German Unification: 1871

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The German Empire was proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles, with the Prussian king, William I, as Kaiser of Germany, 18th January, 1871. German unification was a long process that can be attributed to factors such as the Crimean War and the Wars of Unification, the ideas of nationalism and liberalism, Prussia's economic strength, and the role of Otto von Bismarck.

The Crimean War (1854-6), as Bruce Walker says, "gave Bismarck his first important opportunity" to unify Germany, and it would have certainly been more difficult to achieve had the Crimean War not occurred. This conflict realigned the great powers of Europe and, with Russia's withdrawal from European diplomacy, Prussia had become dominant. As Bismarck commented in 186 "It all began with the Crimean War". By the end of the Crimean War, Prussia was intent on initiating territorial changes that Austria was powerless to resist. The Crimean War and consequent Russian defeat meant the withdrawal of Russia into a period of diplomatic isolation and their connection with Austria was cut. Deprived of Russian help, Austria was vulnerable to Prussian ambitions in Germany. The territorial changes began not long after with the first War of Unification. In 1864 Prussia allied itself with Austria to go to war against Denmark over control of the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein. The conflict was brief and was won easily by the allied forces. It was not very significant in terms of steps towards unification, rather, it was a tactic to draw Austria into a later dispute against Prussia over control of these provinces. This occurred in 1866.

The authors of Key Features of Modern History state that "The war between Prussia and Austria was intended to unite northern Germany behind Prussia". Bismarck wanted to unify Germany, but without Austria. The second War of Unification removed Austria from German affairs, and united a number of the northern German states, known as the North German Confederation. The Austrians were defeated at Sadowa. This is not surprising, because not only did Austria have no allies, but Italy fought on the Prussian side, forcing Austria to divide its forces. Austria had to accept defeat under the terms of the Treaty of Prague.

The final War of Unification was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1. August 1, 1870, one of the main French armies had been contained at Metz, and on September 1st, the other was forced to surrender at Sedan. These victories were significant for Prussia because it meant that a republic was able to be proclaimed in France. This happened only three days later. The second major result of this conflict was, of course, the proclaiming of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871. The Crimean War and the Wars of Unification were essential in creating a unified German state as they allowed the Germans to overcome all opposing countries that stood in their way towards finally unifying their country.

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The concepts of liberalism and nationalism helped to unite Germany, especially through the Revolutions of 1848. Nationalism, especially, was highly influential and Bruce Dennett and Stephen Dixon have said that "German unification had more to do with nationalism than any other single idea", as nationalism created a sense of German unity among its citizens that inspired action from people of all classes. Although the Congress of Vienna in 1815 delayed the process for a while, the Revolutions of 1848, undoubtedly inspired by the principles of liberalism and nationalism, brought the idea of unification to the front of German policy, as creating a unified German state under a Prussian king was at the core of the antagonism.

German unification would probably have occurred much later than it did had the Prussian economy not been as strong as it was. It was a huge asset to the Prussians in the struggle for hegemony in Germany, especially after the rapid expansion they enjoyed in the 180s that resulted in coal production rising from . to 1. million tonnes from 1846-1860, the construction of a new railway system that increased military mobility, and the building up of the manufacturing base in the Rhineland, with coal, and the Saar, with steel, helping to produce weapons in large numbers for the Prussian military force. J.M. Keynes stresses the economic base for Germany unity when he says, "The German Empire was created more by coal and steel than by blood and iron". The strong Prussian economy helped the country and its military in achieving German unification.

Historians Bruce Dennett and Stephen Dixon are quoted as saying Otto von Bismarck was "the architect of unification and used the power of the Prussian state and war to achieve his goals". Bismarck's main objective, when he was made Prime Minister in 186, was that Prussia replace Austria as the supreme power in the German confederation. He, therefore, guided the unification of the separate German states into a single country, with his own state of Prussia as the most dominant. Bismarck was also responsible for Germany's rise as the most powerful economic and military force on the continent of Europe. Bismarck was also the one who warned the Prussian Landtag in the Army Bill debate of 186 that Prussian predominance in Germany must be based on military security "Germany looks not to Prussia's liberalism but to her power... The questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions... but by iron and blood" The military preparedness of Prussia could not have been achieved without the war reforms like the Army Bill of 186, that were orchestrated by Bismarck. Germany needed someone with the political will to use Prussia's resources to its advantage, as well as the skill to exploit the new balance of power in Europe that occurred as a result of the Crimean War. These were provided by Bismarck, and, as the authors of Problems and Issues in Modern History remarked, Bismarck's "planning and skill made... [this] possible". The role of Bismarck was instrumental in unifying the German states under Prussian leadership. Historian G.A. Craig supports this claim when he says "the unification of Germany would probably have taken place without Bismarck, but surely not at the same time or in quite the same way".

