Is Morality a Matter of Comparative Politics?

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As physical items such as fire, contain substances that determines how they will behave, so do people. A persons 'essence' or character will determine how they will react regarding their morals. In this time of violence, terrorism and corruption it is no wonder that the question of morality is raised. It is obvious in this day and age, that morality is a puzzle in comparative politics, and although, culture and ethnicity is a key factor in comparing governments, the role of morality seems to have been sidestepped. While an undefined source for policies, actions and people, morality is an issue seldom heard until a crisis. As Otto von Bismarck stated 'Politics is not an exact science' , thus morality must incumber politics in one way or another.

The notion of morality is rather ambiguous and subjective. There is no clear definition of morals, and obviously no universal standard. So, how do morals affect politics? George Lakoff uses morality as a metaphor, and describes the relationship between morals and politics as 'The Nation as a Family'. Lakoff describes this metaphor as seeing the government as the parent and the states citizens as its children. Lakoff successfully describes this metaphor under a number of different categories.

· Regulation Just as a nurturing parent must protect his children, a government must protect its citizens -- not only from external threats, but also from pollution, disease, unsafe products, workplace hazards, nuclear waste, and unscrupulous businessmen.

· Environmentalism Communion with the environment is part of nurturance, part of the realization of ones potential as a human being. Empathy includes empathy with nature. Caring for children includes caring for future generations. Protection includes protection from pollution. All of these considerations support environmentalism.

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· Feminism and Gay Rights Nurturing parents want all their children to fulfil their potential, and so it is the role of government to provide institutions to make that possible.

· Abortion Women seeking abortion are either women who want to take control of their lives or teenage children needing help. Considerations of nurturance for both require providing access to safe, affordable abortions.

· Multiculturalism Nurturing parents celebrate the differences among their children, and so governments should celebrate the differences among its citizens.

· Affirmative Action Since women and minorities are not treated fairly in society, it is up to the government to do what it can to make sure that they have a fair chance at self-fulfilment.

· Art and the Humanities Knowledge, beauty, and self-knowledge are part of human fulfilment, and so the government must see to it that institutions promote such forms of human nurturance.

· Taxation Just as in a nurturing family it is the duty of older and stronger children to help out those that are younger and weaker, so in a nation it is the duty of citizens who are better off to contribute more than those who are worse-off.

Although the family metaphor is a valid conception of morality, the definition is still unknown. The subjective nature of morality would imply that every action is right if the person agrees with the action or believes it is right. However, how can killing a person be right? This is where culture plays a large part in politics and morality.

If you lived in India your morality would have you believe it is right for wives to be burned alive with their deceased husbands. In Syria, you would believe it is morally permissible to have more than one wife. If you grew up in Sudan, your morals would say it is permissible to have young woman's clitorises surgically removed. However, if you held an American morale, you would probably disagree, finding none of these practices are morally permissible. So, if morality can be so diverse as to be categorised ('Christian' morality, 'Nazi' morality), then this must have a major effect on how different regimes will view issues and act upon them, whether it be economy, women's rights or the current War on Iraq. When using Lakoff's 'Nation as a Family' model it is obvious to see the reasoning behind World leaders support of War against Iraq- just, as a nurturing parent must protect his/her child, a government must protect its citizens . However, this does not justify the War on Iraq, when looked at through a Christian morale.

Fr. Joseph, O.F.M, argues against the separation of church and state, and highlights the submission of Christian morality in politics today.

The state has been given to us by God to look out for the temporal welfare of its people. This means its main purpose is to work for the common good. If those who hold a public office in any way do not work for this purpose, they have usurped their position. It is also important to note that in working for the common good of the people, a morality is necessarily implied, for one cannot be morally neutral, and yet work for an objective good. This is the contradiction of the political scene today. Everyone wants something (what is supposed to be a common good but rarely is anymore), yet it is (from their point of view) supposed to be devoid of any moral basis, especially a Christian one.

This statement highlights that morality whether it is from a Christian or Nazi background will be found in politics. No decision is neutral and action taken against or for an issue is without morality.

