Product line additions

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Assisng Product Line Additions

Managers must identify the situations in which variety is an important competitive variable, examine the relationship between variety and cost, understand the underlying determinants of cannibalization and complementary, and asses the consequences of not responding to competitive innovations.

Conjoint analysis is useful for managers who evaluate new product line components. By allowing managers to identify the mix of attributes that is most likely to achieve market acceptance, these techniques provide good estimates of the probabilities for success of new items.

When a product line expansion is considered, it is important to realize the significant financial investments or incremental recurring costs.

Decision Model

New products are treated as capital budgeting exercises where financial worth is evaluated by calculating the stream of future earnings from the new product.

When a new product represents an addition to a firms product line, two other elements are considered Will the new product be a partial substitute for an existing product (cannibalization) or is this new product complementary to mine to realize cross-elasticities with the other products.

The 5 Key Elements in this model are

1. The sales benefits from offering greater variety through product line extension

. the fixed costs associated with extending the line

. the cannibalization effects

4. the anticipated lost sales from inaction (ie failure to upgrade or extend the line)

5. the positive effects of complimentary

Factors that Influence the 5 key elements

A. Sales Benefits from greater variety

a. Product line expansion should be considered when buyers purchase a mix of substitute products and brands over time; mixed brand purchases mean multiple needs due to differences across segments.

b. Product line extensions may be necessary to reach buyers who do not normally purchase from the product category.

c. Successful early entrants have a major influence on how attributes are vakued by consumers and on their ideal attribute combination

d. Late entrants must succed on differentiation

e. Meaningful variety depends on the differentiabilkity of the product line, differentiability increases with # attributes, range of variation, difficulty in making attribute comparisons.

Firms are motivated to expand the product line when greater variety

1. allows firms to better meet buyers' needs for variety

. more precisely meets the needs of those use substitute categories

. eliminates major gaps in price-performance offerings

4. helps differentiate the firms product from that of the first mover

Fixed costs of Product-Line expansion

Traditionaly it was thought that with more variety less economy of scope and higher inventories.

But economies of scope can come from the joint utilization of inputs (ie raw material, expanding product line permits fuller utilization of a fixed factor of production and through networking arrangements, if an input is not consumed in the production process so it can be reused in a second product and from the sharing of intangible skills, activities or know how.

For consumer goods, the most SIGNIFICANT economy of scope opportunity with respect to product line expansion is the savings and leveraging of brand equity. Increased market share from broader product lines can not only outweigh any increased manufacturing and inventory costs, but may even lead to reduced costs.

The extent to which economies of scope grow relative to econmies of scale, then we anticipate increased product line development activity.

The cannibalization problem

The effects of cannibalization are compounded if the new addition to a line supplants sales from higher margin products (or it could be reverse).

The extent of cannibalization will be greater if

1. The new product offers measurably better performance at a price similar to existing offerings

. The new item carries the same brand name those loyal to a brand are more likely to try a new item carrying that label

. the attributes of new and existing products are highly similar

4. the usage content of new and existing products is similar eg maynoise light mayo

When assortments are expanded for brands that already have high market share, the line extension is hampered by two forces

1. If the new product involves major new quality level or attribute combination, then the brand's equity may not be transferred

. If the new product involves minor variation then the same segment may result in cannibalization

Lost Sales from Inaction

1. New competitive offerings may draw away part of our existing customer base by offering improved or additional benefits

. Opportunity costs for lost sales growth

Defensive strategies

1. Pricing

. Advertising

. Continual product improvement

If new technology is relatively easy to match then a large number of potential entrants reduces the likely prfots from innocation

Just because you have a new product does not mean your customers will not switch.

Opportunity costs for inaction are greater when

1. customer switching costs are low

. new competing products offer benefits that are valued highly by all segments

. competitors posses substantial promotion and distribution resources so they are not easily dislodged from their position

The Development Risks of attempting to meet or pre-empt competition are lower when

Our technological approach is likely to meet with customer acceptance

There is minimal likelihood that our position will be leapfrogged by new technology

Our technology is not easily copied so that it will not be easy for competitors

Complentary relationships in line additions

1. Goods/services that are compliments are those that enhance the customers levels of satisfaction with and the utility of other products

. are compliments because of search economies the time and efforts savings of purchasing together

. that enhance the overall image of the seller so that products are valued more highly. .

