issues that arise when man changes the natural state of things. Should scientists and doctors play God and try to improve things or does that cause more problems? Charlie's transformation from a man who possesses low intelligence, to a genius, produces many complications in his life. In addition, the experiment ultimately fails, which means Charlie must go through extreme disappointment and possibly even regress further than before. The book's very good quality of writing moves the story along at a fast pace. Telling the story from Charlie's perspective makes it more interesting because you can hear his thoughts as he goes through the various stages of the experiment. I recommend this book highly because of the suspense of finding out what happens to Charlie.

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Is Richard III a study of how to structure a play or is it a study of how to gain political power?

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Is Richard III a study of how to structure a play, or is it a study of how to gain political power?

For different minds, Richard III could be percieved as a fine example of both how to structure a play and how to gain political power. Critics would probably be more intersted in the construction of Richard III than a person seeing the play for the first time. In my opinion, the configuration of Richard III is of equal importance as the plot.

Shakespeare uses several succesful devices in structuring the play, that make the audience feel like insiders. Dramatic irony, for example, allows the audience to know something that the other characters dont, to be in on the plan. Another of these is parralel scenes, where the audience sees events that are happening simultaneously, but to different people. This creates dramatic tension int the play.

Another device is dramatic irony, especially when Richard relates his plots to the audience. When Richard says

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Dive thoughts, down to my soul. He lets the audience know what he is thinking, but means to keep his thoughts hidden from the other characters. These aside speeches and soliloquys are particularly fascinating because they are the only parts of the play when we see Richards true nature. The fact that Richard has to be very cautious as to whom he discloses his real nature is very important. Even Buckingham does not know Richards mind throughout the play. Richard only shows his true character to those who he feels pose no threat, and those who do see it, are usually disposed of soon afterwards. However, it should be most detrimental to his reputation should someone of importance to his plots see his character for what it really is.

The play is structured around several important themes. These are Richards ambitions, -his aspiration to the crown, irony, -how he decieves everybody and yet no-one suspectshim, fate, -Justice being done to Richard, good triumphing over evil, and morals, -that teach the audience a lesson about good and evil.

At regular intervals, Richard discloses his intentions to the audience in soliloquys. In the first scene, Richard reveals his plots to drive a wedge between his brothers, King Edward and Clarence, to play them off one another, then to have Clarence imprisoned and quietly murdered. Plots

to set my brother Clarence and the King in deadly hate the one against the other, and if King Edward be as true and just as I am sublte, false and treacherous, this day should Clarence be closely mewed up, about a prophesy which sais that G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be.

This exemplifies to the audience Richards mercenary and remorseless nature, his willingness to kill anyone who interferes with his political pursual, regardless of his relationship with them.

Irony plays an important role in the play in many ways. For instance, dramatic irony, when the audience know something the other characters dont. Also when Richard drops hints of his villainy and plots to unsuspecting characters and when other characters oblivious words or actions prophesise outcomes, for example in Act Scene , Stanley tells Hastings of a dream he has had of Richard revealing his true nature, and endangering Hastings. Hastings dismisses this entirely and mocks Stanley for believing in dreams. He reassures Stanley wrongly of Richards kind and virtous disposition. This ties in with another theme fate, as Elizabethans were particularly intersted in the idea of interpreting dreams and omens.

Margaret, Hastings and the Duchess of York all prophesise Richards nemesis

Margaret Sin, death and hell have set their marks upon him.

Hastings I prophesy the fearfulst time to thee.

Duchess Bloody thou art, and bloody will be thy end, Shame serves thy life and doth thy death attend.

Fate also is an important theme of the play. The Medieval idea of the Wheel of Fortune that supposedly controlled ones fate suggests that Richards luck rose and fell in large fluctuations. It appeared to climax when Richard became King, but fell sharply almost as soon after he was crowned. The audience of the day would have identified with this, as Elizabethans were very superstitious.

Richards plight is supposedly parallel with the ancient Greek dramas. For example, the Greek tragedy of Phaedra, a young man who had an affair with his Fathers lover, and paid with his life as a consequence.

Though in my opinion, the fundamental, most crucial theme of the play is morality. Elizabethan people either were, or liked to appear very pious and devout, so plays with ethics or a moral lesson appealed to them.

Although Richards behaviour is scandalously immoral, the outcome is favourable to the audience of the day, because Richard is punished and good triumphs over evil. Richard certainly does not soften as the play progresses. He is willing to kill anyone who steps in the way of his political aspirations, including his own brother. He is willing to force his niece into an incestuous marriage with him, so as to secure his political gains.

The play appears to be of two halves. The first half, Acts One, Two and Three are focused on Richards success. The second half, Acts Four and Five, are centred around Richards plight. Richard seems to lose his power in the second half of the play, the audience see his weakness when people start to lie to him.

Elizabeth appears to aggree to woo her daughter for him, but secretly plans to get her daughter quickly married to Richmond

Shall I go and win my daughter to thy will? and

I go, write to me very shortly, and you shall understand from me her mind.

Stanley also lies to Richard about his loyalty

Most mighty sovereign, you have no cause to hold my friendship doubtful, I never was, nor never will be false.

Whereas once, Richard was able to command the devotion of his courtiers, he now feels that he has to blackmail Stanley with his nephews life, in order to keep Stanley loyal to him.

Not only is Richards downfall historically correct, but Shakespeare has enforced this with reccurring themes of right and wrong in the play. This seems so because Shakespeare knows this is what the audience wants to happen. However, it is true to say that Richard III is a biased play because

Elizabeth I was of the opposing Lancastiran family and Shakespeare embellished the truth to please her by diminishing Richards character, qualities and appearance. Although it has never been proven to be true, it is thought that Richard murdered his nephews. This was another point on which we cannot be sure of its testemony. His deformity in the play, was also not true to life.

I also believe thatRichard III is a study of how to gain political power.

The play closely narrates Richards ambitions and success in acquiring and maintaining his power. Richard appears to have a deep inferiority complex throughout the play. I think that this unprovoked bitterness stems from his deformity. Richard feels that his disfigured looks leave him unsuccessful in sexual exploits. He therefore states that

Since I cannot prove a lover, to entertain these fair and well spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days.