Otto Von Bismarck (1815188), Prussian statesman. Speech, December 18, 186, to Prussian legislature. http//www.bartleby.com/66/8/78.html,

G. Lakoff, 'Metaphor, Morality and Politics or Why Conservatives have Left Liberals in the Dust' (15, volume 6, no. ) Social Research http//www.wwcd.org/issues/Lakoff.html#BOOKS Theodore Schick, Jr. 'Is Morality a Matter of Taste, Why Professional Ethicists Think that Morality is Not Purely 'Subjective'' (18) 18 Free Inquiry Magazine 4 http//www.secularhumanism.org/fi/index.htm

G. Lakoff, 'Metaphor, Morality and Politics or Why Conservatives have Left Liberals in the Dust' (15, volume 6, no. ) Social Research http//www.wwcd.org/issues/Lakoff.html#BOOKS

Fr. Joseph, O.M.F, 'The Morality of Politics' http//friarsminor.org/xxi1-1.html

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Burdens of Responsibility

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Burdens of Responsibility. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Burdens of Responsibility paper right on time.

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As I attend the University of Hawaii at Manoa, I reside on the on-campus residence halls, particularly Hale Mokihana. In fact, more than a thousand students, everyday, tread home from school to these dorms. If you ask anyone, living there is no were close to being at home. One thing that most students dread are the rules and regulations, simply because it puts a limitation on his or her freedom of being independent. What exactly are these rules? What consequences are put into effect when these rules are violated?

These questions and more have been answered in the "Rules and Regulations" and "Disciplinary Actions" Sections in the University of Hawaii Residence Hall Handbook, which is given out during the check-in period. This light-weight, spiral handbook is very eye-catching to the readers with its decorative cover and handy campus map on the back. The facts are presented under specific bold topics, in a well organized layout, which makes it easy to read and follow. Many students, like myself, use this handbook for the convenient calendar organizer located towards the back of the book.

This manual is a compilation written by the staff of the Student Housing Department. However, the person responsible for the overall contents is Darryl Zehner, Director of Student Housing. He speaks on behalf of the University of Hawaii Student Housing Institution. The staff's credibility is very reliable and trustworthy because of their obligation to create a safe and trouble free environment. The authors are more knowledgeable about the topic then the readers.

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This document serves a dual purpose to answer any question a resident may have concerning the policy and to provide a broader understanding of how the residents are expected to behave. The need for this document was to set a system of order so that chaos would be prevented. It prohibits illegal actions and objects that may put the lives of others in danger. It is still widely used today for its effectiveness as well as usefulness in the past, controlling resident conduct. A set of rules is common and appropriate for situations involving many people. The rules and disciplinary actions suggest that no matter what social status and class standing one may be in the same set of rules apply to everyone in the same hall. Other potential readers may be prospective residents, parents, or visitors. They too can get a taste of what the on-campus setting is like by referring to this document.

Not only are the rules and regulations relevant in order to establish a safe living atmosphere, but everyone can also benefit from it. For me, I am glad that they enforce the "Quiet Hours" policy because it helps promote my academic success by placing me in an environment easy to study in. Others who are having problems with people causing trouble can use this book as an important tool to notify the authorities on one's wrongdoings. Rules, including no vandalism and harassment, have played important roles in creating a safe atmosphere respective of others rights. This document is also very advantageous to the writers. The importance of it being a written document is that the rules are set in stone. There is no room for excuses to explain why someone has violated these rules. Although this document is not a contract, people must abide to the contents and cannot dispute or contest it.

Although the rules and disciplinary actions have relevance and some strengths, many questions arise resulting on issues that can be debated about the contents. Certain rights as well as imposed responsibility seem to be on the line for the residents. Also, specific rules are questioned to be unfair. The writers do not offer any explanation to why these rules are implemented. The reasons are usually obvious, however, there are times when it is unclear. "Why must the flyers and poster be first approved by the hall director?" This particular case exemplifies the vagueness found throughout the guide.

In situations of vandalism where the individual does not come forward to claim responsibility, everyone on the floor is punished and must pay a fee of ten dollars to the damage that is done. This group assessment should not be applied seeing that it is unreasonable to those who are innocent. It is also said that possessing a water jug is prohibited for it may be a common source container to hold alcohol. This irrational regulation is an example that limits one's rights at the dorms. Imposed responsibility such as cleaning our rooms as well as checking in our guests seems to be a hassle. Everyone has to compromise on behalf of convenience.