The immediate complimentary effect is likely to be greatest in the case where the new product enhances the desirability of a specific existing complimentary product to non-buyers. (addition of sensor from electric people will use foamy cream now)

IMPLICATIONS for PRODUCT LINE STRATEGY

Assortment additions cherry coke

Derivative Models new models for slightly different functional needs

Classic improvements greater quality offered

Quality level expansions Lexus

Major reformulations Stainmaster carpets

New SubCategories major innovations that create new usage opportunities

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Metamorphosis Paper

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In the Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" Gregor the main character goes through a series of mental changes, that symbolize how alienated he becomes from the humans of the modern world. Through the metamorphosis Gregor becomes more aware of what he wants and what he needs instead of what he needs to do for other. The metamorphosis also symbolizes the mental change Gregor goes through, as by not acting as much as a human than what he did before. Gregor's radical change of mind is boosted by the events that take place about all the lies that he was told about his family's financial problems. Thus causing a loss of caring for his family and a feeling of individuality. Which all start to alienate him from his family and the rest of human society.

Through the metamorphosis Gregor becomes more aware of what he needs and not what others need him to do. Throughout most of the story Gregor lives a life of serving and not receiving anything for his troubles. A life of servitude caused by his family who becomes in debt because of bad economic decisions. Gregor is asked to help but he feels that it is his responsibility to pay the debt his family has and his father decide to take advantage of this. Gregor hated his job, "Oh God, he thought, what a grueling job I've picked. Day in day out on the road.... The torture of traveling worrying about changing trains and eating miserable food (1157)". But because of the responsibility he felt towards his family he would endure it. He realized how he was treated " he was a tool of his boss without brain or a backbone (1161) " and yet said nothing and just would take it as if he where actually an insect working for the queen with out saying anything. He could see and knew that he could leave his job and that his family and his boss poorly treated him. While working he would see other salesmen and see how easy their jobs where compared to his. Slowly but surely Gregor becomes aware on how he not cared for or not taken into consideration what he needs more than others.

Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes how he becomes less human day after day, ignoring his needs to becoming a person who simply does not care anymore. In the beginning of the story Gregor wakes in the morning complaining to himself that he needs more sleep. " This getting up so early thought makes anyone a complete idiot (1157)". Through this quote Gregor demonstrates how uneasy he is with his daily routine. As well as how he wants it all to change but yet does nothing about it. He compares himself with other salesmen who a just starting to have their breakfast, when he is returning to do a check in. Gregor sees how well of he could be but ignores his feeling to appease with his family. Gregor begins to speak to himself about leaving and doing what he wants but just ignores the feeling and the desire to do off with the job that he hates so much. "Well I havent given up hope completely, once I've gotten the money to pay of f my parents debt to him, that will probably take another five or six years.... (1157)". Through this quote Gregor talks about leaving the job and doing off with his mean boss. He knows that his job is doing him bad and needs to get another, but feels the need to help his family more than help himself. Towards the end of the novella Gregor begins to ignore his needs and go on with life till he sort of has a mental breakdown, in which he believes that he is a bug. And he begins to act like one. Gregor goes through the change of caring about things to not caring what he needs. This changes him drastically.

Gregor metamorphosis symbolizes another change in which he becomes more distant from his family through discovering all the lies that his family had told him about not having any money. The reason he worked so hard and it was all for a lie, when his family did have money all saved up, just that they wanted more. He becomes les human like and decides to keep to himself because he is probably really hurt. The change the change that he goes threw in the metamorphosis change is mainly shown when he becomes less human and dependent on his family instead of his family being dependent of him. In the beginning he is the one that is supporting the family and works hard everyday to provide, but towards he end he goes threw a mental imbalance that make him incapable of working forcing that family to start caring and working for themselves. Gregor is less human like because he becomes unable to help himself making him depart farther and farther away from the human society. "The rotten apple in his back and the inflamed area around it, which where completely covered with fluffy dust, already hardly bothered him" (1188). Through this quote we see that the longer he begins to think that he is a bug the less he is caring about his well being. It no longer bothers him that he is dirty and that it begins to seem normal to him. This shows how farther away he is drifting from the human society, because like a normal human he would not like to be dirty if he knew that he could do something about it. He no longer sees what he needs or wants, as well as what is good for him. He just exists in his own mind as a bug that is just there. Gregors distancing from his family made him a bit less human since he did not want to interact with them.