Richards psychological acrimony is supported in his hatred towards the Woodville family, as he has no motive to justify his resentment.

Richard loses what little moral sense he has due to his political ambitions and is completely remorseless, unimpressed and almost amused by the way people are manouvered and manipulated by him...

Relenting fool, shallow changing woman. Richard mutters to himself after he thinks that he has successfully persuaded Elizabeth to woe her daughter for him. Richard knows exactly how to behave honourably and virtuously when trying to win peoples good favour.

For instance, in Act Three, Richard has to impress the Mayor with his piety, ironically because he masks his corruption and evil with unnervingly convincing performances.

In fact, throughout the play, Richard appears amiable and charming on the surface, concealing his true nature; a ruthless and bitter disposition completely devoid of feeling, though he is able to affect sentiments of sanctity and compassion when fooling others, which is unusual in a villain.

Richard, despite his deformities, is a proud character. Because he cares for no-one, he fears no-one. His arrogance dismisses Richmond as a threat, therefore Richanrd is defeated when he underestimates Richmonds strength. Fundimentally, Richards pride condemns him.

Although Richard appears to be composed 100% villain, he has some attractive qualities which would appeal to the audience; his humour, charm, wit, intellect and dramatic skills are all highly admirable. In terms of politics, I think that Richard would make a successful, clever King. His major flaw is that he would need to control his conceit. If he could overcome that, I think he would be able to easily outwit enemies with tactical ruthless actions.

However, he would probably be harsh and obstinate with his subjects as he is not compassionate, though his eloquent performances would prove successful in debating, persuading and in situations where he is required to behave diplomatically.

Though the construction and characterization of Richard III are of equal importance, I believe that the sequence of events has more initial impact on the audience. It is Richards success and eventual downfall that is of dominant interest in the play, but Richards intricate character is something to analyse on reflection.

A contemporary audience would find the play harder to perceive due to circumstances, such as the difference between the authority the monarchy had in Richard IIIs day, than today. Also, certain topics, such as witchcraft, have been provenand dismissed as irrational superstition.

However, an audience today would probably have a much more light hearted approach to the play because society today is much less restrained, where dysfunctional families and personalities are discussed a lot more freely and psychological disorders are researched treated and accepted today.

Though the different audiences over the years have different reactions to the play, the most common attitude towards Richard has stayed the same. Most viewers think that Richards ruin was a punishment for his wrongdoings.Please note that this sample paper on Is Richard III a study of how to structure a play or is it a study of how to gain political power? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Is Richard III a study of how to structure a play or is it a study of how to gain political power?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Is Richard III a study of how to structure a play or is it a study of how to gain political power? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Wider reading

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The two stories I will be comparing in this essay are Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl and The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Lamb to the Slaughter was written in 154 while The Speckled Band was written in 18. Already we see a difference, they were both written in different centuries. Lamb to the Slaughter is a far more modern story in contrast to The Speckled Band, therefore, we can relate to it more easily. The Speckled Band is a Victorian crime story with Sherlock Holmes, a detective who solves murders. Lamb to the Slaughter is a modern short story with a twist.The two stories are similar because of their genre. They are both murder / crime stories. However, The Speckled Band is a traditional murder mystery while Lamb to the Slaughter doesn't fit that description. In Lamb to the Slaughter we find out who the killer is immediately, unlike in The Speckled Band, where we find out at the end.

In these stories, both murders take place in a house. But due to the time they were written, they obviously have different settings. Stoke Moran, the murder house in The Speckled Band, is described as being "very old" and that

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"The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone, with

a high central portion, and two curving wings, like the

claws of a crab, thrown out on each side. In one of these

wings the windows were broken, and blocked with

wooden boards, while the roof was partly caved in, a

picture of ruin."

This gives us the idea of 'Gothic Horror' such as Dracula or Frankenstein. The setting also changes in this story. We are taken from the streets of London to the exotic wildlife of India

"he has at this moment a cheetah

and a baboon, which wonder freely over his grounds."

This gives us a variety. Lamb to the Slaughter is different from this. The murder house in Lamb to the Slaughter is described as follows;

"The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn,

the two table lamps alight"

Not only is this a far more modern house in the suburbs, it is also totally different from a traditional murder story. It is unusual and doesn't contain the stereotypical 'creaky door' or 'eerie lighting'. It is just a normal home belonging to a family. It is also the only setting in the story; the attention never leaves the house. Except for when Mary Maloney goes to the shop for a short period of time.

In The Speckled Band, Sherlock Holmes is the central character. He is a fictional detective who always solves the crimes. He uses a technique called 'deduction' which is cleverly used to gain information from witnesses. He wears a 'deer stalker' hat and smokes a pipe. He also plays the violin. As you can see, Sherlock Holmes is a very sophisticated man. Surprisingly, he is a drug addict, who is addicted to morphine. This could have been a device to make him seem more real. His accomplice, Dr Watson is also a fictional detective. The entire story is seen through his eyes, therefore, we, the audience, could be lacking in knowledge. However, in Lamb to the Slaughter we see the story through the all knowing third person view, looking in on the household. Sherlock Holmes is obviously the detective of the story. In comparison with the detectives from Lamb to the Slaughter he is professional, he thinks before he acts

"his hat pulled down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the deepest thought."

He is always careful, serious and remains suspicious unlike the detectives in Lamb to the Slaughter. They are not as serious and they eat the murder weapon

"their voices

thick and sloppy because their mouths were full of

meat."

This is an example of 'Black comedy' or 'macabre'. It is when a serious situation has comical values. For example, the consumption of the murder weapon in this story.

Mary Maloney, the central character in Lamb to the Slaughter, the murderer, is a simple housewife. She has no accomplice or interesting secrets. At the beginning of the story she appears to be an innocent pregnant woman. You could even say that she could quite easily be a victim in another murder story, but not this one.

"Her skin for this was her sixth month with

child had acquired a wonderful translucent quality."