The writers' language and style plays a significant role in informing the students about the rules and its consequences when violated. When explaining the regulations the sentences are plain and precise in order to eliminate any uncertainty or ambiguity. Their meticulous criteria such as having a microwave or refrigerator is narrowed down to a specific condition. It is obvious that the writers of this section had clarity in mind. The tone is very distant and formal between the writer and the readers. However, the next section describing the disciplinary actions are obscure because of its wordiness and usage of big terms. It states, "Whether a student denies or does not refute the alleged policy(s) violations, the housing staff will make a decision based up the preponderance of evidence" (p. 1). The vocabulary is very elevated and written in an official and legalistic tone for the purpose of confusing the readers. It seems as if the author clarifies the rules but disguises the consequences so that those who break a rule will misconstrue the repercussions. From personal experience, sometimes people don't violate a rule simply because the penalty is too harsh. Because the writers' intent is for the readers to obey the rules, there is an abundance of denotative meanings rather then connotative meanings. The content is meant to be straight forward with no underlying meanings. There are no room for semantics.

The two sections in the handbook have been written very effectively to illustrate to the readers the authors' central points. They have created sentences both plain and complicated to convey their intended effect. Although not blatantly asked, the contents have questioned my own values, assumptions, and beliefs about on-campus life. Given the distant relationship we have with the authors and the limitations we possess as students, the book still functions as a reference guide. By possessing both positive and negative traits, the rules and regulations are communicated as being more complex in both an individual and communal level than what the book deems it to be. Please note that this sample paper on Burdens of Responsibility is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Burdens of Responsibility, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Burdens of Responsibility will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Juvenial Death Penalty

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Juvenile Death Penalty

The juvenile death penalty is one of the most controversial issues of the twentieth century. The death penalty is always used as the last resort punishment. People who deserve to be on death row are people who have committed such horrible acts that there is no other punishment that fits their crime. The actual definition of capital punishment is "the lawful infliction of death as a punishment"(West's 16). The death penalty has existed in the United States since 1608. Currently only thirty-eight states allow capital punishment. It is known to be an argumentative topic. Everyone has his or her own opinion on who deserves to receive capital punishment, or whether or not it should actually exist. Capital punishment in the United States used to be a lot more acceptable than it is today(Strater 6).

"There are only six countries in the world that are known to have executed juvenile offenders in the 'nineties Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nigeria, Yemenand the United States"(Farley ). It is an extremely popular issue at this point in time due to all the current juvenile murderers. Since the spring of ninety-five, six juveniles have been executed this decade in the United States. This is more than any other country in the world. Some would say that these statistics are embarrassing for the United States as a whole. Seventy-five percent of the juvenile's executed are non-Caucasian. Since the start of the death penalty, a good portion of the children put to death have been black males. Most of the juvenile executions have taken place in the South. The youngest person ever to be executed in this country was a ten year old in 1885, for taking part in a robbery and a murder(Strater 6).

The justification for the juvenile death penalty is frequently tracked back to Blackstone's commentaries on the laws of England. Sixteen states in the U.S. have a minimal age requirement for the death penalty under the age of eighteen. Some of these states include Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. All but one of these states does not go under the age of fourteen(Strater 6). "The minimum age of statute in Mississippi is thirteen, but the Mississippi Attorney General's office indicates the effective age is sixteen based on the interpretation of U.S. Supreme Court Decisions" (Strater 6). Nine states do not have an age requirement for carrying out capital punishment.

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The death penalty is too cruel a punishment for people under the age of eighteen. Anyone under this age has not experienced life as an adult yet. Many of their decisions are made for them. Some of the mistakes they make may be done without thinking it through thoroughly, or the knowledge of life to realize the ramifications of their actions. Youths are heavily influenced by peer pressure and how they are raised. Juveniles may partake in certain uncivilized acts for survival as well. Parenting can play a tremendous role in how juveniles make poor decisions. If their parents are not around while growing up, or make poor decisions themselves, how are their children going to know the correct ways to go about their own lives. Parents need to teach their children to have strong morals. One should know that killing another human being is not correct, but if they are never taught to make good decisions, then murder can just be considered another poor decision that they have made. On the other side of this controversy, "some argue that children mature enough to murder are mature enough to be punished for it"(Farley ). Often times, people base this decision on their own family lives. Many times, the juveniles who commit such heinous crimes to be put on death row have not grown up in the same family environments as the people arguing towards executing them.

