1936: The Nazi Olympics

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The modern Olympic Games is an international sporting event held every four years at different sites throughout the world. Many countries, totaling more than ten thousand athletes, compete against each other in a variety of sports. Began in Athens, Greece, in 186, the Games were established to promote a more peaceful world. Although an athletic event, numerous countries have used the Olympics as an opportunity to make a political statement. One such Olympics were the 16 Olympics in Berlin, Germany…The Nazi Olympics. Due to the Spanish Revolution, the Spanish athletes returned home before the finish of the games. Brazil sent two teams, each representing a different political viewpoint. They were both barred from competing. And then there was the host country Germany. In the following pages you will read about a sinister leader of that country trying to prove to the world that the Aryan race was supreme and how he would use the Olympics to prove this idea. You will also read about how one man did as much as anybody to dispel those notions.

The 16 Olympics was awarded to Berlin in 11, two years before Adolf Hitler came to power. Obviously, the committee that selected Berlin had no way of knowing what was going to happen. In 1, Hitler came to power and the Nazi movement would soon control the country. Hitler, of course, jumped at the chance to promote the Nazi Party. The Berlin Olympic Games of 16 was a gigantic Nazi showpiece. There were more swastikas bedecking the main stadium than there were Olympic flags. The Nazis spent approximately $0 million, more than all the other Olympics combined. Hitler arranged for Leni Riefenstahl, a German television and movie producer, to make a $7 million film of the event. He ensured that all streets were cleaned and that all signs of the state-run anti-Jewish campaign were removed. By the time the 4 countries arrived, the stage was set.

Of course, it almost did not happen. Many people throughout the world did not feel comfortable attending the Berlin Games. An alternate event, dubbed the Peoples' Olympics, was scheduled for Barcelona, Spain. The plan, however, was dismissed due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July of 16. When it became known that Jews were banned from any German National team, a violation of the Olympic charter, many Americans in the United States demanded a boycott of the games. The Committee on Fair Play in Sports seemed to sum up the general attitude of the nation

...sport is prostituted when sport loses its independent and democratic character and becomes a political institution...Nazi Germany is endeavoring to use the Eleventh Olympiad to serve the necessities and interests of the Nazi Regime rather than the Olympic ideals.

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Avery Brundage, head of the United States Olympic Committee, made a personal visit to see the situation for himself. As I stated earlier, though, Hitler had everything removed that showed any hint that anti-Semitism existed in Germany. Brundage was convinced by German officials that Jews could try out for the German team just like anybody else. Short-lived boycott efforts formed in other countries as well. Great Britain, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands were other countries voicing strong objections to the games. Once the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States voted for participation in December of 15 (by a margin of .5 votes), the other countries, however, fell in line. Although no countries boycotted, several Jewish athletes on various national teams from Europe boycotted. Despite the preliminary doubts and the growing tensions that were to culminate in World War II, the Berlin Games attracted 4 countries and 4,066 athletes, more than any other previous Olympics.

On the positive side, there were many great technological achievements that happened during the Berlin Games. Events were televised on a closed-circuit system throughout the Olympic Village and to public halls and theaters around the country. Although it is common to have complete coverage from start to finish in this day and age, this was a novelty in the Summer of 16. Radio had been around for several years but television was just beginning its popularity run. Zeppelins, a rigid airship having a long cylindrical body supported by internal gas cells, carried newsreel film to other European cities. Results were transmitted to other news media by telex, a communications system consisting of teletypewriters connected to a telephonic network to send and receive signals, as soon as events were completed. This allowed people throughout the world to be relatively up-to-date with what was going on in Berlin in 16. A glorious tradition was also started during the Berlin Games. Twelve days before the Olympics began, a torch was lit at Olympia, Greece, the site of the first Olympics in the history of the world. Carried by more than ,000 runners, each person carried it for one kilometer as it passed through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia. Arriving at Olympic Stadium in Berlin just before the start of the Games where 110,000 spectators awaited anxiously, thirty trumpets blared over loud speakers as Hitler presided over the ceremony. Composer Richard Strauss led an enormous orchestra and chorus that featured Deutschland über alles (Germany over all) and a new Olympic Hymn. Hitler himself reviewed all athletic teams as they marched in. Teams that dipped their colors and saluted Nazi-style were greeted with thunderous roars from the crowd. Those that didn't were met with silence. The moment of truth was at hand.

From the beginning, many athletes and members of the press were alarmed of the nationalistic state that surrounded Germany. The military atmosphere, with the ever-present swastikas and portraits of Hitler, sure did not make it any more comfortable. The martial music that blared through loudspeakers was deeply disturbing to many. Many journalists, suspected of anti-Nazi sentiments, found that their hotel rooms had been looted by the secret police. But not all of the atrocities went detected. Most tourists were unaware of the "clean-up" that went on before the Olympics started. They were also unaware of the 800 Gypsies that were arrested and interned under police guard in a special Gypsy camp in the Berlin suburb of Marzahn. In spite of all this and in Nazi Germany's pro-Aryan setting, it was ironic that the greatest athlete of the Games turned out to be an African-American sprinter.

James Cleveland Owens was born in 11 in Alabama and was the grandson of slaves. Owens was an outstanding athlete throughout his high school career. He later was a member of the Ohio State University track team. At the Big Ten Track and Field Championships of 15, he set or equaled world records in six events the 100 and 0-yard dashes, 00-yard low hurdles, the long jump, 00-meter run and 00-meter hurdles. That is six world records in one afternoon, and he did it all in 45 minutes! The following year, he swept the 100 and 00 meters and long jump at the Olympic Trials and headed for Germany as a favorite to win all three.

Owens run to glory was going as planned. He won the 100 meters and had two Olympic-record-breaking heats in the 00 meters. He would eventually win the 00 with a new Olympic record of 0.7 seconds. Soon after was the 4 x 100 relay race. With Owens running the first leg, the U.S. team ran the 400 yards in .8 seconds, a new world record. Sandwiched between these events was the long jump. Being this was his best event and since he was the world-record holder in this event, few people thought he would have problems. But under the gaze of Hitler, Owens twice illegally crossed the starting line, disqualifying his jumps. After successfully performing this tasks probably thousands of times, he botched it on his first two tests in the biggest event of his life. Owens was standing alongside the jumping pit when another competitor, Luz Long, approached him. This, however, was not just another competitor. Luz Long was from Germany. Tall, blond and blue-eyed, Long personified the pure Aryan that Hitler thought of as the Übermensch, a kind of superman. Fortunately for Owens, Long did not share any of the Führer's racial notions. In Owens, he saw a fellow athlete that needed help. Long suggested that Owens draw an imaginary line a few inches in front of the starting board. Owens qualified easily on his next jump. A friendly competition was just starting between these two competitors. In the finals later that day, Owens reached 5 feet 5 ½ inches and 5 feet 10 inches on his first two jumps. Long tied him at 5 feet 10 inches on his fifth jump. Motivated by his new friend's competitiveness, Owens then cleared 6 feet on his fifth jump and on his final attempt reached 6 feet 5 ½ inches, his final leap and an Olympic record. Ironically, Long's advice to Owens quite possibly might have cost him the gold medal in that event. After the event Owens and Long walked arm-in-arm away from the landing pit. They would never meet again after the Games. They did however write to each other and, after Long was killed in Italy during World War II, Owens continued to write his family. Before he died of lung cancer in 180, Owens wrote

"You can melt down all the medal and cups I have and they wouldn't be plating on the 4-carat friendship I felt for Luz Long."

Jesse Owens won a total of four gold medals during the 16 Olympic Games. Astonishingly, no other athlete would equal that feat until 184 when another U.S. sprinter-jumper, Carl Lewis, won gold medals in the same four events. But the differences between the two put Owens feat on a much higher plateau. In 184, the Soviet Union boycotted the Olympics, by far our closest competitor. Lewis also accomplished his feat in the United States, far away from Nazi Germany and many years after any type of legal discrimination and racism was banned. He did not have to perform under extreme racists conditions or under a ruthless dictator's watch. Owens did not have these comforts. Owens' achievements had consequences far beyond the arena, for they effectively debunked the myth that Aryan superiorityright in front of Hitler. In fact, the 10 African-Americans on the U.S. track team outscored all other national teams, winning 1 medals in all (eight gold, three silver and two bronze).