She is a complete contradiction to the murderer in The Speckled Band, Dr Grimesby Roylott. He is described as being an "apparition". Also he is described much clearer as apposed to Mary Maloney

"His costume was a peculiar mixture of the

professional and of the agricultural, having a black

top-hat, a long frock-coat, and a pair of high gaiters,

with a hunting-crop swinging in his hand. So tall was

he that his hat actually brushed the cross bar of the

doorway, and his breadth seemed to span it across

from side to side. A large face, seared with a thousand

wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun, and marked

with every evil passion"

He is a traditional, stereotypical character created for the sole purpose of evil. He is the obvious prime suspect in The Speckled Band. In Lamb to the Slaughter, Mary Maloney is a very plain wife who loved her husband more than anything else. We are told that

"She loved to luxuriate in

the presence of this man"

She also speaks to her husband with an immense amount of excitement and admiration

"I'll get it!' she cried, jumping up"

However, it is when her husband replies to her, that the reader begins to feel sorry for her. He answers her in one or two word sentences, with no affection at all.

"'Sit down,' he said"

We feel as if Mary Maloney's love for her husband, Patrick Maloney is not mutual. The difference is you do not get this sympathy for Grimesby Roylott, the murderer in The Speckled Band. Instead, he is 'guilty before proven innocent.'In both stories, the roles of the women are played quite differently. Mary Maloney, the murderer, is the only woman in Lamb to the Slaughter. She keeps to herself, 'bottling up' emotions, not asking for help. On the other hand, we have Helen Stoner. She comes straight to Dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes for help. In this story, she is the innocent, helpless character. She is described as having

"restless frightened eyes, like those of some

hunted animal."

Strangely, in this story, she is in fact the hunted animal. The hunter is Grimesby Roylott, who missed his opportunity to kill her. She is the hunted animal because Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is reflecting social attitudes at the time, portraying the woman as the helpless victim. Whereas Roald Dahl portrays the woman as the murderer.

While reading the stories, we notice that there is a difference in attitude towards the portrayal of women. In The Speckled Band we get the common woman in distress, Helen Stoner, seeking help from a man. Also we have a typical good vs. evil power struggle, Sherlock Holmes being good and Grimesby Roylott being evil. This is different from Lamb to the Slaughter, where good and evil are blurred, leaving the reader questioning their morals. As the reader sympathizes with the murderer, a pregnant housewife.

Men are also portrayed differently in these stories. In The Speckled Band, the man plays the role of a hero, who saves innocent people.

"The instant that we heard it, Holmes sprang from the

bed, struck a match, and lashed furiously with his cane

at the bell-pull"

However, in Lamb to the Slaughter the men come across as ignorant and naïve. Also, in The Speckled Band, the murderer is a man, when in Lamb to the Slaughter the man is the victim. This is another reflection of society in story writing; I believe that these stories have both been manipulated by the social attitudes of the time it was written. For example, when The Speckled band was written, in the Victorian era, men were seen as far superior to women. Women were considered weak and innocent. This differs from the social attitudes in Lamb to the Slaughter.

As we know, these stories were written 6 years apart. Obviously there will be a difference in language. In The Speckled Band long, descriptive sentences are used,

"in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and

grey, with restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal."

Also, a complex sentence structure is used. It is called Parentheses. This is when a long explanation is used in between two commas. Here is one example

"for, working as he did rather for

the love of his art than for the acquirement of wealth,

he refused"

I have highlighted the text that is in Parenthesis. In Lamb to the Slaughter, these complex structures are not used at all. Instead, we find shortened, 'idiomatic' expressions and phrases

"'That's the hell of a big club the guy must've used to

Hit poor Patrick,"

The writing remains simple, with not much descriptive words.

In The Speckled Band, not only the language is complex, but also the plot. It consists of multiple twists and turns. The whole story is actually a report, given to us by Dr Watson. Throughout the story, clue after clue is given to us, but we don't get closure on who was the murderer until the end of the story. We are then told Sherlock Holms' conclusion in the form of a report

"I had come to these conclusions before ever I had

entered his room. An inspection of his chair showed

me that he had been in the habit of standing on it,

which of course would be necessary in order that he

should reach the ventilator. The sight of the safe, the

saucer of milk, and the loop of whipcord were enough

to finally dispel any doubts which may have remained."

Strangely after reading this conclusion, you could say that the audience start to become Dr Watson. These complexities are not present in Lamb to the Slaughter. Instead we are presented with a fairly simple plot. Unlike in The Speckled Band, we find out who the murderer is almost immediately. The only turn in this story is when Mary Maloney is told some disturbing news by her husband. This news triggers her to kill him. This news is actually so important that Roald Dahl has not told us.

"And he told her. It didn't take long, four or five

minutes at most, and she sat very still through it all,

watching him with a kind of dazed horror as he went

further and further away from her with each word."

This is a technique used to keep the audience in suspense. The Audience keep reading as they think that they will find out what it is later on in the story. But they do not.

To conclude, the main element of a detective story is that the villain is caught and justice is achieved. This happens in The Speckled Band, with Dr Roylott's death, but in Lamb to the Slaughter it doesn't, and the villain gets away with murder. Even if they had found her out, they wouldn't have any evidence. The main element is missing in Lamb to the Slaughter, but even so, that doesn't make the story any less exciting. We see both sides of the story. We empathize with Mary Maloney because we have seen her side of the story. But as for Dr Roylott, we remain with the impression of him being a criminal with no morals. Please note that this sample paper on Wider reading is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wider reading, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Wider reading will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME

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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to design a prescriptive fitness programme to suit the need of a chosen subject. The chosen clients goal is to successfully complete a day training weekend in order to gain a Royal Yachting Association (RYA) Level 1 Windsurfing certificate, scheduled for August 00. A previous failure in attempting to achieve this certificate has motivated the subject to join her first gym. She is reluctant to do cardiovascular training on the gym equipment as she feels this is gained through other outdoor activities. In order to achieve this goal she has identified her weaknesses as poor balance, strength and endurance. LITERATURE REVIEW Upon investigation into the sport of windsurfing, very little research has been conducted into the training requirements of such a skilful sport. Courses are readily available for anyone with an interest; some even guarantee you to qualify with only an hour of tuition. Noticeably, this increasing popular exciting sport is not without its drawbacks. A major hazardous point identified is poor physical conditioning; the body quickly becomes fatigued, which increases the risk of injury, due to lack of training. (Rosenbaum et al., 1). Custom Essays on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME

Endurance Training Muscular endurance is the ability of the muscles to sustain repeated muscle actions or a single static action. Endurance training involves low resistance with high repetitions that adapts the following physiological changes increased aerobic enzymes and mitochondria, increased capillaries, improved oxygen intake and fat utilization, and more efficient contractions. Starkey B.J., (17). Fitness and Health 4th Edition, Chapter 10, pp 17. Documented effects of muscular endurance is mainly focused on the muscle fibres, suggesting the aerobic enzymic improvements may be a stage in the transformation of fast twitch to slow twitch fibres this was identified in a study conducted by Pette (184), on rats and rabbits, but it is not proven if these fibre changes occur in humans. Starkey B.J., (17). Fitness and Health 4th Edition, Chapter 8, pp 14. Muscular endurance is reliant on muscle glycogen stores. In order to maintain and replenish these stores a high-carbohydrate diet is required. Concepts of Physical Fitness, (000). Muscle Fitness, Concept 11, pp 17. Muscular Strength Muscular strength is measured as the maximal single-effort force that can be generated by a muscle/s against resistance. Commonly measured by performing a one repetition maximum (1RM), the objective being to determine the maximum amount of weight one can lift once only. Concepts of Physical Fitness, (000). Muscle Fitness, Concept 11, pp 177. The effects of muscular strength training include an increase in contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and stronger connective tissue. The increase in strength is said to be due to the increased cross sectional area of contractile protein that exerts more force. Personal Trainer Manual, (16), Muscular Strength and Endurance, Chapter 8, 44. Starkey 15 suggest the combination of moderate repetition and resistance will develop muscular endurance and strength. Both being qualities required for windsurfing. Ideally 40-60% of the subject's 1RM should be used, along with various speeds throughout inner, mid and outer ranges of movement, as windsurfing is a very unpredictable sport. BALANCE The body's centre of mass is considered to be the centre of gravity, a point of equilibrium. With movement this is forever changing making it difficult to balance on uneven surfaces or when supporting external weight. Balance and control exercise are designed to stimulate weakened tissue by motion and force production. Commonly used methods of improving balance include, a combination of proprioception and co-ordination exercises using various equipment such as wobble boards, airex pads, swiss balls etc. CASE HISTORY Subjective History In order to achieve the aforementioned goal the subject feels areas of concentration are- 1) Maintain fitness level by continuing with her outdoor activities ) Increase strength a previous failure in this course, during adverse whether conditions highlighted weakness as a main area of concern. ) Balance and stability experience of the previous course has also indicated the importance of balance, control and stability. Upon completion of a Physical Activity Readiness-Questionnaire (PAR-Q), (see Appendix) the subject has not indicated any cause of concern relating to current or previous health problems. The subject participating in this study is a year old female, currently employed in a sedentary but stressful career. She has no dependents, and no highlighted health conditions. Objective Examination In order to establish the level of fitness the subject is currently at, a selection of standard fitness assessments have been conducted. The subject is fit and activity, participating in weekly training sessions for netball, and runs -4 miles per week, therefore concentration will be prioritised to balance/stability, strength and endurance. TREATMENT/FITNESS PROGRAMME The proposed activity programme will be varied as my subject is currently active and does not wish to participate in any cardiovascular (CV) fitness using the gym CV equipment as she feels her fitness is at a high level due to her weekly running and netball training activities. In order to increase the subject's confidence and make her more relaxed in these surroundings, this prescribed exercise programme consists of a variety of enjoyable activities that do not specifically require attendance to a gym. The reason for this initial variety is to 1) ensure the subject enjoys the prescribed activities, ) ensure the programme is not repetitive so it becomes monotonous or a chore, ) can incorporate others to encourage progression without accompanying the subject in the gym, 4) ensure she actually does the activities. RESULTS In order to access the subject's current level of fitness a standard operating procedure of battery of fitness tests used within the healthclub was performed. 1. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure- using a battery operated machine digital machine, tests were performed, with the average results recorded. . Weight and Body Fat %- using battery operated scales, weight and % body fat were recorded. . Measurements - using a standard tape measure. This series of tests is replicated for each client regardless of their aim or goal. A heart rate monitor is used throughout the initial cardiovascular training programme, using the training zone guideline of 0-age. A 1repitition maximum was used to select a weight-training programme. No tests were included in this routine for balance. This standard operating procedure of testing is extremely basic, and inappropriate to assess a realistic level of fitness. Therefore permission was sought to use a more individualised battery of tests. Resting Pulse measured by palpating the radial pulse and counting individual beats for a period of 60seconds. The recommended method for this procedure by the American College of Sports Medicine (15) is impractical and time consuming as it requires the pulse to be taken over a period of days, prior to getting out of bed. According to the ACSM women average about 75 beats per minute (bpm). However, this is dependent on fitness levels, age, anticipation, stress etc The subject averaged 80 bpm, from , minute interval tests. This may be above the average due to her current stress level, having just arrived from work and also due to anticipation of the exercise to be undertaken. In order to work out a target heart rate training zone the guideline of Percentage of Heart Rate Reserve (Karvonen Formula) was used, as it is more specific to each individual, representing the reserve capacity of cardiac output, rather than the functional capacity (Whaley et al, 1). In conjunction with this test a rate of perceived exertion was used, (Borg 18), along with the talk-test method. Resting Blood Pressure No other method possible, therefore results of this test were compared to The 5th Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V Report) that classifies normal blood pressure 10mmHg systolic and 85mmHg diastolic. My subject averaged 18/8mmHg from reading taken in -minute intervals, which according to these guidelines is classified as normal. Body Fat % In accordance to Lohman et al the Bioelectric impedance in measuring body fat % achieved an overall rating of .5 indicating a good to very good validity of the measurement of Body Composition. Endurance/Strength Programme Based on that idea strength and endurance on be combined using 40-60% of 1RM, due to limited equipment such as a metromone and squat racks. An alteration to the advised Benchpress test was conducted. 50% of my clients 1RM was used on various machines to test the number of repetitions they could produce prior to fatigue (unable to raise the weight) The total figure of repetitions was halved and the weight was increased to 60% of 1RM, sets of each activity were prescribed. DISCUSSION The equipment available was extremely limited. Improvisation was required in several areas. With a greater variety of kit it is thought a more sport specific programmed could have been achieved. Alterations that may have been incorporated would have been the use of an adjustable pulley machine that may have simulated a more realistic training environment, building strength and endurance through various planes of movement, highlighting weak areas, and using a fixed base of support. The subject could also have extend her training times to a) more than 1 hour per session, b) incorporate some cardiovascular training, such as rowing or cycling to build up her endurance, maintaining this activity through various intensities over a training session of 1 hour. The ACSM identify stages of progression for cardiovascular training, the initial conditioning stage advised to last between 4-6weeks, exercise frequency should be daily for a duration of 10-0mins with a gradual increase. The subject therefore is currently getting no benefit by maintaining the same CV routine each week. CONCLUSION The outcome of the prescriptive programme appeared to be successful, although no significant physiological testing results changed between the start and finish of the placement. The subject had noticeably improved on her balance, co-ordination and stability. This she had noticed both in the progression of her proprioception training and also whilst playing netball and jogging. The subject's perception of exercising in a gym had also become more positive. Having previously been dubious about joining a gym the subject experience various enjoyable methods of exercise to assist in achieving her goal which she had not previously en-counted, or thought were attainable in this environment. Please note that this sample paper on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on CASE STUDY: PERSONAL PROGRAMME will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Death in Poetry