"At a time when school shootings have led the United States into a wrenching political debate about youth violence, this is a quandary worth pondering" (The Wall Street Journal A8). Congress is in a jam, trying to figure out what causes youth crime. The people who make laws are working hard to make specific laws that prevent juveniles from seeing violent movies or video games (The Wall Street Journal A8). They feel that such movies or games can cause violent behavior. Already a minimum age requirement is set for certain movies, but not all of them. If states do make new laws dealing with children seeing or playing movies or video games, they must deal with the punishment that should occur after they see or play the game or movie.

Some movies and video games can show some kids more about real life. Many people think that movies or different types of games can have a negative influence upon a kid. Ignoring an issue or telling children not to see certain movies or play some video games is not going to prevent anyone from experiencing the real world. It exists everywhere. If they did not learn from a movie or game, they would just learn from friends, television, and, so on and so forth. Most kids, who go and see a violent movie for the first time, will not understand exactly what is going on. After the movie, the child will probably go home and ask certain questions to his or her parents. At this point in time, the parents can thoroughly explain what went on in the movie and go into an educational conversation about certain issues in which the child may be confused about. A video game is just a form of entertainment. Some video games are obviously more violent than others. Violent video games do not turn a juvenile into a murderer.

Capital punishment has been going on this country for a very long time. Most other countries have done away with it. "The U.N. convention (Article7(a)) provides that neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age"(Streib 6). The United States is basically the only country in the world that has not changed this agreement. This country wants to be able to keep the death penalty for juvenile offenders (Streib 6).

The juvenile death penalty has been one of the most controversial issues of the twentieth century, being used as the last resort punishment for the most heinous of crimes, although it should not be the answer to juvenile crimes. Anyone under the age of eighteen needs to mature and start making some of their own decisions. Execution is not the right decision for a crime committed by a juvenile. Please note that this sample paper on Juvenial Death Penalty is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Juvenial Death Penalty, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Juvenial Death Penalty will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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German Unification: 1871

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The German Empire was proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles, with the Prussian king, William I, as Kaiser of Germany, 18th January, 1871. German unification was a long process that can be attributed to factors such as the Crimean War and the Wars of Unification, the ideas of nationalism and liberalism, Prussia's economic strength, and the role of Otto von Bismarck.

The Crimean War (1854-6), as Bruce Walker says, "gave Bismarck his first important opportunity" to unify Germany, and it would have certainly been more difficult to achieve had the Crimean War not occurred. This conflict realigned the great powers of Europe and, with Russia's withdrawal from European diplomacy, Prussia had become dominant. As Bismarck commented in 186 "It all began with the Crimean War". By the end of the Crimean War, Prussia was intent on initiating territorial changes that Austria was powerless to resist. The Crimean War and consequent Russian defeat meant the withdrawal of Russia into a period of diplomatic isolation and their connection with Austria was cut. Deprived of Russian help, Austria was vulnerable to Prussian ambitions in Germany. The territorial changes began not long after with the first War of Unification. In 1864 Prussia allied itself with Austria to go to war against Denmark over control of the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein. The conflict was brief and was won easily by the allied forces. It was not very significant in terms of steps towards unification, rather, it was a tactic to draw Austria into a later dispute against Prussia over control of these provinces. This occurred in 1866.

The authors of Key Features of Modern History state that "The war between Prussia and Austria was intended to unite northern Germany behind Prussia". Bismarck wanted to unify Germany, but without Austria. The second War of Unification removed Austria from German affairs, and united a number of the northern German states, known as the North German Confederation. The Austrians were defeated at Sadowa. This is not surprising, because not only did Austria have no allies, but Italy fought on the Prussian side, forcing Austria to divide its forces. Austria had to accept defeat under the terms of the Treaty of Prague.

The final War of Unification was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1. August 1, 1870, one of the main French armies had been contained at Metz, and on September 1st, the other was forced to surrender at Sedan. These victories were significant for Prussia because it meant that a republic was able to be proclaimed in France. This happened only three days later. The second major result of this conflict was, of course, the proclaiming of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871. The Crimean War and the Wars of Unification were essential in creating a unified German state as they allowed the Germans to overcome all opposing countries that stood in their way towards finally unifying their country.

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The concepts of liberalism and nationalism helped to unite Germany, especially through the Revolutions of 1848. Nationalism, especially, was highly influential and Bruce Dennett and Stephen Dixon have said that "German unification had more to do with nationalism than any other single idea", as nationalism created a sense of German unity among its citizens that inspired action from people of all classes. Although the Congress of Vienna in 1815 delayed the process for a while, the Revolutions of 1848, undoubtedly inspired by the principles of liberalism and nationalism, brought the idea of unification to the front of German policy, as creating a unified German state under a Prussian king was at the core of the antagonism.