A common fable from these games is that Hitler refused to congratulate Owens in his remarkable accomplishment. Although part of the story is true, not all of it. It is true that Hitler did not shake the hand of Owens. But, after the first day, he shook nobody's hand. Beaming with extreme national pride, Hitler summoned Hans Woellke, the Games first gold medal winner (a shot-putter) and a German, to his box to offer him personal congratulations. He also congratulated two more athletes, a German and a Finn. Immediately, Olympic protocol officers asked Hitler to receive all winning athletes or none of them. He chose the latter. Although unclear of his intentions, it is quite obvious that he did not want to shake the hands of non-Aryans. Privately, Minister of Propaganda Goebbels called the victories by Blacks a disgrace. Ignoring censors orders to avoid offending foreign guests with racist commentaries, the radical Nazi newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack) wrote on August 6

If the American team had not brought along Black auxiliaries . . . one would have regarded the Yankees as the biggest disappointment of the Games.

Besides Owens, several people shined during the 16 Olympics. German gymnast Konrad Frye was the individual overall medal winner with six (three gold, one silver and two bronze). Dutch swimmer Hendrika Rie Mastenbroek won three gold medals and a silver medal. Alfred Schwarzmann, also a German gymnast, won three gold medals and two bronze medals. The top ten medal standings were as follows

Place Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Germany 6 0 8

. USA 4 0 1 56

. Italy 8 5

4. Finland 7 6 6 1

France 7 6 6 1

6. Sweden 6 5 0

Hungary 10 1 5 16

8. Japan 6 4 8 18

. Holland 6 4 7 17

10. Great Britain 4 7 14

Germany won the total medal count mainly because of an expanded men's gymnastics program. To no one's surprise, the U.S. men's basketball team won the gold medal. Yet another landmark for the 16 Games, this was the first year that basketball was an Olympic sport. It was not done, however, in a very professional matter. The games were played outdoors, often in the rain. This did not pose a problem for the Americans, though, as it easily defeated almost every opponent. There was really only one concern. Shortly after the games started, the International Basketball Federation put into effect a rule which prohibits all players over six feet three inches tall. The rule would have affected only three players, all Americans, so it was quickly rescinded.

Hitler's Germany emerged as victors in XI Olympiad as they captured the most medals. The preparation and meticulous planning for the Games paid off. Visitors were quite impressed with German hospitality and the magnificent organization of the Games. Most newspaper accounts claimed that the Games put Germany back in the fold of nations and that it made them even more human. But there were a few disbelievers. William Shirer, a foreign correspondent, regarded the Berlin glitter as merely hiding a racist, militaristic regime

Im afraid the Nazis have succeeded with their propaganda. First, the Nazis have run the Games on a lavish scale never before experienced, and this has appealed to the athletes. Second, the Nazis have put up a very good front for the general visitors, especially the big businessmen

In fact, Hitler was so pleased with the Olympics that he planned on building a stadium that would seat over 400,000 people. According to him, all Olympics after the 140 games in Tokyo would be held there. All athletic competition would be confined forever to "pure" Germans. Ironically, the completion date for the stadium was supposed to be in 145. That is the year that the Nazi nightmare would end.

The 16 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, was a lavish affair. Although anti-Semitism was around, it was well hidden by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler. More countries and more athletes performed at these Olympics than ever before. Great technological achievements were made and wonderful traditions were started. Hitler used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was the supreme human race. Overall, his country was victorious but one man single-handedly disproved this notion. Jesse Owens used this platform to show the world that the Aryan race was not the supreme human race. Under the conditions that he was met with in Berlin, Germany, it was an amazing feat. I believe another great hero of the 16 Olympics was Luz Long of Germany. Against everything that his native land was saying, he befriended Owens and helped him in his time of need. I cannot imagine the courage that these young men had, walking arm in arm away from the jumping pit. It is a symbol that should be displayed at every Olympics. This is the true purpose of the Olympics. Black, white, Jewish, Christian…it doesn't matter. What matters is that we are all human beings. Some, though, seem to be a little more human than others.Please note that this sample paper on 1936: The Nazi Olympics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 1936: The Nazi Olympics, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on 1936: The Nazi Olympics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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TAOISM AND BUDDHISM

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TAOISM AND BUDDHISM

Introduction

One dominant perception within Taoist and Buddhist is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of their religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Each religion has a different approach or pathway to this ultimate goal and of applying this concept to its beliefs. This paper will describe a brief history of each religion, the beliefs, teachings or pathways to obtain this goal and the concept of reincarnation as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism.

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History

Scholars believe that Taoism began as a way of thinking around the sixth century B.C.E. But the roots of Taoist thought are much older than that. They are as old as the oldest legends and beliefs of the Chinese people. For many Taoist believers, Taoism can be traced to the great and wise ruler Huang Di, also known as the Yellow Emperor. (Hartz 16) Like the Yellow Emperor centuries before him, the man on whose teachings Taoism is based is semi-legendary. No one is really sure whether or not he existed. It has been suggested that he was not one person but a composite of many wise men of his time. Still, the earliest written history of China, written around the second century B.C.E. includes a biographical sketch a man. He became known at Laozi (Lao Tzu), which is not a name, but a title meaning "The Old One" or "The Master." (Hartz 0) Taoism currently has about 0 million followers, and is primarily centered in Taiwan. About 0,000 Taoists live in North America; 1,70 in Canada (11 census). (Manning)

Buddhism is one of the major religions of the world. It is believed to be founded by Siddhartha (wish-fulfiller) Gautama, who lived in northern India from c.560 to c.480 BC. This founder of Buddhism was the son a chief of the hill tribe of Shakyas, who gave up family life to become an ascetic when he was some twenty-nine years old. After some years he emerged as the leader, Buddha, of a band of followers who pursued the "Middle Way" between extreme asceticism and worldly life. (De Bary 6) Buddhism rose as a monastic movement during the time of Brahman tradition. The Buddhist movement was open to people of all castes, denying that a person's worth could be judge by their blood. Today Buddhism is one of the major religions of the world. Its followers have divided into two main branches. The Theravada, or "Way of the Elders," the more conservative of the two, it is mainly found in India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand and Cambodia. The Mahayana, or "Great Vehicle," is more liberal. It is mainly found in Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and China.

Teachings of Tao

Tao (pronounced Dow) can be roughly translated into English as "the path," or "the way." It is basically indefinable. It has to be experienced. It refers to a power which envelops, surrounds and flows through all things, living and non-living. The Tao regulates natural processes and nourishes balance in the Universe. It embodies the harmony of opposites (i.e. there would be no love without hate, no light without dark, no male without female.) (Manning) Taoism has provided an alternative to the Confucian tradition in China. Tao is thought to be the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life. Each believers goal is to become one with the Tao. The priesthood views the many gods as manifestations of the one Dao, which could not be represented as an image or a particular thing. The concept of a personified deity is foreign to them, as is the concept of the creation of the universe. Thus, they do not pray as Christians do; there is no God to hear the prayers or to act upon them. They seek answers to lifes problems through inner meditation and outer observation. (Manning) Time is cyclical, not linear as in Western thinking. Taoists generally have an interest in promoting health and vitality.

The Taoist path to salvation is called Wu Wei, meaning "the principle of non-action. The way to attain unity with the Tao involves no effort, ambition, discipline, or education. Therefore, each person has an equal opportunity to attain balance. It involves surrender to nature since every person is by definition part of the Tao, there is no need or reason to seek it elsewhere. Furthermore, everyone has direct access to the Tao because the Tao is connected to reality, and everyone is a part of reality. In summary, there is no need to seek answers outside of oneself. Through non-action the answer is revealed through ones own existence.

The center of priestly life and of all Taoist practice is meditation. Meditation is often associated with Buddhism and other faiths from India; but long before Buddhism came to China, Taoists were using a form of meditation to help them come into harmony with the ultimate reality of the universe. The concept of Wu Wei, is central to Taoist meditation. It is the practice of quietism of letting go all worldly thought and action so that Tao may enter. Taoist believe that time spent in meditation prolongs life. In Taoist belief, longevity is important, because the longer one lives, the greater one's chances are of achieving perfect harmony with the Tao (Hartz 11) It has been said that someone can learn meditation in a day but must practice it for a lifetime in order to understand it fully. Learning Taoist meditation can take a lifetime.

The goal in Taoism is to achieve Tao, to "fined the way." Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything it. Tao is sometimes identified as "the Mother," or the source of all things. Its source is not a god or a supreme being as with Christians, for Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead on coming into harmony with Tao.