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Theme Based Poetry Essay

To what extent are there common threads in the poems you studied this year?

Refer to a range of poets and poems in your answer.

Poetry is the window into life; it allows readers to read different perspectives on different themes. Death is a universal theme; everyone will experience death, whether it is the death of a loved one or their own. Consequently, everyone has a different perspective on death. Poets such as, John Shaw Neilson, James McAuley, Gwen Harwood, Peter Porter, A.D. Hope and Barcroft Boake, use different poetic techniques to convey their perceptions of death. Their poems share the common theme death, however each convey different ideas and perceptions through the use of different poetry techniques.

Porter in An Exequy portrays death as a time of despair and grief, and the pain in remembering the deceased. In this ode, written some 0 years ago, he uses imagery to convey his experience with death.

This introduction serves to sing

Your mortal death as Bishop King

Once hymned in tetrametric rhyme

His young wife, lost before her time;

Though he lived on for many years

His poem each day few new tears…

Porter writes in the form of an ode to convey his deep feelings for his wife, shown by phrases such as, 'and you alone of pure substance,' but his poem differs from the typical ode form. He conveys a passionate grief with no resolution in sight. Porter uses imagery to compare himself to Bishop King, a man who had too lost his wife at a young age, to convey his feelings after her death. 'Though he lived on for many years, His poem each day few new tears,' conveys how he is grieving for his wife and will continue to grieve her death. 'The abstract hell of memory,' portrays to the readers that he perceives memories of his wife as painful and taunting.

The sky is overcast be doubt,

The time has come, I listen for

Your words of comfort at the door,

O guide me through the shoals of fear

The above extract portrays to the readers the feelings he has become consumed with, despair, doubt and fear. He also uses specific language to maintain the tragic tone of his poem. For example, he uses words such as, 'mourning', 'grief', 'misery' and 'black'.

Similarly, in Harwood's Mother who gave me life, although death isn't the only theme presented, also conveys death as a time to mourn the deceased and the painfulness of memories. She too writes in ode form to portray her strong feelings for her mother, though her ode more relates to her ancestral 'mothers'. Harwood, in contrast to Porter, uses strict stanzas and no rhyme to present her perception of death. 'Anguish remembered hours' portrays to the readers the pain she was experiencing after and as her mother was dying. It also portrays how some memories of her mother caused her anguish which is similar to Porter's poem. The use of short detached sentences emphasises these key ideas which are similar to those in An Exequy.

In contrast to Porter and Harwood's poems, McAuley, a 0th century poet, in Memorial portrays death as time to remember the deceased residents of New Guinea rather than mourn them.

I write it brief and unadorned

That some remembrance may be paid

Far longer than they can be mourned.

He, in the extract above, portrays memories as, not painful, but the way in which the deceased's lives can be remembered. This poem is short, i.e. contains a single stanza and uses alliteration. 'When the sleeping isles were shaken,' is an example of his use of alliteration. He uses alliteration to maintain the atmosphere of the poem. He also maintains the atmosphere of tragedy and pain through similar words such as, horror, fear, and forsaken. Although the theme of the poem is death, like the previous poems, this poem explores a different perspective on death.

Death of a Bird, by A.D. Hope also portrays a different perspective of death.

And the great earth, with neither grief nor malice,

Receives the tiny burden of her death.

He writes of the death of a bird, not a human being, as being blamed on the earth (metaphorically). He mentions the word 'tiny' to convey how small in comparison the death of a bird is and how often it may go unnoticed or if noticed, not cared about. He does not portray any grief or mourning. He also does not mention any afterlife or remembrance.

She feels it close now, the appointed season

The invisible thread is broken as she flies;

Suddenly, without warning, without reason,

The guiding spark of instinct winks and dies.

Through the explanations in his poem of her life before death and how she died, he portrays that he had a sound understanding of her death. He uses imagery to emphasise the feelings he felt after her death, and to maintain the dreary tone. For example, 'the invisible thread is broken as she flies,' portrays her instinct when migrating and drives us to feel sympathy for the bird. He writes with strict stanza patterns and rhyme to create a 'songlike' poem which appeals emotionally to his readers, as he wants them to feel empathy for the bird.

In contrast, McAuley in Pieta conveys no one is to blame for the death of his child and cannot comprehend the aftermath and the loss.

A year ago you came

Early into the light

You lived a day and night

Then died; no-one to blame.

This portrays to the readers that his young baby had died unexpectedly, only after living for a day. It also portrays that he feels that death is no one's fault.

Your mother in farewell

Touched you. I cannot tell,

I cannot understand

A thing so dark and deep

So physical a loss

This portrays to the reader the confusion he felt regarding his and the mother's mourning and the loss of their child. In his sonnet (4 lines, 4 lines, lines, lines), he uses detached sentences to maintain the rhythm (through rhyme) and flow of the poem and to emphasise key points in his sentences. For example, 'I cannot understand,' and 'So physical a loss'. McAuley also makes a reference to a religious symbol, the Cross, to strengthen his perception of great loss and the everlasting wounds, by comparing it to the death of Christ on the Cross.