German unification would probably have occurred much later than it did had the Prussian economy not been as strong as it was. It was a huge asset to the Prussians in the struggle for hegemony in Germany, especially after the rapid expansion they enjoyed in the 180s that resulted in coal production rising from . to 1. million tonnes from 1846-1860, the construction of a new railway system that increased military mobility, and the building up of the manufacturing base in the Rhineland, with coal, and the Saar, with steel, helping to produce weapons in large numbers for the Prussian military force. J.M. Keynes stresses the economic base for Germany unity when he says, "The German Empire was created more by coal and steel than by blood and iron". The strong Prussian economy helped the country and its military in achieving German unification.

Historians Bruce Dennett and Stephen Dixon are quoted as saying Otto von Bismarck was "the architect of unification and used the power of the Prussian state and war to achieve his goals". Bismarck's main objective, when he was made Prime Minister in 186, was that Prussia replace Austria as the supreme power in the German confederation. He, therefore, guided the unification of the separate German states into a single country, with his own state of Prussia as the most dominant. Bismarck was also responsible for Germany's rise as the most powerful economic and military force on the continent of Europe. Bismarck was also the one who warned the Prussian Landtag in the Army Bill debate of 186 that Prussian predominance in Germany must be based on military security "Germany looks not to Prussia's liberalism but to her power... The questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions... but by iron and blood" The military preparedness of Prussia could not have been achieved without the war reforms like the Army Bill of 186, that were orchestrated by Bismarck. Germany needed someone with the political will to use Prussia's resources to its advantage, as well as the skill to exploit the new balance of power in Europe that occurred as a result of the Crimean War. These were provided by Bismarck, and, as the authors of Problems and Issues in Modern History remarked, Bismarck's "planning and skill made... [this] possible". The role of Bismarck was instrumental in unifying the German states under Prussian leadership. Historian G.A. Craig supports this claim when he says "the unification of Germany would probably have taken place without Bismarck, but surely not at the same time or in quite the same way".

The Crimean War and the Wars of Unification, nationalism and liberalism, Prussia's economic strength and the role of Bismarck were pivotal in achieving German unification. Had even one of these factors been weaker than they were, unification would certainly have not occurred when it did.

Please note that this sample paper on German Unification: 1871 is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on German Unification: 1871, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on German Unification: 1871 will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Japanese Internment

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On December 7, 141 The Japanese military bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After this bombing, America took a larger step into the involvement in the Second World War. The U.S. government decided that for the safety of the nation that one hundred twenty thousand people with Japanese decent would be relocated from the west coast. These Japanese-Americans were taken form their lives that they had established and brought to designated internment camps provided by the U.S. military. The United States reason for the relocation was for the fear of its Japanese citizens taking rebellious actions on America. Because of such an enormous and harsh act that America was enforcing, most other Americans started to take an interest on the subject (U.S. Acts 1). Due to the fact that the U.S. feared a revolt by its own citizens, the government with the help of the media, covered up the harsh realities of the relocation and the lifestyle in the internment camps.

In the year 14 the U.S. government started a relocation act that would remove all Japanese-Americans from the west coast state of California, and parts of Oregon and Washington ( ). The U.S. believed that some west coast Japanese-Americans were involved in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. So in fear that there was any loyalty to the Japan in America the U.S. started the relocation act. The government realized that a mass relocation of this proportion would not go without notice or opposition unless they could make most Americans believe it was morally right. Helped by America's media, mostly newspapers, the government announced its plans for the relocation with slight twists to make it "reader comforting."

The newspapers printed articles about the relocation that had information about the governments actions like this article from the L.A. Times reading, "Agreement on this course of procedure, which will enable the Army to remove from such zones anyone regarded as potential disloyalists, was reached at a conference of representatives of the Department of Justice, the Army and the State Department (Feb. 1)." This article tells the reader that it has been decided that the Army has the right to remove any disloyal citizens from certain zones of the west coast and that comforts the American reader. What the article doesn't tell you is that this course of procedure that was passed allows the Army to relocate anybody with Japanese ancestry based on the stereotype that all citizens of Japanese decent are disloyal, regardless of each individual's beliefs and loyalty. Governor Olson of California created the stereotype by saying, "Because of extreme difficulty in distinguishing between loyal Japanese-Americans and those other Japanese whose loyalty is to the Mikado. I believe in a wholesale evacuation of the Japanese people from coastal California (Olson Mar. 6)." Making people of other nationalities in America fearful of Japanese-Americans made it easier to for the government to relocate them without conflicts of interest. What would come next would be even more difficult for Americans to see as morally right without media propaganda, was the living conditions of the relocated citizens.