Teachings of Buddhism - The Four Noble Truths

At the core of the Buddha's enlightenment was the realization of the Four Noble Truths (1) Life is suffering. This is more than a mere recognition of the presence of suffering in existence. It is a statement that, in its very nature, human existence is essentially painful from the moment of birth to the moment of death. Even death brings no relief, for the Buddha accepted the Hindu idea of life as cyclical, with death leading to further rebirth. () All suffering is caused by ignorance of the nature of reality and the craving, attachment, and grasping that results from such ignorance. () Suffering can be ended by overcoming ignorance and attachment. (4) The path to the suppression of suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path. (McDermott)

These truths are the basis for all schools of Buddhism. The fourth truth describes the way to overcome personal desire through the Eightfold Path. Buddha called his path the "Middle Way," because it lies between a life of luxury and a life of poverty. Not everyone can reach the goal of Nirvana, but every Buddhist is at least on the path correct towards enlightenment. To achieve Nirvana the Buddhist must follow the steps of the Eightfold Path (1) Right Understanding, comprehending reality correctly through deep realization of the Four Nobles Truths. () Right thought or motives. To uncover any "unwholesome" emotional roots behind our thinking. () Right Speech. To relinquish our propensity to vain talk, gossip, tale bearing, harsh words, and lying, and to use communication instead in the service of truth and harmony. (4) Right Action. Observing the five basic precepts for moral conduct avoid destroying life, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants. (5) Right Livelihood. Being sure that one's way of making a living does not violate the five precepts. One's trade should not harm others or disrupt social harmony. (6) Right Effort. The continual striving to cut off "unwholesome states," past, present, and future. (7) Right Mindfulness. The way to liberation is said to be through the mind. We are urged to be aware in every moment. (8) Right Meditation. The mental discipline to the quieting of the mind itself. (Fisher 145) Compliance to the path does not guarantee reaching Nirvana, but it is the only path that leads to Nirvana. Only through following this path established by Buddha does one have a chance to reach enlightenment, to free oneself from the continuous rounds of birth, death and rebirth, to reach the ultimate goal - to be absorbed into a state of Nirvana. (De Bary 16)

Karma

The transition from one stage to another, or the progression within a stage is based on the actions of the Buddhist. All actions are simply the display of thought, the will of man. This will is caused by character, and character is manufactured from karma. Karma means action or doing. Any kind of intentional action whether mental, verbal or physical is regarded as karma. All good and bad actions constitute karma. As is the karma, so is the will of the man. A persons karma determines what he deserves and what goals can be achieved. The Buddhists past life actions determine present standing in life and current actions determine the next life. The karmic process operates through a kind of natural moral law rather than through a system of divine judgment. One's karma determines such matters as one's species, beauty, intelligence, longevity, wealth, and social status. According to the Buddha, karma of varying types can lead to rebirth as a human, an animal, a hungry ghost, a denizen of hell, or even one of the Hindu gods. (McDermott)

Nirvana

Nirvana, defined as the unconditional love, permanent values - the Real world, our heaven. No egos and no judgments, just God in all His Persons - and peace, joy, truth and freedom - and the Eternal moment. We enter Nirvana through the act of meditation. (Shakya) The ultimate goal of the Buddhist path is release from the round of phenomenal existence with its inherent suffering. To achieve this goal is to attain nirvana, an enlightened state in which the fires of greed, hatred, and ignorance have been quenched. Not to be confused with total annihilation, nirvana is a state of consciousness beyond definition. After attaining nirvana, the enlightened individual may continue to live, burning off any remaining karma until a state of final nirvana (parinirvana) is attained at the moment of death. (McDermott) In theory, the goal of nirvana is attainable by anyone, although it is a realistic goal only for members of the monastic community. For those unable to pursue the ultimate goal, the proximate goal of better rebirth through improved karma is an option. This lesser goal is generally pursued by lay Buddhists in the hope that it will eventually lead to a life in which they are capable of pursuing final enlightenment. (McDermott)

Comparison

The ultimate goal for both religions is to achieve immortality. The Taoist called this ultimate goal Tao, while the Buddhist seek Nirvana. Whatever the name, the followers of these religions believe there is an existence beyond life which can be achieved provided the right path or behavior is followed. The path to Tao and Nirvana are similar, yet different. Both believe there is an inner light, which guides a person in the right direction to the ultimate goal. Personal desires must be forsaken to enable the inner light to guide a person to achieve eternal bliss. The inner light concept is similar, but the actual path is the difference between Taoism and Buddhism. The path to Tao is individual, it comes from within. No one can define a path for the Taoist, it must come from the inner light. Tao means, "the way," but in the original and succeeding manuscripts no direct path is explored or expounded. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as complications. That idea is consistent with Buddhist teachings; it is the personal life of each individual that gives Taoism its special form. The path, for the Buddhist, toward enlightenment was defined by Buddha in his Eightfold Path. Only through following this path can the Buddhist reach Nirvana.

Reincarnation - Tao

Taoism upholds the belief in the survival of the spirit after death. This cycle of life has no beginning and can go on forever without an end. Taoist believe birth is not a beginning, and death is not an end. There is continuity without a starting point. Applying reincarnation theory to Taoism is the belief that the soul never dies, a persons soul is eternal. Tao is formless; it stands alone without change and reaches everywhere without harm. The Taoist is told to use the light that is inside to revert to the natural clearness of sight. By divesting oneself of all external distractions and desires, only then can one achieve Tao. In ancient days a Taoist that had transcended birth and death, achieved Tao, was said to have cut the Thread of Life. In Taoism, the soul or spirit does not die at death. The soul is not reborn; it simply migrates to another life. This cycle of life has no beginning and can go on forever without an end. This process, the Taoist version of reincarnation, is repeated until Tao is achieved.

Buddhism Wheel of rebirth

The followers of the Buddha believe that life goes on and on in many reincarnations or rebirths. The eternal hope for all followers of Buddha is that through reincarnation one comes back into successively better lives - until one achieves the goal of being free from pain and suffering and not having to come back again. This wheel of rebirth goes on forever until one achieves Nirvana. The Buddhist definition of Nirvana is the highest state of spiritual bliss, as absolute immortality through absorption of the soul into itself, but preserving individuality. Birth is not the beginning and death is not the end. The ultimate goal for every Buddhist, Nirvana, is to accomplish total enlightenment and liberation. By achieving this goal, one can be liberated from the never ending round of birth, death, and rebirth. Transmigration, the Buddhist cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, does not involve the reincarnation of a spirit, but only the rebirth of a consciousness containing the seeds of good and evil deeds. (Knierim)

Comparison

The similarities between Taoism and Buddhism in the belief of life after death far outweigh the differences. Both religions believe the individual must focus on the self to achieve the ultimate goal. To focus on oneself, all desires and personal ambitions must be forsaken. One must focus on the self and the proper way of life to reach immortality. The cycle of life continues indefinitely until the Thread of Life is broken. Only through proper living, by following the correct path guided by the inner light, can one achieve the ultimate goal of Tao or Nirvana.

Conclusion

One major difference between Taoism and Buddhism is the concept of karma to the Buddhist. This idea that all actions are the display of thought, the will of man, is known as karma. Karma determines the Buddhist actions and position in life. A persons karma limits the goals, which can be achieved. Karma determines where in the cycle of birth, death and rebirth the consciousness returns. This return can be in the form of an animal or human, and the Buddhist must progress through a hierarchy to achieve Nirvana (Leek 171). The Taoist has no concept similar to karma, and no mention of the soul migrating to an animal form. The determining factor to ones life is contained in the individual behavior for the Taoist. By forsaking personal desires in life, by concentrating of the self, a longer life is prolonged. Eventually, by following the inner light, immortality can be achieved.

Bibliography

Fisher, Mary Pat Living Religions Oxnard Fall 14-5.

Ming-Dao, Deng. Everyday Toa, Living with balance and harmony. New York HarperSan Francisco, 16

Hartz, Paula P Taoism, world religions. New York Facts On File, 1

Ross, Nancy Wilson. The World of Zen. New York. Vintage Books, 160

Jurhi, Edward J. The Great Religions of the Modern World. New Jersey Princenton, 164

De Bary, William. The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan. New York Random House, 16

Shakya, Ming Zhen. What Is Zen Buddhism?. July 00

http//www.hsuyun.org/Dharma/zbohy/Literature/essays/mzs/whatzen

Manning, Gerald. Taoism Information Page. . The World Wide Web virtual

Library. June 00 http//www.religioustolerance.org/taoism.htm

McDermott, James Paul. "Buddhism". Encarta Encyclopedia . 18

Knierim, Thomas . Buddhism. The Big View. 0 January 00. http//www.thebigview.com/Buddhism

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Learning Heaven

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Tom was a diligent student in a high school. In class, he always concentrates listening to whatever the teacher lectures, jots down what¡¦s written on the board, and attends every class. After the class, he liked to go to library for studying. Opening the textbook, reading and speaking every word on the textbook, sat there until the library closed. Everyday, he spent at least three or more hours for studying the materials the teachers had taught. Everyone thought he was the most diligent student in class and expected that he should get a good grade from the class and learned all the material from the textbook. Surprisingly, he did not get a good grade on all quizzes, exams, and tests.