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In conclusion from the beginning of the book towards the ends Gregors metamorphosis has been a symbol of how Gregor has become distant from the human society and how he has become less human himself. Like in the begging of the book he was a person concerned with the welfare of others and worked hard to help them. But towards the end he became a bit retarded by believing that he was a bug and started to accept his surrounding and start acting like one. He became less concerned with his well being and that of those around him, but just did not care any more, just wanted to do nothing. He was not concerned with what he could do to help himself but just be there. The more Gregor went through his metamorphosis the less human like he became. Thus separating him from the rest of the human society and, causing him no to want to interact with his family as well as anyone else that he came in contact with, which caused his ultimate demise.

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka

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Studio history

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Hollywood in the 10s

The advent of sound into motion pictures during the late 10s consolidated the workings of the American film industry into what has been labeled the studio system. Through the 10s and 140s, under an arrangement known as vertical integration, eight companies dominated not only the making of narrative feature films, but also their international distribution and in many cases their national and even international exhibition in theaters.

Five corporations-Paramount, Loews (parent company of the more famous MGM), Fox Film (later 0th Century-Fox), Warner Bros., and Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO)-each owned a studio, a worldwide network of offices, and a chain of theaters. Three minor companies-Universal, Columbia, and United Artists-owned no theaters but cooperated with the oligopolistic aspirations of the Big Five in excluding all other interests from the Hollywood studio system.

The Big Five, by controlling picture palaces in all of Americas downtown districts, took in the bulk of box-office dollars. Only after they had granted their own theaters first run of their product did they permit smaller, independently owned theaters to scramble for bookings.

International distribution guaranteed the companies maximum return on their films. They alone could guarantee a supply of top features, shorts, and newsreels to theaters around the world. For a newcomer to set up a rival network would have been cost-prohibitive, and even film companies in other nations lacked the resources to compete with Hollywood in the international marketplace. Indeed, so powerful was the American film industrys advantage in distribution, that most companies outside the US conceded part of their own domestic market to Hollywood.

The other defining component of the studio system was its factory-like system of production. The classic Hollywood narrative film became the standard for movies the world over, and Hollywood studios were organized so that every element of film production, including screenwriting, shooting, and editing, was carried out on a regular, cost-effective basis. Ensuring a smooth flow of product meant continually developing stars, training technical and creative personnel, and building and maintaining sets, all of which was supervised by the head of studio production.

The Big Five

Each studio had a slightly different approach toward making movies and handling its theaters. Paramount did best during the 140s with predictable fare from such stars as Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. But equally as important was its massive theater chain, the nations largest. More than any other member of the Big Five, Paramount relied on its more than 1,000 theaters to maintain its corporate might.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the most famous of the Hollywood studios, although it functioned, from a purely business perspective, simply as a unit within the larger enterprise of Loews, Inc. A fully integrated movie company, Loews began as a theater chain, with its greatest area of domination in New York City.

Fox merged into 0th Century-Fox in 15 and found financial success soon afterward. Studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck developed a number of stars, none more important than Betty Grable, the most popular female screen attraction of the 140s.

Warner Bros. was the lone family-run operation, with eldest brother Harry in charge in New York while Jack ran the studio in California. Its theater chain was not as large as Paramounts, but the company did well by players such as Bette Davis and James Cagney.

RKO enjoyed the shortest, least profitable life of any major studio. The company was formed so that RCA could market its sound equipment and the Keith-Albee-Orpheum vaudeville theaters could be converted into movie houses. RKO struggled along through most of the studio era, despite stars such as Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers and occasional superlative efforts like CITIZEN KANE (141).

Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists never could match the economic muscle of the Big Five. Nevertheless, Universal had its horror films and the comedies of Abbott and Costello; Columbia had Frank Capra and the skills of studio boss Harry Cohn; and United Artists had Sam Goldwyn and David O. Selznick during the best years of the studio era.