When the phrase "living in a resettlement center" is said most people think of people moving from dangerous areas to a safer place to live. But when someone says, "surviving in an internment camp," other, harsher things come to mind. The second of the two is a more appropriate description of the life of the relocated. Considering the importance of human rights in America and the knowledge that many of the resettled people were loyal to the U.S., the government made no effort to adequately accommodate these United States citizens. In no way were the camps anything like what most Americans were led to believe. The government never described, to the people being relocated or other Americans, in any written document, what these camps would be like. The only real description of the living arrangements came first hand from the people in the camps.

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From Ted Nakashima's experience he writes, "The resettlement center is actually a penitentiaryarmed guards in towers with spotlights and deadly tommy guns, fifteen feet of barbed-wire fences, everyone in confined quarters at nine and lights out at ten o'clock (American Children )." It is unconstitutional to place U.S. citizens who cannot be proven disloyal to America in such an environment that there human right are violated. The U.S. government is hypocritical when judging Germany on how they persecuted the Jews when we are committing a similar but not quite as cruel act on our own citizens. Even though this sounds extremely harsh, the American public had no idea of the hardships endured by the Japanese-Americans in the camps.

What were shown of the camps to the U.S. in news clippings were pictures of celebration times in the camps. In one article from Newsweek there are two pictures of scenes from different camps. One picture shows the evacuees dressed in traditional Japanese garments performing a ritual dance. In the second photo it pictures couples of Japanese-Americans dressed in common American dress-clothes slow dancing at their camp (May 4). This is the type of propaganda that the media used to make America feel good about the idea of the relocation. When you see these pictures of them enjoying them selves you would think that it must not be bad living in those arrangements. Americans never had the opportunity to see anything but the good things going on in the camps and were ignorant to the fact that life was terrible for the evacuees.

For the American media, with the freedom of speech, who helped conceal the truths of life of the Japanese-Americans in the relocation settlements was against the principles to which there are civil rights. What was shown to American citizens about the relocation is false information that was controlled by the government and was instilled into people's beliefs of what happened. To this day many Americans still hold the beliefs and stereotypes taught to them at the time of the war. My own Uncle who fought in the Second World War still believes that there were no loyal Japanese-Americans during the war and that they got what they deserved. From my research on the topic I cannot hold him responsible for his beliefs because he was never informed of the truths and was trained to think a certain way by the government. Since the time of the Japanese Internment America has grown and realized what it has done to its own people. Through knowledge of the past, America will not repeat this cruel chapter in U.S. History because of the power of free media today.

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Division and ClassificationProprietorships and corporation

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With the growing number of corporations taking over small businesses, and the belief that becoming a proprietor is associated with being wealthy, one must decide which type of business to become involved with. There are several differences between these two types of business. A corporation is a business organization having a continuous existence independent of its members (owners) and power and liabilities distinct from those of its members. (Schiller ) A proprietorship is a business organization created and owned by one person, this one person is called an entrepreneur. When comparing the two one must look at the advantages and disadvantages in relation to profits and taxes, continuity, capital and management ability, and liabilities.

Corporations are the largest business structure and can make billions of dollars a year. There are many expenses that corporations face and they also have to pay very high state and federal taxes. Profits do not belong only to the owner because there is not just one owner, but many owners divided amongst shares of company stock. Potential profits can be reduced because of the following expenses paying management and employee salaries, paying for employee benefits, re-investing, and paying dividends to shareholders. Taxes also reduce the amount of profit a corporation makes. Corporations are double taxed, first on earnings from products and services sold, then again with corporate taxes posed by the state and federal government.

On the other hand proprietorships are the smallest business structure and generate much less revenue. Because of the talent and risk taken on by the entrepreneurs, all profits are his of hers to keep. The government encourages new businesses so taxes are much lower than that of corporations, and also gives tax breaks to proprietors.