What¡¦s wrong with him? Did he forget to fill in the blanks on the exam? Did he misunderstand the questions on the exam? Out of context, he spent time for studying more than the other students did. Actually, he did not find an efficient and suitable way for studying. From this brief story, we will question ourselves have we really studied, understood, and memorized the materials the teachers had taught? If we did not, what should we have to do in our learning? I will show and share the strategies I have organized for the readers who had or currently have obstacles for learning and couldn¡¦t find the efficient way for studying. There are six strategies ¡V a suitable place for studying, empting your brain before you study, changing your way of thinking in positive mind, memorizing and simulation in your brain, the notes you summarized and arranged, and practicing in your own way. After discovering, exploring, and understanding those strategies, you will enjoy learning very much.

Studying in a comfortable and familiar environment means you will be lazy, distractive, and sleepy. According the cause, the first important strategy is finding the place that you can stay in for a while and concentrate to do something like the bathroom, coffee shop, bookstore, library, or kitchen. Those are not exactly comfortable, but you may stay there for a while. To decide the perfect place various from person to person, but there is a condition we should follow. That is you should clean everything in front of you except the material you want to study, keeping the table simple and clear. Be sure there is no other stuff that can seduce you to touch it, look at it, and play with it such a television, stereo system, book, guitar, pet, food, clock, or computer. Those things are distractive objects, so we should put that stuff away out of your view and attention. For example, I have a stereo system near the closet, a TV on a table, a computer that always connects to the Internet in my room. When I come back to my room after school, I usually check E-mail first, and then roam on the Internet. I am rarely attracted play with them due to the face there is a bunch of homework waiting for me to do. When I want to do my homework, I always have trouble concentrating on reading the material and staying on the task at hand. Even I am reading a book, after few minutes, I will be bored and play with the other thing. Hence, for me, the bedroom is not a good place to studying. I find that I prefer studying in my bathroom and the local coffee shop. The reason that I can study in the bathroom is that no other things can disturb me and it¡¦s quite in there. The other place, local coffee shop, is wonderful. The coffee shop usually has the lingering smell of coffee and it can make me concentrate on homework. Otherwise, the place is usually well light, and there are many readers who like to bring a book, buy a cup of coffee, sit and stay for a while. Therefore, I prefer to go and study there. What place do you think you would like to stay for a long time in studying? Find a place which is suitable you.

Taking a deep breath, releasing the shoulders, closing the eyes, drinking a cup of water, releasing your body and sitting on a chair take in a few minutes that makes you felt clam. Be like an empty glass, pure in your mind and thinking. There is a proverb ¡§Before you pour water into a glass, empty the glass first.¡¨ It¡¦s means if the glass is full of water, even if you pour more water into the glass, the water will always spill out. Therefore, before you are ready to study the material, you should make sure you do not have anything that already fills in your mind. You should keep your mind simple and clear, and then you can fill it with knowledge.

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Before reading the material, you must change your thinking. ¡§The most effective way to increase our ability to pay attention is to look for the novelty within the stimulus situation.¡¨(4) Seeking novelty in playing can help us in paying attention. The reason having no difficulty in paying attention is because that they desire, interest, and wonder to know and seek things. In school, the teacher wants to motivate the students to pay attention when he/she lectures. The teacher usually plays a game while teaching a lesson, and the students are fully concentrating on playing the game and learn from it. We can say the students change their thinking in a positive way. Hence, learning with a playful attitude is the best way to stay in a novel state. From my childhood, the elders always told proverb ¡§If you work hard now, rewards will follow later. Once you do your homework, then you can go out and play.¡¨(5) Those ideas are established in my mind deeply and I believe I should follow them. Otherwise, they teach us we should give up all pleasure and invest the time for having greater payoff in the future. Therefore, we lose our pleasure in learning, and we are reluctant to studying. Should we follow the ideas making us reluctant? ¡§Virtually any task can be made pleasurable if we approach it with a different attitude.¡¨(61) We can know keeping a novel attitude is an efficient way to learn. In my experience, I realize that studying with attitude of novelty can help me be more willing to learn. For instance, I didn¡¦t like to study when I was a student in junior high school, until I met my high school professor. He taught me how to change my views and opinions, and then I totally changed my learning style. If I change my mindset, I would desire to learn things. Therefore, when I studied a subject, I looked at it like studying a computer book; then I found out I was willing to study it. Changing your thinking is the most important idea, after that you will enjoy learning.

The best way to memorize is involving you in the material. As far as I know, there are many students who have a difficulty in remembering the material from a textbook. Our education has trained us to memorize whole materials as much as you can. They didn¡¦t teach us how to efficiently memorize it. We were just trying to fill in our brain no matter if it is important or not. Opening the book, writing it on a paper repeatedly, and speaking of the materials are the method we used to memorize those materials. All those ways are for passing the test. ¡§Memorizing is a strategy for taking in material that has no personal meaning. Students able to do it succeed in passing most tests on the material, but when they want to make use of that material in some new context they have a problem.¡¨ (6) We were just memorizing in the short-term, and then after the test, we forgot it all. Hence, if the question in the test had changed new context, we couldn¡¦t immediately relate with the material we had memorized. Efficient memorizing is simulating the content from the material with something. Imagination and simulation is the most important key for memorizing.

Why take notes? There are three reasons - To learn, for reference and to keep you thinking. But taking good notes is not very easy because good notes must summarize the main points, important ideas in your own words, list the specific details for a purpose, drawing pictures, illustrations, or charts for what image pop up in your mind. Spend time organizing, arranging, and refining the material after class and then write down on a paper. Be sure you understand what you write, and review it again and again.

How do you know you have learned and understood it? Practice is the way to derive your thinking in implementation. If you didn¡¦t practice it, you never know whether that knowledge is in your head. How to practice is dependent on what kind of material you study. Like doing your mathematic exercise, you will do the exercises on each chapter and derive the formulas in your own way so that you do not look at the solution on the textbook. Here, the most important key point is practicing your own way. What is the meaning of your own way? It means you do not follow the steps from the material that guides you; you create the steps from your thinking. For example, to learn C++ programming, I usually like to implement some small programs and analyze it. I don¡¦t like just reading from the textbook and not physically implementing because I know if I do not implement it, I would not learn from it. Therefore, when I read a chapter, I will practice all exercises and set up a small project that I can implement what I learned, possibly. After that, I can remember whole materials from the textbook and keep the content in my brain for a long time.

Learning is a forever personal business, and we also know learning is necessary and essential, but how many people can learn efficiently and enjoyably that is the big issue. If you understand and recognize those six strategies, you will enjoy learn forever.

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One flew over the Cuckoos nest

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Biographical Data

Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 15 in La Junta, Colorado. Ken Kesey is world renowned for his best-selling novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. At an early age, Kesey had a love for Christian fables as well as the Christian ethical system. Although he had a love for these fables, Kesey never wrote anything or published anything till well after his high school career. In High School he was a champion wrestler setting long-standing state records in Oregon. Unlike most normal authors, Kesey always had a love for the wild side. He would always be doing crazy things and going to parties. While at Stanford, he was in an experience involving chemicals at the psychology department to earn extra money. Among these chemicals were psilocybin, mescaline, and "LSD" which is found in the drug, acid. This experience altered Kesey personally and professionally causing him to not be what he used to be, but instead a crazy and weird sort of individual. He became friends with a group of people that would later call themselves, the Merry Pranksters. Among these pranksters there were famous people like Jack Kerouac, and Neal Cassady. They bought a bus and all went on a trip to the Worlds Fair in New York. They recorded most of the trip and showed these clips to drugged up audiences at their parties. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters became known for their Acid tests as well as their extensive use of LSD and other drugs. Thomas Wolfe wrote a book about the merry pranksters called The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Kesey and the Merry Pranksters fled to Mexico after their favorite drug, LSD, was made illegal. When they returned to the United States for a final performance of their band, Warlocks, or Grateful Dead, Kesey was arrested on a marijuana charge. After serving his time in Jail, Kesey decided to move to a farm in Pleasant Hill, Oregon to raise his family and try to forget his crazy past. Kesey, being a big partier as well as a drug addict, has made him be known as that. Till this day, Kesey has not settled down and still claims to get the urge every now and then to do Something Weird.