The Unions

Through the 10s and 140s only outside events disturbed the monopoly held by Hollywoods eight major companies. Although the Great Depression caused widespread social and cultural transformations, the Hollywood studios endured. From 10 to 14, box-office income fell by approximately 5 percent. In an effort to counter this decline, exhibitors offered more double feature shows, opened concession stands, and gave away free gifts. The studios in turn laid off workers and pushed those still employed to work longer hours for less pay. Memoirs of stars and directors recall dawn-to-dusk working days, with few breaks for creative reflection. In response, workers began to organize, and the unions and guilds so famous today, such as the Screen Actors Guild and the Writers Guild, originated and expanded.

World War II compelled many nations to devote most of their resources to survival-a situation that allowed the movies in America to prosper as never before, and corporate Hollywood to make up for all the losses it had accumulated during the Great Depression. Theatrical attendance in 145 and 146 set records on a per capita basis that may never be broken.

The Demise of the Studio System

After the end of the war, a combination of social, economic, and political forces brought the studio system to an end. The suburbanization of the nation led to diminished theatrical attendance and the eventual closing of the big movie palaces. And the end of the studios dominance of exhibition finally came as a result of the United States Supreme Court ruling of 148, which forced the Big Five to sell their theaters. During the 150s the coming of television provided a new market for all eight companies, and the minor studios began to prosper by releasing the films of independent producers. Even the Big Five soon became simply film distributors and not manufacturers as they had been since the 110s.

The studio system may have ended in the early 150s, but the major Hollywood companies did not go out of business. Instead, they restructured their release schedules to accommodate the new theaters in shopping centers and malls. They produced dazzling color films in wide-screen splendor. They began to sell their films to television. And they began working with stars, directors, and producers on an independent basis. Only RKO actually went out of business. The studio system of the 10s and 140s was gone, but the corporations of the studio era adapted and remain with us today.

Please note that this sample paper on studio history is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on studio history, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on studio history will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Nature

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Nature. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Nature paper right on time.

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One week with my friends

This happen last year in the school, we disunited to go to Bansko. I can't tell when was it, but it wasn't the end of the octomber and it was cold, snow everywhere. And we disunited to go whit the school and I to relax there for one week.

First we phone in Bansko to ask if there any place because we were about 5-0 people, all my friends, after that they told to us they have enough place for us. Then we started to pack the baggage and we got a bus from my town to Varna, the bus got there for about 0 min. We bought some tickets for a train, I looked the watch it was 00pm and we had time to drink a cup of coffee, because the train leaves at 1000pm. And I started to talk with my friends about what we going to do in Bansko, nobody desisted what we going to do. At that time I was whit my girlfriend and we where drinking coffee and talking about I don't know I can remember, it was already 40pm and we have 0 min to a train leaves to Plovdiv. So I told to everyone to get up, and nobody listened to me I disunited to go whit my girlfriend inside the train. I and she, her name is Iva I am telling to her sweetie, she like it to tell to her that. We where together 4 years and after one year we separated but this is another story I can't tolled that.

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Let's go back to the story where I have stopped, a yes when I get into the train, I looked the watch again it was 1005pm and I started to think where is all my friends. But the train doesn't leaved wet I get out from the train and started to looked around, went to the bar where they where but nobody are there, I ask the servitor and he told me that they leaved 5min ago. I started to look around but I can't see them at all, and this is how the story start to be funny. I went back to the train and what can I see they all there. They had went to the shop and bought some alcohol and waiting for me to started. The train leaved and we started to drink because to Plovdiv it's about with the train is 5-6 hours, we don't have nothing to do. All off my friends had drunk and start to be dumb bunny, we all got crazy and the people has started to shouted to us. We got all drunk, and running around my girlfriend said to me that after - hours, that I got very pissed and I wanted to jump from the train and kill my self, but it's a joke of course I did it for fun. And one of my friends get me inside the train, and then I get to sleep. We got in Plovdiv, and we went to buy some tickets for the next train, to Septemvry for Bansko, to get there is about another 40 hours.

At that time we started to drink again, finally we all get in Bansco. In the train station someone is waiting for us, but we all drunk but not all of us half this is 18 to 0 people, then the Mr. x get's us to the hotel. We unpacked all baggage, and I got to sleep.

Bansko is a very beautiful town, with a high mountain and a lot of restaurants. Where the tourism now get develop and they are building new hotels etc. During the last 10 years Bansko has won recognition as the fourth winter centre in Bulgaria. The city has the highest dynamics of private investments in the tourist sector. Bansko Municipality covers the most beautiful and majestic part of Pirin, small parts of the Razlog ravine, of the picturesque Momina Klisura defile of the river Mestra and of the Dabrak portion of the Rhodopes. It borders with the following municipalities of Blagoevgrad region with Razlog and Belitsa - to the north, with Velingrad and Garmen - to the east, with Gotse Delchev and Sandanski - to the south, and with Strumiani and Kresna - to the west.