Continuity becomes an issue when it comes time for retirement. One of the most valuable assets to a business is the person who runs the company. When a CEO or any of the board members retires, the company can buy out that person's shares of stock and the company can still go on. The corporation will not crumble because there are many members that know what is going on in the company and can find the most suitable person to take the CEO' s place.

The owners of proprietorships must also retire but when this occurs the business must be sold and continuity becomes a problem for many retiring proprietors. Most proprietors depend on the sale amount of their company for their retirement. Many do not realize that the owner operating the business is the most valuable asset to the company and are surprised when the amount of the sale is less than expected.

A necessary requirement to run a successful business is the availability of capital and management ability. Because a corporation has many shareholders that buy stock in the company, it is very easy for a corporation to attain more capital such as factories, equipment, and inventory. If a corporation needs more funds for any business venture than they can sell more stock to investors. If the company grows then shareholders make money, the shares become worth more and this will cause more investors to want to own a piece of the corporation. Just as important as capital, is management ability. With the funds to hire the best managers and employees, corporations have unlimited management ability and will have a better chance of thriving.

However, capital and management ability can become problems for proprietorships. Since what the entrepreneur has and the entrepreneur can borrow to attain capital are limited, then the size and the organization of the company will also be limited. Also, only so much skill and management ability is available to the proprietor. The proprietor may not have the necessary skills and knowledge start a company. Limitations for capital and management ability can set a proprietorship for failure from the very beginning.

Since a corporation is a separate entity in of itself, there is limited liability. The corporation itself is held responsible for all debts and law suits. This is why shareholders are not held responsible for non-payment of debts or any other business mishaps. For this reason there are credit limits when corporations borrow because if the company goes out of business then the lenders are left with the losses.

Unlike the limited liability of corporations, the owners of proprietorships are liable for all debts and losses from the business. The entrepreneur has the risk of losing everything and can be sued if the business fails with debts owed. The debts of the business are the debts of the owner. If an owner losses their business he or she may also lose their house, car, or any other asset.

Therefore whether one plans to work for a corporation or start their own proprietorship, one must realize the differences of each business type. Since corporations (big businesses) put many proprietorships (small businesses) out of business, it is difficult to compete with such giants like Wal-Mart or Best Buy. Since about ninety percent of businesses fail in the first two years, it is very important to research whatever type of business to participate in (Costello). If one pursues a proprietorship approach then he or she must be prepared for such a big risk, the odds are against small businesses. For instance, everyday at work I have proprietors call me for their gas prices for the current day. These proprietors that we call IBM's, are leasing stations from Cumberland Farms, Inc. For the past year I have seen many of these business owners go out of business while they were on a lease with this company. What many of them do not realize is why we leased our locations to them, it is because those sites were either non-profitable, or they were to close to neighboring states with lower taxes on gas, resulting in loss profits to competitors with lower cost. We also have these IBM's purchase gas from us, so no matter what, we make a few cents even if they are selling it below their cost, not to mention we compete with them too and our cost is always lower. In locations where we sometimes lose money, we can make up for it with our other stations, but if they only have one station they cannot offset the losses. If they had done some research they would have at least known about lower state taxes on gas. A potential entrepreneur should learn as much about business as possible and create a strong business plan to compete with such large corporations. Not everyone who starts their own business becomes wealthy, some just own a job and some can lose everything.

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Executive summary

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Executive Summary

Southwest Adventure, Inc. provides travel-planning services for European adventure to residents of the Greater Austin/San Marcos area. The service industry, including travel agencies, is one of the fastest growing business sectors of the economy, and Southwest Adventure, Inc. intends to capitalize on the success of this industry by taking advantage of travel opportunities in the state of Texas.

President Jim Smith and Vice President of Sales and Marketing Don Thompson currently hold the company's stock. Prior to starting the Southwest Adventure, Inc. travel agency, Jim Smith co-founded, co-owned, and operated the Southwest Adventure Rock Climbing. He has selected a small team with broad travel, sales, and computer skills, all of whom will be very useful to the new venture. Her co-workers bring a combined total of over thirty-five years of travel industry experience to the agency.

Southwest Adventure, Inc. recently became the selected agents for Discovery Travel, one of the largest and most respected tour operations in the market. With almost no marketing effort, Southwest Adventures, Inc. has sold some 400-adventure vacations in the past eight months, netting $150,000 in commissions. Sales of insurance policies and other services have added to this total, and could potentially add much more. Southwest Adventures, Inc. offers a complete range of services to support the adventurous traveler, including pre and post vacation briefing, travel insurance, and a directory of services specific to each destination and activity.