Critical Analysis

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest

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Julian Moynahan, The New York Review of Books, September 10, 164, p.14.

"One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest was a very beautiful and

inventive book violated by a fifth-rate idea which made

Woman, in alliance with modern technology, the destroyer

of masculinity and sensuous enjoyment."

I do agree fully with this criticism. It is true that Ken Kesey does in a sense, focus on race and sex a lot in this novel. By putting Nurse Ratched as the mastermind and brains behind the whole operation, Kesey has stated that Nurse Ratched is an evil woman that wants to dominate and destroy whoever opposes her. He has made her look as a power hungry woman which likes to have things her way and wont change those ways for anyone. Practically throughout the whole novel Kesey also makes the orderlies that help Nurse Ratched look inferior and weak. Kesey could have put any type of man to portray an orderly but I feel, that because Kesey is a misogynist and a racist, he chose to put 5 black men as the orderlies. I also agree with this criticism because it states that "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest" is a very beautiful and inventive book. Kesey's Novel is all that and more, and although he might focus on racism and sexual inferiority, (or evil superiority for this case) Kesey is still a master mind and his book is on of the greatest of all time.

Plot Summary

The novel basically opens up by giving the reader a feel of the ward, and how things are worked there. Chief Bromden, they narrarator, opens up the novel by doing his basic routine of sweeping the ward. He states how the black boys just stand around doing nothing until the head Nurse gets into the ward. The head nurse is Nurse Ratched. She is an evil woman that likes things done her way and no other way.Once she gets into her office, the black orderlies commence doing their daily morning routines. While the Chief is sweeping the floor, the Ward door opens and a man is walked to the admissions office. It is Randle McMurphy. He is the main character throughout the whole novel and the one that starts off all the conflicts in the ward. The first time he gets there he can already sense that there is going to be trouble. Right from the start he makes a bet with the men on the ward. This bet states that he can make Nurse Ratched crack and go crazy. He plans to go against her by doing things that wont provoke her to send him to the disturbed ward that's on the floor above their ward. Already in the beginning of the novel we begin to see a conflict start to arise. The event that seems to anger McMurphy the most is the group meeting that they have on the ward every day. In this first meeting Nurse Ratched asks Harding, a smarter man on the ward, what his problems with his wife are about. McMurphy doesn't like the idea of a person being singled out and made fun of by the rest of the ward. After this meeting he is very angry and nurse Ratched and calls her a "ball-cutter" because she likes to deprive men of their pride by constantly asking them embarrassing questions. The conflicts between Ratched and McMurphy provide some sort of entertainment for the other patients. However, as time goes on McMurphys conflict soon becomes their problem as he gets them involved in the conflict by encouraging their rebellion. As McMurphy's ongoing struggle to overturn the ward continues, it is soon stopped short when he fails to have his suggestion of changing the television schedule so they can watch the World Series approved. The Series was goibng to take place during the time scheduled for cleaning chores. McMurphy gets very angry at this and doesn't know what to do that wont cause him to go into the disturbed ward but that will anger Nurse Ratched. Mcmurphy and the other patients then stage a protest by sitting in front of the blank television instead of doing their work. This plan works and Nurse Ratched becomes very angery and screams at them to return to their work. After this Cheswick, another man on the ward that would always side on McMurphy's side, commits suicide. Cheswick decides his fate after he is denied one of his packs of cigarettes from inside the nurses' office. He becomes hysterical because he wants some of his own cigarettes and none of the men on the ward decide to back him up on his decision. He turns to McMurphy so that he can back him up, but all McMurphy does is continue shuffling his cards. This saddens Cheswick and causes him to scream loudly protesting that he gets his cigarettes back. These actions cause him to be sent to disturbed ward for a couple of days. Upon his return, he commits that horrifying act in the ward pool. McMurphys sudden change is due to the fact that he learns from the lifeguard that there are two types of patients on the ward, those who commit themselves voluntarily and those who are committed permanently and cannot leave the ward on their own free will but have to instead be given approval by the doctors and the nurse to leave the ward. McMurphy suddenly realizes that his insubordination could have probably had him committed to the ward for a very long time. This then makes him be more quiet and not to have his radical thoughts anymore. Since McMurphy cares about the rest of the men in the ward, he helps out his friend Big George and starts fighting with Nurse Ratched's aides. This causes McMurphy to be sent upstairs for Electric Shock Therapy. After going through that experience his "obligation" towards the other patients wears away his strength as well as his sanity. After these events, I feel that the most climactic part of the novel occurs. It all starts off the week after the men of the ward have their fishing trip. During this fishing trip, McMurphy sets up a date between Billy Bibbit and Candy Starr. McMurphy doesn't want to leave the ward until after he sets up the date between the two. McMurphy pays the orderly in charge of the night shift, Turkle, to open the window and let the two prostitutes in. Billy Bibbit goes in the other room with Candy while McMurphy and the other men on the ward get drunk and smoke marijuana outside. Mcmurphy then tells Turkle to unlock the window and to wake him up after he's done so that McMurphy can then escape. Turkle, being drunk and high, forgets his duty and falls asleep. Nobody wakes up until the morning when Nurse Ratched steps into the ward. She finds everyone drunk and thrown on the floor and her anger begins to rise to an all time high. She wakes everyone up and counts to see if everyone is there. She find out that Billy Bibbit is missing and begins to search for him. She then finds him in one of the rooms and confronts him about his sexual encounter with the prostitute Candy. After arguing with him and threatening to tell his mom, which just so happens to be a friend of hers, she tells one of the black orderlies to escort him to the doctors office so that she can have a word with him later. Billy is torn, worried, scared, and angry because he doesn't want Nurse Ratched to tell his mother. Since Billy is assured that she is definitely going to tell his mother, he feels that there is no way that he can confront his mother. Sadly, Billy Bibbit then procedes to killing himelf. He gets a glass cup from inside the doctors office and slits his neck. This completely angers McMurphy and causes him to snap. He goes into the nurses office where Nurse Ratched is thinking about the events that have just occurred, pulls her out, rips open the front of her shirt and starts strangling her. He is strangling her for a very long time until one of the orderlies hits him in the back of his head and starts beating him up so that he can be contained. After all of these events happen, Nurse Ratched orders McMurphy to get a Lobotomy done to him. Once his lobotomy has taken place, McMurphy cannot seem to understand anything anymore or reason for that matter. He is suffering and in pain. The Chief, which became one of McMurphy's closest friends throughout the course of the novel, is saddened by the course of events and he feels that its his duty, as a friend, to end McMurphy's suffering. That night, Chief Bromden gets a pillow and suffocates Randle McMurphy. After this is done, the Chief goes into the tub room and rips off the control station from the floor and breaks the glass window just like McMurphy had planned. The Chief escapes and flees to the land where his people once were to see if they might still be there. The Chief feels like its time that he caught up to how things are and that he started catching up to the things he was away from for many years of his life since he's "Been away a long time".

Characterization

The character that I feel had the most changes occur to him throughout the course of the novel would have to be Randle P. McMurphy. From what started off as a fun loving gambling man who was insubordinate and hated the way things were run, ultimately ended in him being a vegetable. McMurphy went through a series of changes. From changes in his personality, attitude, to changes in his perspectives on life. Many events cause him to change this way. For example, the deaths of Cheswick, and Bibbit, and the constant threat of Nurse Ratched. McMurphy changed from hating the system and wanting to bring it down, to understanding he had to follow certain rules. McMurphy hated the system but he wasn't stupid. He didn't want to do anything that would provoke Ratched to send him to the disturbed ward, so this in turn cause him to follow the rules for a short while. These changes in his personality and attitude soon change back to what they once were after the death of Billy Bibbit. He goes from a man that follows the rules and tries not to get in a very big deal of trouble, to the crazy insubordinate man that he came in as. This is shown after he attacks nurse Ratched for being the cold-hearted woman that she is. I personally was kind of disappointed in the way that Kesey decided to end this mans role in the book. But thinking about it, it was actually a good ending for a man that did so much for the other men on the ward. And of course, McMurphy ultimately succeeded in doing what he wanted to do in the first place. Which was bring down Nurse Ratcheds reign of terror, and to prove to her that she was not exactly what she thought she was. This in turn, makes McMurphy the most drastically changed character.