On the morning we disused to go eat because the alcohol hunger this is some think bad, we started to eat like pigs. After that we couldn't got up all we just sitting on the chair for about one hour, and the servitor ask us what is happening, we tell him the all story. He just started to laugh about us. We paid and went for a walk, I and Iva went somewhere else, and the tours went some else. I went to the Vitocha, this a mouton, next to the Bansko.

I didn't got a bus because I and Iva wanted to walk to there, we walk about 100 hour and got tired, I got there and was gold has wind. And we decided to go back, and the time was already 600pm and the sunset and the moon rise up it is very beautiful view in Bansko. You can watch for hours. I started to kiss her for about five minutes. And we went back to the hotel. I laid to relax for a minutes, someone started to knocking in the door, I went to open and what can I see everyone is drunk again. I told them to go someone else, and truck the door and went back to laid up. It passed four hours I got dress up and went to see my friends, after that I drunk a little and I told to them to go out, they told me we going out letter I said to them "o.k".

This happen at the same day I went to eat at the same restaurant with Iva, I had eat fish and ships, Iva eat eggs and something else.

After that we went to a disko, I danced and drunk a vodka with apple, she was drinking the same. Then my friends come and they sat down next to us, we started to talk some stupid thinks about what they did in my town. We stayed there until morning, and I decided to go back because I want to sleep a little. Then I and Iva went back to the hotel and started doing something.

On the next morning I got up early and washed, shaved etc. Dressed and went for walk. Every one has sleeping I didn't woke up no one, I went to have a breakfast I looked the watch and the time was 10am. I went back to the hotel and everyone has got up, I told them a idea to go to see the town. Everyone dressed and we went to see it, we made some pictures and have some fun at this day.

In the next day we went to see some mountains and made some pictures, we meet some friends and they showed some interesting places. And in the evening we went to a pub with friends, we all got drunk because this is our last evening.

At the last day we all packed and got a train to septemvry, then to Plovdiv to Varna. At the train we all had sleeping because everyone is tired.

On the morning we all have been in home. I just stride a way went to sleep because I was tired. We meet on the day and everyone saying that "I liked there".

This is my story about my trip and I had has been enjoyed there. I had fun, met some friends and etc.

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Motor learning

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Skill

à The ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty, minimum energy, and minimum time

à an indicator of quality of performance

à Random House Dictionary

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1. The ability to do something well, arising from talent, training, or practice . Competent excellence in performance

à Johnson Formula

- Skill= Speed + Accuracy + Form+ Adaptability

à A qualitative expression of performance, expressed through

Productivity and characteristics

Characteristics = consistency, meaningful cues, anticipating next response

à Established by measuring the outcome of performing the task or observing certain characteristics of the performance that lead to successful outcome

Abilities stable, enduring traits that, for the most part, are genetically determined and that underlie individual's skilled performance; few in number

Learning a relatively permanent change in capacity of behavior, resulting from experience or some type of practice; 1- there is a modification or change in capacity for behavior, - learning is a construct (one must infer learning from performance), - learning may occur w/o conscious knowledge; learning is an internal phenomenon that cannot be observed directly, only observed from a person's behavior or performance.

Motor learning changes in internal processes that determine an individual's capability for producing a motor task. Level of an individual's motor learning improves with practice and is often inferred by observing relatively stable levels of the person's motor performance.

Implicit learning (phenomenon) improvements that occur in an individual's capability for correct responding as a result of repeated performance attempts and without the person's awareness of the components of the task that prompted improvements.