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Jim Smith, President and CEO, before founding Southwest Adventures, Inc., owned and operated Southwest Adventures Rock Climbing, providing services for the Austin/San Marcos area. Prior to that, he managed the Lubbock branch of one of the larger regional chains of general travel agencies operating throughout west Texas, where he was responsible for managing the office systems and a staff of fifteen. He has a degree in travel and tourism from Texas State University.

In addition to Jim Smith, team members Don Thompson and Ralph Stevenson will be moving into the new project on a full-time basis, and Kelly Turner has been recently recruited to cover Saturdays and vacations. Self-employed business consultant Jack Park will be advising during the business's switch from rock climbing to adventure travel agency.

Don Thompson, Vice President of Sales and Marketing, prior to joining Southwest Adventures, Inc. Don Thompson worked for the marketing department of a major airline. His current responsibilities include the company's direct marketing campaign and all sales-related issues.

Ralph Stevenson, Office Manager, has twenty years as a travel agent and has given the ideal background for Southwest Adventures, Inc. As a salesperson, his expertise in the area of European travel enables him to entice the adventure traveler.

Kelly Turner, Sales Assistant, after completing her undergraduate degree at the Austin Institute of Art, she spent a year traveling abroad and joined the staff just recently as a sales assistant.

Jack Park, Business Consultant, with over twenty-five years of consulting experience in a wide variety of industries, his knowledge and guidance will be helpful to the success of this company.

The volunteer members of the Board of Directors provide guidance to the management and staff of Southwest Adventures, Inc. The board meets twice yearly to discuss policy change, review the mission statement, and update the business plan if needed.

Members include

Toby Miller, retail storeowner

Whitney Wisner, CPA

Kevin Senn, former travel agent

Willis Porter, lawyer

Thomas Chung, human resource manager

Valerie Cook, restaurant owner

Steve Gott, retail storeowner

From desk and field market research carried out on 400 clients, it is clear that there is considerable potential in the adventure travel business. Research indicates that Southwest Adventures, Inc. target market finds it difficult to obtain reliable and dependable advice on destinations and activities. Research also suggests that the customers in this market are unlikely to purchase their vacations again from the firm who provided their last vacation due to a lack of useful sales personnel. Southwest Adventures, Inc. will supply to these needs and develop a strong return-customer base.

Because they are currently the only travel agency focused on European adventure vacations located in the Austin/San Marcos area, Southwest Adventure, Inc. has a considerable opportunity to control the region. In order to maintain and improve their current position in the region, they will need to invest in a Website, as well as database software and systems, etc. Southwest Adventures, Inc. maintains the following advantages over existing competitors ongoing support to clients; extensive knowledge of the European adventure vacation field; superior customer service; specialized training programs for staff; informative Website; competitive rates.

Jim Smith plans to sell his shares in the Southwest Adventures rock climbing company and invest the proceeds in the new travel business, Southwest Adventures, Inc. In addition, he will be investing $70,000 of his own money in the business and seeking $0,000 from outside sources. Return on shareholders investments by year three is likely to be close to one hundred percent. The purpose of the business plan is to communicate this highly money-making opportunity to Jim Smith's partners in the rock climbing industry and to outside investors, and to attract interest in this project. Alternatively, Jim Smith is considering loan finance made up of a $50,000 two-year loan and a credit line of $60,000. In total, about $110,000 will be needed to fund the business during the initial months.

Southwest Adventures, Inc. started as a rock climbing business and has expanded into the travel agency business, with its focus on adventure travel in Europe. Last year Southwest Adventures rock climbing made $00,000 profit on sales of $1,500,000 and employed seven people.

Southwest Adventures, Inc. expects that by concentrating full-time on selling adventure vacations, clients will increase from the present level of 400 (achieved over a eight-month period with only a part-time effort), to at least 00 in the first year, 1,00 in the second, and ,000 in the third. To help achieve this growth, Jim Smith has identified three other tour operators she wishes to represent and has begun negotiations with them.

Selling between two and three vacations a day will allow the business to reach cash flow break even in year one, while marketing a humble profit in year one. By year two post tax profits should be $5,000 and will increase to nearly $510,000 by year three.

Please note that this sample paper on executive summary is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on executive summary, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on executive summary will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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