Relevance

The things that One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest teaches us are ideas that will never go away. The morals like, not letting people take advantage of you and abuse of you, are morals that will never go away. McMurphy's stand against Ratched's tyrannical rule proved that man will stand up for things that he believes aren't right and that he wont let anyone abuse of him. Now in the 1st century, this still holds to be true. You cannot let a person decide your fate and rule over you like as if they were more important than you. That's just not right, and Kesey does a good job of explaining this throughout the novel. Also, the personal problems that the men on the ward had with themselves and with others, will never go away. To this day many men in the world have problems with their wives, not just the men in this novel. Chief Bromden's problem of not thinking that he "big enough" is also a common problem among teens and people of various age groups these days. People lack confidence, when they shouldn't have to not believe in themselves. Bromsted learns at the end of the novel that he is "big enough" and that he is capable of standing up for him self. These are things that we have to learn about ourselves, that we have to make sure doesn't' happen to us. These key things that were important enough to be mentioned in this book, are still true to this day. Man won't ever get rid of the never-ending struggle between himself and his confidence. The only thing to do is make sure certain things don't happen to us as how they did in the novel. We can only hope that our marital, personal, and confidence problems aren't resolved on account of someone else's death.

Memorable Passage

I chose the last three paragraphs of One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest as my memorable passage because I feel that it finally lets the reader know exactly what the Chief wants and exactly what hes thinking. I'll never forget that because I never expected that it would be the chief that escapes and the chief that gets to leave the ward. This passage also gives the reader a sense of resolution. Like as if all the problems are over in the novel and everyone else can finally start living their own lives. The use of words that Ken Kesey uses on describing the way the Chief leaves, and what he feels, help give the reader a good understanding of what Bromsted is feeling as he is running away from the wretched ward that gave him so many problems throughout the course of his life. And although you couldn't really know how the chief interacted with other people, you can finally know that he really is a very good person inside. After he offers to pay the man back later when he gets back up on his feet, just goes to show that the chief was a very kind man. I personally liked the character of the Chief, because he didn't really say much throughout the whole novel, but he actually had a very significant impact and played a very important role on the outcome of certain events that transpired throughout the course of the novel.

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Exercise Physiology - the basketball foul shot

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Exercise Physiology The Basketball Foul Shot

1. The Skeletal System

The Basketball foul shot is used when a player is fouled whilst shooting, and is given two free shots without defence. In order for a player to perform the foul shot, the axial skeleton (consisting of the skull, the spine, and the thorax) and the appendicular skeleton (consisting of the shoulder girdle, arms, wrists, hands, legs and feet) need to work together in order to gain the best result from the shot.

In the body, there are three different types of joints. There are fibrous joints, cartilagenous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are located within the axial skeleton where bones are joined together by fibrous tissues and no movement is allowed. Cartilagenous joints are located in the spine (see figure 1) (these bones are known as irregular bones) between each vertabra where movement is at a minimal. Synovial joints main feature is the amount of mobility that is allowed. Synovial joints also have many other attributes, which helps movement without friction1.

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Hyaline cartilage is one characteristic of the synovial joint, which covers the articular surfaces of the bone protecting the bone tissue, and helps to reduce friction between the bones. The second is the articular capsule, which blends with the periosteum of the bone and is only split by blood vessels and nerves. The capsule is strong and provides support to the joint, and stops any material unwanted. The synovial membrane is located inside of the capsule, which doesn't cover the hyaline cartilage, and its purpose is to produce synovial fluid. The synovial fluid lubricates the articulating surfaces, cushions surfaces, provides nutrients for the hyaline cartilage, and absorbs debris that is produced by friction between joint surfaces. Ligaments are another characteristic, which controls the joint stability and movement. Pads of fat fill the cervices in and around the joints to form a cushion for protection. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid located wherever there is friction. Bursitis is when the bursae are inflamed as a result of overuse, causing restriction to movement and pain. This is most likely to occur at the knees, elbows and Archilles tendon1. Menisci maintain joint stability and provide protection to the bone surface, and absorb shock between articular surfaces.

The limbs (arms and legs) are the primary source for which the basketball foul shot can be accomplished. Long, short, flat sesamoid, and irregular bones make up the appendicular skeleton1. Long bones are found in locations such as the humerus, tibia, radius and phalanges. These bones are tubular and hollow (see figure ) and can also stand heavy force. The femur fits into the pelvis joined together by ligaments which attach bone to bone, this allows a free range of movement, making it easier for the player to bend into a position for power. Inferior of the femur is the tibia, making the knee joint, known as a synovial hinge joint (see figure ). This joint only allows the bending and straightening, making use to the basketball shot. The patella is known as a sesamoid bone, which is located anterior to the knee. The tibia is much stronger as it is anterior to the fibula where it is under a lot more stress. Slight flexion of the hip and knees puts the player in the starting position ready for the motion of the shot.

Long bones are also in the feet known as phalanges, along with short bones known as metatarsals. Short bones are also tubular composed of a spongy tissue allowing specialised movement, such as the biaxial movement allowed by the gliding plane joint, which is when two bones with a flat surface (carpals, tarsals) slide on each other, but are confined to limited movements by the ligaments. Flat bones are the attachment sites for muscles such as the skull, ribs, pelvis (ilium and ischium) and shoulder blades1. Flat bones also give protection of internal organs. Irregular bones don't provide any movement, as they are located as the facial bone and of the vertabra.

Other synovial joints are the pivot, saddle, ovoid, and ball and socket joints, as well as the hinge and gliding joints mentioned above. The pivot joint only permits rotation (uniaxial) between the atlas and the axial, and also between the radius and the humerus1 (see figure 4). The saddle joint allows side-to-side and back-and-forth movement (biaxial). When placing the thumb across the palm, the joint between the carpals and the metacarpals of the thumb is the saddle joint to allow the movement1 (see figure 5). This movement would be used when moving your thumb across the ball for a firm grip. Although you don't move you thumb all the way across the palm, it is moved partially, which still makes use of the saddle joint. The ovoid joint is similar to the saddle joint, also allowing side-to-side and back-and-forth movement, occurring between the carpals (wrist) and the radius1. The ball and socket joint permits back-and-forth, side-to-side and also rotational movement making it triaxial. The movements occurs in the hip and shoulder joints, where the femur fits into the cavity of the pelvis, and the humerus fits into the cavity of the scapula, and held in place by ligaments. The shoulder joint is more likely to be dislocated as it has a shallower socket and therefore the weaker of the two joints1 (see figure 6).

. The Muscular System

The basketball foul shot uses many major muscles as a whole. Skeletal muscles usually work in pairs, with the agonist causing the movement. When the agonist contracts, the antagonist (the other muscle in the pair) relaxes and lengthens1. When in stage one of the shot, the biceps (anterior to the triceps), biceps femoris (posterior to the femur), gastrocnemius (posterior to the tibia), hamstrings (inferior to the hips and superior to the knee), soleus (inferior to the knee) and the Achilles tendon (superior to the foot) are the muscles that contract (agonist). The antagonist muscles are opposite and they are relaxed. This is called reciprocal inhibition1.

The above muscles mentioned are just a few of many skeletal muscles (or striated muscles). The other types are Trapezius, located posterior to the neck proving the movement of the neck extension, and also found in the upper back, allowing the head to rise. Latissimus dorsi, located on the lower back, providing a movement of extension1, internal rotation and the adduction of the shoulder allowing the arm to lift for the shot.

These are all skeletal muscles (see figure 7), which are all voluntary muscles, which we have direct control over. Involuntary muscles are which we have no direct control over. Such muscles are smooth and cardiac muscles. Smooth muscles are found in the blood vessel and intestinal walls (see figure 8). Cardiac muscles are found only in that wall of the heart1 (see figure ).

The types of contractions are specified to the type of movement they cause. Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic are the types of contractions1. Isokinetic contraction is not used in the basketball foul shot, as it is the resistance applied by a machine which always equals the amount of force being applied by the muscle. The force remains constant through a varied resistance. Isometric (static) contraction is when the resistance is greater than the force produced by the muscle's maximal effort, meaning that the muscle is unable to move the resistance. This type of contraction os most likely to be used during training, but not as the movement of the shot. However, isotonic contraction is the contraction that is applied to the shot. The isotonic contraction is when movement occurs, as the force produced varies throughout the movement.

The sliding filament theory causes contractions. For a contraction to take place, an electrical impulse is transmitted by nerve cells called neurons. The motor unit then receives the message, setting off a reaction in each sarcomere between the myosin (a thick filament) and the actin (a thin filament). The myosin cross-bridges are stimulated from the impulses of the motor neuron with the sarcomere, which reach forward and pull the actin towards the centre1. This occurs simultaneously.