Performance an overt or observable behavior; "performance may be thought of as a temporary occurrence, fluctuating from time to time because of many potentially operating variables, whereas learning is more respectively permanent" Robert Singer

Closed motor skill environment is stable, i.e. predictable; Ann Gentile- fixed, unchanging environmental conditions; self-paced/internally paced, the pace is under the control of the performer

Open skills the performer must act upon the stimulus according to the action of the stimulus; Ann Gentile- temporally changing and/or spatially changing environment; forced-paced/externally paced, the pace is under the control of the stimulus

Discrete skills clearly defined beginning and end (pole vaulting, throwing and catching a baseball)

Serial Skills clearly defined beginning and end with individual events combined (chained) together to follow in rapid sequence

Continuous skills repetitive, nearly identical movements (steering a car, swimming, ice skating)

Motor skills HOW to do it; primary determinant is quality of movement itself, little perception and subsequent decisions; voluntary movement (high jumping, weight lifting, changing a tire)

Gross motor skills involving large muscles/muscle groups as the primary basis of movement

Fine motor skills ability to control the small muscles of the body

Cognitive Skills What to do; nature of movement is not important, but decisions to be made are critical (playing chess, cooking, coaching)

Motor performance the observable attempt of an individual to produce a voluntary action level of performance is susceptible to fluctuations in temporary factors such as motivation, fatigue, and physical condition

Motor capacity the factor made up of a person's inborn , hereditary potentialities for general motor performance

General motor ability early, and incorrect view that a singular global motor ability exists in individuals; this general motor ability underlies all movement or sports tasks and will influence success in any motor skill or athletic ability

Capabilities characteristics of individuals that are subject to change as a result of practice and that represent a person's potential to excel in the performance of a task

Individual differences differences in performance based on differenced in their stable and enduring abilities; stable from attempt to attempt, enduring across time (physical/social/personality/capacity/achievement differences)

Motor educability (David K. Brace) the ease with which an individual learned new motor skills

Prediction cannot predict a person's future performance by only a few trials; it takes time and multiple trials

Reaction time (RT) time between unanticipated stimulus and the beginning of a person's response; performance measure; more information to process= longer RT

Simple RT one signal and one response

Choice RT more than one signal to which a person must response, each signal has a specified response

Discrimination RT more than one signal, only one response

Movement time time between beginning and end of response

Response time reaction time + movement time

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) delay period during which a planned response seems to be put on hold while another response is being executed

Hick's Law Reaction time will increase logarithmically as the number of stimuli-response choices increase

Franklin Henry's Specificity Hypothesis

à Indicated that there are many motor abilities and that they are independent

à One's performance in one motor ability cannot be used to predict one's performance in another motor ability

What is the purpose of a task analysis?

à Task analysis is a useful method for classifying motor tasks

à 1st the various components of the task are identified and then the types of abilities that underlie task performance are estimated

Why are continuous skills remembered longer than discrete, procedural skills?

Why is it difficult to predict later success from early performances?

What types of abilities are found in early practice?

Multi-limb coordination, Control precision, Response orientation, Reaction time

Speed of arm movement, Rate control, Manual dexterity, Finger dexterity

Arm-hand steadiness, Wrist-finger speed, aiming

Stages of Information Processing

1. Perception- identify the stimulus; dependant upon vision/touch/audition; pick up important cues

. Decision- decide on a response to the stimulus

. Action- respond to the stimulus based on decision; brain tells body what to do with decision made

Factors that Influence Response Preparation Time

1. Reaction time set vs. movement time set

. Number of stimulus-response choices

. Stimulus response compatibility

4. Response complexity

5. Practice

Types of Anticipation

1. Spatial/event anticipation- WHAT will occur?

. Temporal anticipation- WHEN will is happed?

à Knowing what will happen is more important in decreasing reaction time

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Starting a youth discipleship

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STARTING A YOUTH DISCIPLESHIP GROUP

(Much of the material is adapted from a seminar led by Dan DeHaan)

1. THE NEED FOR A DISCIPLESHIP GROUP Many youth are ready to do more than we give them. Realize that some of

the young people have a potential for real spiritual leadership, while others are still peripheral. You need to minister to

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both groups. There is a segment of that youth group that has a lot of potential. All they need is help with the small details

and to have your passion.

Perhaps as a new youth director, you would spend a couple of months getting to know the kids through a lot of fun

activities. But then have a good youth retreat with a both barrels challenge in the areas of leadership. Let the kids know

that a new Bible study will be beginning for those that want to live dangerously or be leaders in training.

. PRAY - FERVENTLY Ask God to give you a group of young people (perhaps only even one or two) who would be willing

to take spiritual leadership and to have a heart for God. Ask God to give you that kind of young people who would go in

your leadership training group. You could call it Leaders in Training or A Youth Leadership/Discipleship Family, or any

other name which would designate it as being basically for young people who are in training to be the leaders in the youth

group.