In contrast to all of the previous poems, Barcroft Boake, in Where the dead men lie, portrays that there is 'life' beyond death. He uses imaginative writing to portray the presence of ghosts and his perception of death.

Hearing them call to their friends the plover,

Hearing the dead men cry;

Seeing their faces stealing, stealing,

Hearing the laughter pealing, pealing,

Watching their grey forms wheeling, wheeling

Round where the cattle lie.

He portrays 'life' after death by comparing the ghosts' actions as similar to human activity, for example, they cry, they laugh and they have faces. He uses repetition to emphasise his perception of death and how the dead taunt the living, for example, 'stealing, stealing'. He also arranges the structure of his poem in a certain way to emphasise the 'living' actions of the dead, as shown above.

Also in contrast to the previous poems, The Moon Was Seven Days Down, by Neilson portrays that death is something to be feared, is unavoidable or cannot be changed, and hence somewhat insignificant. He portrays these elements of death by making references to two characters in his poem, a woman and Peter.

I fear no evil; but, oh! the moon!

She is seven days gone.

This portrays how the woman fears her death, as the use of imagery, the moon being seven days gone/down, symbolises her death or soon-to-be death.

That I should die in the turning time

When the wheat was in the ear;

That I should go in a plain coffin

And lie in a plain gown

When the moon had taken her full glory

And was seven days down.

This extract informs the reader that she was told she was going to die and this is why she is filled with fear because the moon was seven days down. It is also used to prepare the reader for the upcoming stanzas.

How cool and straight and steady he was

He said, 'She seems so young!

Her face is fine it was always fine

But, oh, by God! her tongue!

This portrays how insignificant her death was to Peter. He did not feel sadness, grief or guilt for ignoring her. Instead it is mentioned that he continued to complain about her tongue. To continue expressing his perception of death Neilson mentions, in the following stanzas, that he speaks to his neighbours, not about the woman's death but of his crops.

He said, 'A good strong plain coffin

Is the one I am thinking on,'

- And the moon was over his shoulder

She was seven days gone.

These closing sentences reveal that the information of her death previously stated came true. It portrays that death is governed by fate, cannot be changed nor avoided.

Neilson uses repetition, such as repeating 'seven days down/gone', to emphasise the key elements of his poem and to create a 'songlike' feel similar to Hope's poem. He uses specific wording to emphasise the dullness in death, for example, he uses the word 'plain' repeatedly. Neilson, similar to Boake, manipulates the structure in his poem to emphasise certain sections of his sentences.

These poems although covering the same central theme express different perspectives of death. Whether it is depressing, tragic, a time of remembrance, or insignificant, they all cover the theme of death. Each poet uses poetry techniques to emphasise the key elements of their perceptions. To some extent each poem has its similarities, such as the same theme or techniques used, but the majority of the poems differ from one another in their perceptions.

Please note that this sample paper on Death in Poetry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Death in Poetry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Death in Poetry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts

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People often say, Theres nothing interesting in my life. Or, Nothing exciting ever happens to me. Most people underestimate themselves and I am one of those people. I never thought about my life and how interesting it has been, I only thought about the worst times I had been through. Now when I look back upon my life, the blurred memories awake and wait to be unfolded. Every one has their stories on their life about good and the bad things they have done. In my life I think I have done more bad things in my life than good things. I grew in a small town called Lahore located in Pakistan. While growing up my grandmother used to tell my mother that once grown up Hassan will be a very honest person. Even when I was very young I had the habits of a very obedient and an honest boy. My brother named me Hassan, which in Arabic means handsome, and always smiling.

While I was quite young I used to donate money out of my own pocket money so that poor people would live a better life. I remember this one time when my mother gave me my monthly pocket money and I gave it all to this homeless person who used to live close to my house on a street. I would always see him sitting on a stone just staring at the sky; I always wanted to know what he would be thinking. In my heart I wanted to help him because it seemed like life didn't play a fair game with him. So whenever I would get a chance I would give him money, food and even my clothes although, they wouldn't fit him but he used them for blankets. I think I am generous, I care too much about people and inside my heart I can't see people suffering. I make other peoples suffering my own, and try to help them in any way possible so when I was moving to Dallas, Texas I ask my dad to buy the homeless guy an apartment so his life would be a little better. My dad was so proud of me because I was young and I thought of someone else's comfort.

When I moved to Dallas it didn't take much time for people to know that I was a very honest person. I got very popular in high school because I never used to talk bad about people; I always kept everything to my self. People came to me for help, and they always used to share their secrets with me. My girl friend used to tell me that I was the best boy friend that she had ever been with. She always used to tell her friends how nice, sweet, honest and sincere I was. Her mother used to love me so much that she trusted me with her only daughter when before me she never used to life the idea of her daughter dating. I got my girlfriend anything and everything she wanted. She always used to tell me how she loves Paris, and she would want to go there with me someday. So, in the summer of 000 I surprised her with tickets booked for Paris. You can imagine the loving I got after that. I used to be very popular amongst my friends because they found me very easy to talk with. I never made fun of them if they ever wanted to talk to me about personal things. I think that was one reason why my girl friend liked me so much because I listened.

After the summer of 000 I had to move here in California. One of the worst things that ever happened to me was breaking up with my girl friend. I used to think about all the good things that I had done, and all the people that I had helped and in the end I was the one who was broken hearted. I couldn't understand it. After moving to California I realized that there were better things to do then to be an honest person or whatever they called it. I started caring less about people, I only thought my self and did what ever I wanted even if it was bad. I started racing on the freeways and didn't care about anything. I started getting jealous very easily I think this is the beast in me even now. I am a very jealous person, and once I start getting jealous I get angry easily as well. The anger in me and the frustrations in my life lead me to depression. People think that my life is a dream world, a perfect setting of heaven. But they don't know the insights to it. Outside I laugh and try to enjoy with everyone so that I can overlook my problems, but in the end of the night those are the problems that haunt me.