Keeping the muscles toned is for the best to achieve the foul shot successfully. All muscles should be toned for basketball in general, as with any sport, as the muscles such as the deltoids, biceps and triceps, flexors and extensors, the muscles of the legs, are the primary source of muscular strength. When muscles are relaxed, some cross-bridges are constantly in contact with the actin, meaning that the muscle is never completely relaxed. Keeping muscles toned makes starting a contraction easier. Cramps are common amongst athletes, as it is caused by rapid stimulation of fibres within a motor unit. The myosin cross-bridges become locked on the actin, which cause the muscle spasm.

. The Movement

Stage One Presuming that the player (right handed) is already in the correct stance for the foul shot, with their feet shoulder width apart, and their right foot slightly in front of the left.

The ball is placed in the right palm with some light being able to pass through the bottom of the ball and their hand. The thumb isn't moved all the way across the palm, it is moved partially onto the ball, making use of the saddle joint. The flexion action of the wrist and fingers on the right arm uses the wrist extensors, as they are contracting, the wrist flexors are lengthening. The biceps are acting as the agonists, and the triceps are relaxing making them the antagonist (see figure 10). This position of the ulna and radius is roughly at 45°, and the humerus is at approximately 0°, making the deltoids contracting. On the left arm, the biceps are also acting as the agonist and the triceps as the antagonist, but the ulna and radius is slightly positioned towards the midline of the body (medial), and the humerus is positioned as it is on the right arm.

The knees are slightly flexed on both legs, standing on the balls of your feet, making the soleus the agonist and the Archilles tendon the antagonist. The gastrocnemius is contracting, as are the biceps femious, whilst the Quadriceps have lengthened (see figure 11). At the trunk, the hips are slightly moved forward (also see figure 11) with the rectus abdominous contracting.

Stage two After the body is positioned in the correct shooting stance, it is time to bend ready for stage three, pushing the ball.

The knees are flexed even more (see figure 1) so it looks like you are about to sit in a chair. The hips are kept at the same position, as you don't want to lean too far over to risk losing your balance. The humerus is dropped approximately 15cm, making the angle between the humerus and the body 45° (also see figure 1).

With this movement, the gastrocnemius tightens, as do the biceps femoris. They are still acting as the agonist, as are the biceps, soleus, deltoids, and the wrist extensors. The rectus abdominous contracts tighter to help prevent the trunk from moving too far over at such a low positioning of the body.

Stage three Now the body is in position, it is time to shoot the ball. The power needs to come from your legs, using your quadriceps, and calves.

This stage, your body is in extension. Your knees and hips extend with the calves and quadriceps contracting, and the hamstrings extending. You are still balanced on the balls of your feet. Your arm is in extension, switching the agonist and the antagonist. Now, the biceps are relaxed or lengthened, making them the antagonist, and the triceps are contracting, making them the agonist (see figure 1). The wrist and fingers are extended also, making the wrist flexors contract, and the wrist extensors lengthen. This movement is only in the right arm; the left arm is still remaining in the same position as the starting position.

4. Components of Fitness

Basketball as a whole uses most of the fitness components. Using muscular power, muscular endurance, aerobic power, anaerobic power, balance, agility, and skill.

Muscular power is the ability to use strength quickly to produce an explosive effort, such as when pushing your body upward for a rebound or a jump shot. The power would most likely be produced from the hamstrings and the calves.

Muscular endurance is the ability to work muscles for a long period, such moving constantly for 0 minutes each half of the game. With moving for an immense amount of time on the court, you also use aerobic power, which is the capacity to keep performing tasks for extended periods where energy is produced aerobically (with oxygen).

Anaerobic power (speed) is the ability to put body parts into motion quickly sustaining high-intensity efforts where energy os supplied without oxygen. During a game, it is more than likely that you will come across having to sprint down the court either to assist a player, or to stop a fast break from the opponents.

You need balance when performing the specified movement, as you hold your body weight on the balls of you feet without falling or become unstable.

You also need agility, which is the ability to change position of the body quickly and accurately. You use this when changing direction on the court, or dodging a player to receive an oncoming pass from a team mate.

There are a number of components of fitness that can affect the ability to perform them, such as strength, flexibility and speed.

Factors that can affect strength are

- Muscle length

- The cross-sectional area

- Muscle fibre types

- Age and sex of the person

- Muscle shape

- Speed of contraction

The cross-sectional area can affect the strength as the greater the cross-sectional area, the greater the force can be applied which makes the strength greater.

There are two types of muscle fibres. Slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibres are red, and have a slow contraction, but they are able to repeatedly contract for a prolonged amount of time suitable to aerobic work. Fast twitch muscle fibres are white, they lose energy quickly as they contract rapidly making them suitable to anaerobic work.

Once a person reaches 0-0 years old, over the next 40 years, strength declines by approximately 40%.

The sex of the person can also affect strength. Woman have an average of / the strength of men, this is because women have lower testosterone levels making muscle growth less than men do.

Factors that affect flexibility are the type os joints, the resting length of muscles, the resting length of the ligaments and the joint capsule, body build, muscle temperature, sex, age, skin resistance and the bone. .

Factors that affect speed are the distance, genetic reasons, duration, strength and power, and specific functions of muscles and joints.

1. Text book

D. Davis, T. Kimmet, and M. Auty. 186. Physical Education Theory and Practice. South Yarra

. Class notes

Exercise Physiology example assignment provided by Ms Fox

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The Power Engineering Process

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Introduction

The Power Case Study has dealing with changes that can shift the power base from one department to the other. By introducing a new total quality philosophy changes in group dynamics have taken place. This had led to a loss of dependency to the engineering group and consequently to a loss of their power.

Question 1

Explain your understanding of power. Identify the sources of power available to participants in this case.

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Power is the capacity of a person, a team, or organization to influence others. It is not the act of changing others' attitude or behaviour; it is only the potential to do so. Mostly people even do not know that they have power, or they know and do not use it.

The most basic prerequisite of power is that one party believes he or she is dependent on the other for something of value. Within an organization you might have power over others by controlling a desired job assignment, useful information, important resources, or even the privilege of being associated with you. The fact that power is ultimately a perception, makes the matter more complex. That is the reason why people might gain power simply by convincing others that they have something of value.

Hence, power exists when others believe that you control resources that they want. Although power requires dependence, it is really more accurate to say that the parties are interdependent. One party may be more dependent than the other, but the relationship exists only when both parties have something of value to the other.

The above shown exhibit demonstrates the weaker party's power (person B) over the dominant participant (person A). This counter power is strong enough to maintain person A's participation in the exchange relationship. In this case study for example, the engineering executive (technical director) has power over subordinates (five technical managers) by controlling their job security and promotional opportunities.

At the same time, employees for example have counter power by controlling the ability to work productively and thereby creating a positive impression of the supervisor to his or her boss. They are expected to work harmoniously and not to create strikes and lockouts. Counter power usually motivates executives to apply their power judiciously, so that the relationship is not broken.

Reflecting these situations in an organisational association in general the division of labour and hierarchy lead to vertical and horizontal dependency. Dependency means that one element is dependent on another for resources, for example goods, services, finance and expertise. This makes it possible for one element to influence another. Power in organisations involves more than just dependence. It involves both power sources and contingencies. In this case study for example we have got a power shift from the engineering department to the manufacturing and purchasing departments. In the past the company was less dependent on its overseas counterparts and so the engineering department was the driving force of all operations.

This indicates that power is derived from formal and informal sources. The formal sources of power are Legitimate, reward, coercive and information. The informal sources of power are Expert, referent and connection. In general these sources yield power only under certain conditions.

Legitimate, reward, coercive and information are power bases which derived from the power holders' position; that means that the person receives power because of the specific authority or role he or she is assigned in the organisation. The latter sources of power (expert, referent and connection) originate from the power holders' own characteristics; the person brings these sources of power to the organization.

Not all sources of power are relevant to this case study. The following sources of power have been identified.

The sources of power

ɨ Legitimate power

Legitimate power is an agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others. This perceived right comes from job descriptions as well as informal rules of conduct. People in high power distance cultures are more likely to comply with legitimate power than are people in low power distance cultures. In general, employees are becoming less tolerant of legitimate power. Increasingly, they expect to be involved in decisions rather than be told what to do.

In context to this case study engineering used to have this power to direct the organisational resources. The manufacturing and purchasing departments have inherited much of the responsibility for the companies' success. And also the technical director has legitimate power which he uses for his personal gain.

ɨ Reward power

The capacity to influence others by controlling the allocation of rewards valued by them and removing negative sanctions. Managers have formal authority that gives them power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as payment, time off and vacation schedules.

In context with this case study the technical director of the engineering department has reward power in terms of giving promotions to his team but does not exert it.