The age limit should be 1 through college. Even adult sponsors could attend as students too, as long as they dont come

as the leaders, but as those in training.

. HOW TO ADVERTISE You may want to make personal contact with young people who would have potential and would

benefit by being in such a group. Its good if you can have some of the guys who are natural leaders in such a group.

Advertise this to your young people through public announcements and in the church bulletins. Dont make it something

where the young people feel that they have to attend. In fact, it should be at some time other than a regular church hour.

Let them know the duration of these meetings.

4. AT THE FIRST MEETING

A.Hint You should already have in mind what you want them to do and say, but let them say it.

B.They choose leadership rules After sharing a few ideas about your passion for developing real spiritual leaders in the

youth group, ask the group for really specific, practical characteristics of a youth group leader. If this

leader were to be a real spiritual force and example to others what would he need? Write down the

suggestions which they give on a chalkboard. Make sure that everyone in the group agrees.

C.Sign a commitment Once everyone has decided what it takes to be a real spiritual leader, chart it out as guidelines to

follow for the next ten weeks. The youth themselves choose the leadership rules. At that time, you

could ask for commitment from the young people for the next ten weeks. If they miss meetings for

poor reason, they would be eliminated. And if they miss any more than three of the approximate ten

things which would be needed to characterize a leader, on a weekly basis, they would be eliminated

from the group. In other words, the chart which they have decided upon will be used as a basis to

gauge their consistency as leaders.

D.Set a time limit The first and subsequent meetings should last approximately one and a half hours, and always include

sharing and prayer.

E.Give them the tools At the first meeting, ask everyone to get notebooks (best if they all look alike). The three ringed

notebook could be divided into four sections (1) Sermon notes, () Bible study, () Prayer list, (4)

Personal devotional notes. No one would be permitted in the discipleship group after the second

meeting.

5. AT SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS

A.Bring the notebooks and pass them around for others to see what they wrote in their devotional pages. These pages

are not diaries, but are to be reflections which the young people get from reading the Word. Their

emphasis should not be legalistically reading the Word, as much as it should be having a heart for

God.

B.Prayer should always be a very important part of your Leaders in Training. In addition to having an effective prayer list

and developing one, each person should have a weekly prayer partner and that partner should be

different each week (guys with guys etc.). Their commitment should be to pray for their prayer partner

every day and call or meet with that person at least twice that week, to see how everything is going in

their Christian life. They may want to pray with one another through meeting or on the phone.

C.Dont worry about heavy curriculum, since the main emphasis in the program is teaching young people to apply what

they have been learning elsewhere. Naturally, you will want to teach them how to have effective

devotions, and how to vary them. You will also want to teach them how to take good sermon notes.

6. COMPLETE THE LEADERSHIP FAMILY TRAINING Finish at the end of ten weeks. Perhaps you could go on a retreat

and do some fun, crazy things with a loose schedule. At that retreat, as well as at other times, everyone needs to

continue affirming each other as leaders. They need to continually build up each other, because of what God is doing in

their lives. Theyre leaders because theyve chosen to discipline themselves, set priorities, be lonely for God instead of

following a wrong crowd, etc. No doubt a number of them will drop out. Those who do can join when another training

session begins.

7. CONSIDER STARTING ANOTHER GROUP Have another group when the first ten week commitment is over. Have a

brief break, but then begin another training session to develop leaders for your youth group.

8. CONTINUALLY CHALLENGE THE YOUNG PEOPLE Challenge them with what they could do to be examples to others

in their Christian lives. Some youth groups have done such things as sitting in one section of the church, near the front,

and taking notes on the pastors sermon. Perhaps they would also have small circles of prayer in the halls before church

begins, to really challenge the people to the importance of the message which they will hear. Another youth group wrote a

book called Principles of Growth and Leadership. They passed it out, and shared their spiritual leadership with others. It

was done entirely by the young people, not the youth director. After such groups continue, they are not merely disciples

anymore, they are real leaders.

Please note that this sample paper on starting a youth discipleship is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on starting a youth discipleship, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on starting a youth discipleship will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Great Migration

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The New Negro Generation was one of the most dynamic generations of the African American race. Not only did this generation assist blacks in moving out of the south, but it also changed the heart of the black community. It signaled a new dynamism and a new aggressiveness.