Custom Essays on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts

I think one of my good deeds that I did saved my life in the beginning of this year. On the 5th of the February, I was involved in a very dangerous car crash. Early morning me and my friends decided that we would all go to Stanford mall after getting done with our classes. So around three in the after noon we left, with around 5 people fitted in 5 cars. Going around 0 miles an hour having fun on highway 85, I suddenly started having this weird feeling inside me and I wanted my friend to slow down but I couldn't say the words because I didn't want them to think that I was scared. Suddenly one of my friends came into our lane and Beenish who was driving the car I was sitting got very scared and tried to get into the other lane so she could miss the other guy. While doing this she lost control of the car completely. I knew something bad was bound to happen and it did. The car went out of control, and hit the side curb, I tried shouting but nothing seemed to come out f my throat. Next thing I saw was the beautiful blue sky staring down at me, and then I saw darkness. When I woke up I was in the hands of the paramedic, he was asking me my name and the date so he could know if I was in my senses or no. Apparently I was pretty dazed and I had a concussion. Before all this happened, my friends told me that they thought I was dead because I was lying down in the car bathed in blood. Then they told me that I came out of the car, by myself and started asking everyone how they were and then I passed out. I have no memory of how I got out of the car and if I asked anyone about how they were. The paramedics cut my shirt and pants and wanted to check if I had internal bleeding inside, but it was fine. I had cuts all over my body and I was loosing blood very quickly. They put me on a stature and took me in the ambulance. The whole time I was in the ambulance I kept on shouting about how I seen this scene in my dream before, I couldn't believe it, I thought I was dying because the pain was practically killing me. I found out that I had broken my color bone, and 6 ribs. I was in so much pain that I couldn't even shout after a while because it would hurt too much. I came to the hospital not knowing about the other people who were with me at the time of the accident. I heard the doctor saying that there were four survivors and one fatality. I couldn't believe it, I was in shock the one of my friends died, and I passed out. When I woke up I was naked in the bed with tons or blankets resting on top of me. I couldn't move anything; there was this immense pain in my back and shoulders, it was unbearable. Next day when my friends came in to visit me told me that no one died and everyone is alive. One of my friends got seriously injured and was in the verge of loosing her life. After 8 surgeries on her brain she was finally out of danger. I stayed in the hospital for months and I had to drop out for the spring quarter. The memory of the pain that I had to go through and that time still haunts me. One day before the accident, I was in San Francisco partying with my cousins and I saw this homeless guy out on the streets begging for money for food. I talked to him for 10 minutes and asked him about his life and gave him around 100 dollars. He said he will pray for me so that I would have a long life, I think after that accident I was alive because of this prayers. I think one of my inner beauties saved me that day.

After the accident I realized how much life is worth living and it really changed me inside out. I stopped doing the bad things I had started. While I was growing up I got this habit of lying to people, I don't know where I got it from but I would lie so much to people, and in the end it became my weakness. Lying got me in so much trouble one time. One time I was grounded and I wasn't allowed to go to parties, and no one knew I had a girl friend not even my mother. So I left home telling my mom that I was going to the library to study with a bunch of people. Instead, I ended up going to San Francisco with my girl friend. Meanwhile, my mom went looking for me in the library and I was no where to be found so she got suspicious. She called me on my cell phone and I was stupid enough to tell her that I was still in the library, so she asked me where I was, and I told her what part of the library I was sitting in. she knew I wasn't there, so she got so mad at me. When I got home, I was in so much trouble I never imagined my mother would be angry with me to the extent of not talking with me for the whole entire day or the next. From that moment on, my mom wouldn't let me go anywhere and she wouldn't trust me with anything I was under watch all the time. I felt so guilty inside and from that day on I promised my self that I would never lie again. I learned my lesson, and since that day I haven't lied to my mom about anything because I know that whenever I lie, I would have to lie about another thing to cover it and eventually I will be caught and loose all the trust that mom my has on me.

One of the bad things about me is that I am a money waster. I have wasted so much money in the past few weeks that if my dad finds out he will kick me out of his house. Whenever I go shopping I always get unnecessary things and when I really need the money for something important I don't have any but with this, one of my beauties is to help others in their money problems. So I think that makes up for the bad things I do or have done in my life.

One of my beauties is that I am very dependable guy and people can always relay on me. I keep my word and I do anything people want me to for them if they really need me. Along with that my beast is that I am a very picky person, I don't usually get along with everyone. I have this certain types of people that I can really get along with. If in my heart I decide they I don't like a certain person no matter what he or she does, wouldn't change my decision. He or she will stay bad in front of my eyes and I would never get along with them. I think I should get rid of this habit because there are some good people whom I don't talk with and don't associate with. I think the good deeds that I have done in my life have had a great impact on the way I am living right now. I think over all I am very nice person, easy to get along, and can make an ideal friendPlease note that this sample paper on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on AutobiographyBeauty and the Beastwhat are your beauties and beasts will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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An Article To Describe the Ethical Issues Involved in Using Forensic Psychology In A Court Room

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To firstly understand and then evaluate the importance of ethical practice in the role of forensic psychologists we must first understand what it means to be a forensic psychologist. This involves the burden put on them and the power of persuasion they weald in a courtroom when it comes to persuading jurors for or against a case. So firstly we must ask the question what is forensic psychology?

Its difficult to turn on a television, go to the movies, or walk through a bookstore without running across a fictional portrayal of a crazed but brilliant serial or mass murderer being tracked by a psychologically trained and deductively sound hero. Popular movies such as Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal and television shows like CSI or MIT or something else that sounds just as thrilling, they often depict the intersection of law enforcement and psychology in a sensational and dramatic fashion. If you watch the news or read a newspaper you can hear about the psychological profile written up by a forensic psychologist linked to the latest serial killer/high profile case. In truth the world of a forensic psychologist is far from the glitz of popular media and lies mostly on evaluating witnesses and assessing the worthiness of a defendant to stand trial.

So if someone told you they were a forensic psychologist what would you expect them to do? If like most people you automatically zoom in on the word forensic and automatically think that they help collect evidence at a crime scene or that they perform autopsies you would be far from the truth. By definition a forensic psychologist literally describes any individual who works where the legal system and psychology cross. The American Psychology-Law Society (15) define forensic psychology as

The professional practice by psychologists within the areas of clinical psychology, counselling psychology, neuropsychology, and school psychology, when they are engaged regularly as experts and represent themselves as such, in an activity primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise to the judicial system. (p. 6)

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As you can see this is seemingly a very broad sweeping definition and could encompass many psychologists but in fact this only really covers the areas associated with mental health issues and does not bridge onto any of the new fields opening up for forensic psychologists. These new areas which psychology is moving into at a greater extent cover areas like jury selection and the arguments ensuing from the use of eyewitness testimony. The type of expertise varies though from what is needed when working with mental health issues to the knowledge needed to say asses a jurors personality and leanings in relation to the case in hand.