ɨ Coercive power

Coercive power means the ability to apply punishment. Managers have coercive power through their authority to reprimand, demote and fire employees. The technical director in this case study has the opportunity to use coercive power but it is not mentioned.

ɨ Expert power

Expert power originates from within a person. It is an individuals' or work units' capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others want. This power was held by the engineering department in the past. This power now has been transferred to the manufacturing and purchasing department who use ex-engineering staff to solve issues and problems. As part of the companies push towards "total quality" the quality control group is now increasing their expert power.

ɨ Referent power

People have referent power when others identify with them, like them, or otherwise respect them. It is the capacity to influence others based on the identification and respect they have for the power holder. The technical director does have the referent power because of his knowledge and his long-service with the company, which he uses outside of the company to bring prestige to himself and the company.

ɨ Information power

Also Information is power. Information power derives from either the legitimate or expert sources of power described above and exists in two forms

1. Control over the flow and information given to others.

. The perceived ability to cope with organizational uncertainties.

Information coming into and out of the company is intercepted at the directorate level and is routed by delegates. The technical director does not pass much information to the engineering department. This is in direct contrast to most other departments. Control over information flow is also mentioned as invisible power.

Invisible power enables

ɨ Control of agendas and the way propositions are formulated and presented.

ɨ Non-decision making in the sense of not allowing debate on alternative perspectives to emerge.

ɨ Enlisting widely held beliefs and values to support a particular point of view.

ɨ Utilising organisational procedures, rules and systems for ones' own advantage.

ɨ Latent intimidation.

ɨ Structuring work relationships so as to prevent, avoid or divide significant opposition. The engineering department was dispersed on to various sites which led to the lack of departmental cohesion.

ɨ Capitalising on "institutional biases" whereby some actors benefit more from existing organisational arrangements than others.

As mentioned in this case study organizations operate in changing environments, so they require information to reduce the uncertainty of future events.

The more the organisation can cope with the uncertainty of future events , the more easily it can achieve its goal. There are three general strategies to help this organisation to cope with uncertainty. These coping strategies are arranged in a hierarchy of importance, with the first being the most powerful.

ɨ Prevention- The most effective strategy is to prevent environmental changes from occurring. For example, financial experts acquire power by preventing the organisation from experiencing a cash shortage or defaulting on loans

ɨ Forecasting- The next best strategy is to predict environmental changes or variations . In this respect, marketing specialists gain power by predicting changes in consumer preferences.

ɨ Absorption People and work units also gain power by absorbing or neutralizing the impact of environmental shifts as they occur.

An example is the ability of maintenance crews to come to rescue when machines break down and the production process stops

Question

Identify the symptoms of power loss in Engineering Department. With reference to Hickson and Hinings' strategic contingency view of intraorganisational power, examine how this erosion of power might have occurred.

In the engineering department we identified the symptoms of power loss as follows

Centrality

Centrality means that employees and departments have more power as their centrality increases. Centrality is the degree and nature of interdependence between the power holder and others. Specifically, centrality increases with

a) The number of people affected by your actions

(in this case study we have got 00 engineers

in the engineering department).

b) The speed in which other people are affected by your actions

In this case study

ɨ The engineering roles are diluted to other department within the company.

ɨ Company dispersed the engineers across the company sites caused engineering department lack of the departmental cohesion.

ɨ Roles conflicts between the engineering group and manufacturing, purchasing and quality control. Engineering group is no longer the driving force for the company operations.

Uncertainty

In this case study the uncertainty appears as follows

ɨ No career path for engineers to grow within the company.

ɨ The technical director does not pass much information to the engineering department.

ɨ Engineering group lack of interdepartmental communication consequently this makes them unable and unwilling to communicate with the other department within the company. Resulted no career path for engineers to grow within the company.

ɨ The narrow minded and introspective attitude of the engineering department wherein they did not interact with other departments freely.

Non-Substitutability

As we mentioned before power is strongest when someone has a monopoly valued resource. Conversely power decreases as the number of alternative sources of the critical resource increases. So how do people and work units increase their power through non-substitutability?

These are examples to increase the power through non-substitutability

ɨ Controlling tasks Professions have legislation preventing outsiders from performing certain tasks within their domain. With reference to this case the marketing department is closely knit on a single floor and has electronic key access preventing ingress of outsiders.

ɨ Controlling knowledge The engineering department used to perform these tasks in the past.

ɨ Controlling labour This function is now performed by the manufacturing and purchasing department.

ɨ Differentiation Differentiation occurs when an individual or work unit claims to have a unique resource-such as raw materials or knowledge-that the organisation would want. As an example the manufacturing and purchasing department used cost reductions and more efficient manufacturing techniques rather than design.

As follows we have identified the most important symptoms of power loss in this case study

ɨ Engineering related tasks were solved by other department using ex-engineering background instead of using the engineer from the engineering department.

ɨ Engineering department no longer the driving force for the company operations

ɨ Responsibilities were given to other departments.

ɨ Less involvement of Engineering group and reduction in number of original engineering design projects have been a large concern. This has caused powerless for the engineering group.

ɨ The shift in the company policy to give importance to quality control and not much importance to the engineering aspect.

As previously indicated, where one is located in the structure of the organisation greatly influences ones access to people (connection power) resources ( instrumental power) and information (information power).

In this case study also the importance of location is demonstrated. Location in the organisation is also a factor determining the power of sub-units within the organisation. Hickson and Hinings in the Strategic Contingency Theory of Intraorganisational Power argue that power of organisational sub-units, groups or departments is dependent on three factors that we have mentioned and defined above Centrality, Uncertainty and Non-substitutability.

What this three factors together mean, is that sub-units that are more central to the flow of information or key processes , are better able to reduce uncertainty for the organisation as a whole and perform functions that can not easily be replicated, will be more powerful.

The engineering department described in the case study were unable to maintain any of these factors which led to the erosion of the power they once had. This means that the engineers were no longer central to the work process and had little or no control over projects. Their futures within the department and their future work prospects were uncertain and because many engineering staff had transferred to other departments, they were not always consulted on problems. Problems were solved by ex-engineers.

Question

What changes can you suggest that will increase the Department's power? Refer in your answer to Kanters' ideas about powerlessness.

In Kanters' observations of large organisations she identified that three commodities were necessary for productive power Information, Resources and Support. Acquiring power can be most time consuming.

Suggestions to solve the engineering department problems would involve these three commodities.

ɨ Information

The first area to start with would be the supply of useful information on the operations of the company being given to the department by the Technical Director. When this was occuring the engineers could again become involved in operations and would be able to contribute to the overall input and necessary design modifications.

ɨ Resources

Currently the engineering department is dispersed across many sites, which means their knowledge resource is fragmented. This could be resolved by bringing them back together into a cohesive unit, equiping them with up to date equipment and with the Technical Director enforcing the use of the engineers as a knowledge resource.

ɨ Support

Initially they would need the support of the Technical Director for information supply. After this and with the other suggestions the engineers would find that as a unit they would become less narrow minded and introspective.

If they also enlisted the support of the quality control group who currently have good connection power with the executive and oversee manufacturing quality control, this would assist them in re-integrating into the mainstream operations.

As they became more productive and were supplying more and useful information of a higher quality, they would start to gain support from other departments over time.

Additionally we make the following suggestions to improve the manufacturing company's situation

ɨ The company should sell its ten buildings and should buy/rent a new one, which has enough room to cover all departments.

ɨ Each department should have its own floor.

Executive

Meeting rooms & Lunch room / Cafeteria for everyone

Finance

Marketing

Engineers

Sales area & Storage rooms

ɨ Everyone should have access to each department.

ɨ The quality control group should be shut down.

ɨ The 00 engineers should be divided up into 15 teams.

ɨ Every team/department should be responsible for themselves.

ɨ Each team should be specialised and responsible for one of the 15 products.

ɨ A bonus/reward system should be installed.

ɨ To enhance team work, motivation, new challenges and new ideas job and product rotation should be practiced every -5 years.

ɨ Each team has one team leader who is responsible to the Engineering Director.

ɨ Regular Meetings should take place

1. Weekly meetings Responsibilities of each department, the Engineering Director and team leaders should come together to exchange information concerning actual financial situation, current customers needs or new won contracts.

. Quarterly meetings All employees get together. Each department gives a short overview/review about its actual situation, problems and success. Communication should be clear and open so that the relationship between co-workers and supervisors and the flow of information can be enhanced. Especially if these meetings take place in a relaxed atmosphere (e.g. BBQ).

Please note that this sample paper on The Power Engineering Process is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Power Engineering Process, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Power Engineering Process will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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