The Great Migration was the migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North. It is estimated that over one million African-Americans participated in this mass movement.

The Great Migration created the first large, urban black communities in the North. The North saw its black population rise about 0 percent between 110 and 10. Cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland saw some of the biggest increases.

World War I and boll weevils were major factors in

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pulling blacks to the North. The war created a huge demand for labor in the North. It caused millions of men to leave their jobs to serve in the armed forces, and forced immigration to slow down. In the South, a boll weevil infestation of the cotton crop ruined harvests and threatened thousands of African Americans with starvation. This also caused people to head north. Racism in the south also contributed to this movement. During the 10's the KKK was resurrected after it's the disappearance after reconstruction. The Birth of a Nation was released which was a movie based on white supremacy. Not only did it have an impact on the African American race, but to all races that weren't accepted by them. This lead to the formation of black organizations.

Railroad companies were so desperate for help that they paid African Americans travel expenses to the North. Northern labor agents traveled to the South to encourage blacks to leave and go find jobs in the north.

With black labor leaving the South in large numbers, southern planters tried to prevent the outflow, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The more progressive southern employers tried to promise better pay and improved treatment. Others tried to intimidate blacks, even going so far as to board northbound trains, and to attack black men and women to try to force them into returning to the South.

Recruiters toured the South convincing whites and blacks to head north with promises of high wages in the new war factories. They arrived in such numbers that it was impossible to house them all. Blacks who believed they were heading to a promised land found a northern bigotry every bit as pervasive and virulent as what they thought they had left behind in the Deep South. Southern whites brought their own traditional prejudices with them as both races migrated northward. The influx of newcomers strained not only housing, but transportation, education, and recreational facilities as well. The race riots that occurred in many of the states were a prime example of the problems that came along with the migration. Many blacks had no housing and were laid off of their jobs because of the overpopulated areas. Outraged by what was going on, the blacks in these areas retaliated by having these riots. The Red Scare was also a moment in history where blacks were unhappy with the work forces. This was a period were blacks went on many strikes because of labor conditions and the low pay rates. Companies were not improving these conditions so the workers decided to go on strike. There were ,600 strikes that occurred in 11.

The Great Migration led to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance. From 10 until about 10 an unprecedented outburst of creative activity among African-Americans occurred in all fields of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African-American cultural movement became known as The New Negro Movement and later as the Harlem Renaissance. Marcus Garvey who founded the UNIA and Dubois who established the Crisis magazine played a major role in the success of African American artist during this time period.

The era of Jazz was another major part of the New Negro Generation. Jazz was a form of music that represented the lives of African Americans. People like Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Bessie Smith were just a few of the many Jazz artists. The Cotton Club in Harlem was the top spot for Jazz artists. In 18 Duke Ellington and his band started a 1-year association with the club. Blacks were not allowed to attend this club because it was one of the more fashionable nightclubs and it was also owned by a white man. Blacks would attend the clubs that were not so expensive such as the Sugar Cane. Food and drinks at these clubs were much more cheaper and they would usually stay open later than the other clubs.

The "Chicago Defender" was a remarkably successful in encouraging blacks to migrate from the South to Chicago, often listing names of churches and other organizations to which they could write for help. As a result, thousands of prospective migrants wrote letters to black churches, such as the Bethlehem Baptist Association in Chicago, Illinois, which assumed the task of helping, black migrants find housing and employment. They also helped migrants to adjust to their new environment. The geographic isolation and discriminatory school policies imposed on urban blacks gradually lowered the quality of their public education system and inspired the use of stopgap measures to solve such problems as overcrowding. For example, the Ida B. Wells housing project community center was used to alleviate overcrowding in the kindergarten classes of the Chicago school system.

Many of the black migrants who came to Chicago between 110 and 10 started businesses and became entrepreneurs. The Perfect Eat Shop, a restaurant on 47th street near South Park, is an example of such a business. Ernest Morris, seen standing in the rear of the restaurant owned it.

The New Negro Generation was the birth of a new life for African Americans. It gave them a chance to express their ideas and to show their talents. It gave blacks a chance to establish themselves and to be respected by other races. The movement to the North helped blacks to achieve these goals and was a stepping stone for their strive for equality.

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