When dealing with mental health issues the help of a clinical psychologist would be needed. If in relation to criminal proceedings the services of a clinical psychologist were called upon the dispute would probably involve areas like pleading insanity, raising issues of competency to stand trial, assessment of future violence potential during sentencing, or treatment of sex offenders.

On the other end of the field there are other psychologists who hail from other areas of psychology and use their own specific expertise to assist either the prosecutor or the defence in pleading their case. These individuals may work on the area of eyewitness testimony where it is estimated that there are over 4,50 wrongful convictions each year due to sincere, yet inaccurate eyewitness identification. This has led many courts to consider inviting forensic psychologists to offer testimony about perception and memory. Forensic psychologists are not permitted to testify on the accuracy of a particular witness, only on the inherent unreliability of eyewitnesses in general. Another new field where forensic psychologists are required is in the process of jury selection as it is on the decision that these 1 people make that decides the verdict. Jurors would be selected for their biases, which may affect the case; for example a female juror may look at a victim of rape and automatically think she was asking for it without even looking at the evidence.

The field of forensic psychology has been around for many years and through this time it has experienced many changes through its development. The field actually predates the sociological jurisprudence movement of 10-150 where it first came to the forefront, and goes back at least to 108 when Hugo Munsterberg the founder of applied psychology published his book named On the Witness Stand, a book mostly about eyewitness testimony and juries. With the insanity defence, the field goes back even further, to the case of Daniel MNaghten in 184, who shot and killed the secretary of the Prime Minister. In criminology, one can trace the origins of a clinical or psychological criminology to the psychiatrist William Healy, who in 10 created the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute to assist the newly created juvenile court in Illinois. Through this time there have been numerous thinkers who have all added to what we see as forensic psychology today and it is through mistakes made in the past that the ethical and moral values of the present day are based.

Ethics and codes of practice must accompany all major advances to allow them to be used correctly and justly. Forensic psychology is no exeption the knowledge used by the psychologist can also be misused. The code of ethics a particular practitioner abides by depends unto which organisation he/she is a member. For the purposes of this article I will use the ethical codes used by the APA. The Speciality Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists go beyond the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and represent an aspirational code of ethics for those who represent themselves as psychologists involved in providing professional expertise to the judicial system. The following areas are ones which are in the most important to uphold

1. RESPONSIBILITY - Quote "services and/or products should be provided in a forthright, responsible manner, reflecting the highest standards of the profession EAPA ethical code)

. COMPETENCE E"services should only be provided in those areas of psychology in which a person has specialised knowledge, skills, experience, or educationE(APA ethical code)

. RELATIONSHIPS E"fee structure and anticipated costs should be contracted beforehand, avoiding contingency fees; a certain amount of work should be done pro bono, and clients should be informed of their legal rights and give informed consent EAPA ethical code)

4. CONFIDENTIALITY E"every effort should be made to maintain confidentiality of any information that does not bear directly on the legal purpose of the services provided EAPA ethical code)

5. METHODS " accepted clinical and scientific standards for scholarly/empirical investigation should be used, actively testing plausible rival hypotheses, minimising reliance upon hearsay, and exercising extreme caution in preparing reports or other documentation, applying such detail and quality to the documentation that the standard is higher than for general clinical practice EAPA ethical code)

6. COMMUNICATIONS E"every reasonable effort should be made to correct any misunderstandings, misuse, or misrepresentation of products, evidence, and testimony, but avoiding any out-of-court statements EAPA ethical code)

1 Every forensic psychologist represents through the quality of their work the profession as a whole and must strive to work at a certain level this level is called the Daubert Standard. The standards for the assessment must meet the criteria set by Daubert (1). The expert must be knowledgeable in test construction, reliability and validity issues, standardization and norms applicable to the client, and limits on the interpretation caused by the type of measurement instruments used. Additionally it is unethical under this reliability standard to reach a clinical diagnosis from one test but unfortunately too many tests confuse the jury so they are kept to a minimum.

This applies to any work being done by someone who is not qualified to do so, any tests/procedures done in this way are not admissible in court the stress put on the qualified psychologist may tempt them to cut corners by asking others to carry out routine tests.

Firstly, there is a need to clarify the role to be played and the expectations of an employer. A formal contract is needed at this stage to allow clarity of thought for both parties. In most circumstances, psychologists avoid performing multiple and potentially conflicting roles in forensic matters. The contract is drawn up to assess the extent of confidentiality in advance in order to avoid compromising professional objectivity

4 In areas where the psychologist is administering tests to be presented as evidence the limits to confidentiality must be explained to the patient. In private evaluations or therapy sessions which will often involve information from third parties, that will affect the admissibility of anything reviewed in the sessions. Except if previously wavered in the contract.

5 All tests that are carried out must be to the highest standard, as the psychologist cannot afford to 'foul upEon a test carried out; the tests must be standardised and administered under controlled conditions as to minimise error, which could lead to a subsequent wrongful conviction. (See also point 1)

6 There are many ways of wording responses and if a barrister can manipulate facts to mean other things. The misuse of psychological evidence in this way must be avoided and prevented whenever possible though brash and off the cuff remarks may bring the evidence into question effectively making it worthless.

Now do you see any glamour in the world of forensic psychology? This is a far reach from the media portrayal of the role isn't it there are no references to codes of ethics in movies are there. The difficulties with forensic assessments are the requirements placed on procedures. clarity of roles, integrity of the results. and the blurring of tasks/roles/responsibilities. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer and evidence produced will be cross-examined thoroughly by opposing parties. The main ethic applicable in this field is do not make assumptions and stick to facts. The botched job done in a rush will be evident during trial and cross examination thereby convincing everyone that the role of the paychologist is not needed in court and they cannot contribute to legal questions. So if you were talking to a forensic psychologist now, would you ask them what they did or would you just congratulate them on doing such a hard job?

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