The Crimean War and the Wars of Unification, nationalism and liberalism, Prussia's economic strength and the role of Bismarck were pivotal in achieving German unification. Had even one of these factors been weaker than they were, unification would certainly have not occurred when it did.

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Japanese Internment

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On December 7, 141 The Japanese military bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After this bombing, America took a larger step into the involvement in the Second World War. The U.S. government decided that for the safety of the nation that one hundred twenty thousand people with Japanese decent would be relocated from the west coast. These Japanese-Americans were taken form their lives that they had established and brought to designated internment camps provided by the U.S. military. The United States reason for the relocation was for the fear of its Japanese citizens taking rebellious actions on America. Because of such an enormous and harsh act that America was enforcing, most other Americans started to take an interest on the subject (U.S. Acts 1). Due to the fact that the U.S. feared a revolt by its own citizens, the government with the help of the media, covered up the harsh realities of the relocation and the lifestyle in the internment camps.

In the year 14 the U.S. government started a relocation act that would remove all Japanese-Americans from the west coast state of California, and parts of Oregon and Washington ( ). The U.S. believed that some west coast Japanese-Americans were involved in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. So in fear that there was any loyalty to the Japan in America the U.S. started the relocation act. The government realized that a mass relocation of this proportion would not go without notice or opposition unless they could make most Americans believe it was morally right. Helped by America's media, mostly newspapers, the government announced its plans for the relocation with slight twists to make it "reader comforting."

The newspapers printed articles about the relocation that had information about the governments actions like this article from the L.A. Times reading, "Agreement on this course of procedure, which will enable the Army to remove from such zones anyone regarded as potential disloyalists, was reached at a conference of representatives of the Department of Justice, the Army and the State Department (Feb. 1)." This article tells the reader that it has been decided that the Army has the right to remove any disloyal citizens from certain zones of the west coast and that comforts the American reader. What the article doesn't tell you is that this course of procedure that was passed allows the Army to relocate anybody with Japanese ancestry based on the stereotype that all citizens of Japanese decent are disloyal, regardless of each individual's beliefs and loyalty. Governor Olson of California created the stereotype by saying, "Because of extreme difficulty in distinguishing between loyal Japanese-Americans and those other Japanese whose loyalty is to the Mikado. I believe in a wholesale evacuation of the Japanese people from coastal California (Olson Mar. 6)." Making people of other nationalities in America fearful of Japanese-Americans made it easier to for the government to relocate them without conflicts of interest. What would come next would be even more difficult for Americans to see as morally right without media propaganda, was the living conditions of the relocated citizens.

When the phrase "living in a resettlement center" is said most people think of people moving from dangerous areas to a safer place to live. But when someone says, "surviving in an internment camp," other, harsher things come to mind. The second of the two is a more appropriate description of the life of the relocated. Considering the importance of human rights in America and the knowledge that many of the resettled people were loyal to the U.S., the government made no effort to adequately accommodate these United States citizens. In no way were the camps anything like what most Americans were led to believe. The government never described, to the people being relocated or other Americans, in any written document, what these camps would be like. The only real description of the living arrangements came first hand from the people in the camps.

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From Ted Nakashima's experience he writes, "The resettlement center is actually a penitentiaryarmed guards in towers with spotlights and deadly tommy guns, fifteen feet of barbed-wire fences, everyone in confined quarters at nine and lights out at ten o'clock (American Children )." It is unconstitutional to place U.S. citizens who cannot be proven disloyal to America in such an environment that there human right are violated. The U.S. government is hypocritical when judging Germany on how they persecuted the Jews when we are committing a similar but not quite as cruel act on our own citizens. Even though this sounds extremely harsh, the American public had no idea of the hardships endured by the Japanese-Americans in the camps.

What were shown of the camps to the U.S. in news clippings were pictures of celebration times in the camps. In one article from Newsweek there are two pictures of scenes from different camps. One picture shows the evacuees dressed in traditional Japanese garments performing a ritual dance. In the second photo it pictures couples of Japanese-Americans dressed in common American dress-clothes slow dancing at their camp (May 4). This is the type of propaganda that the media used to make America feel good about the idea of the relocation. When you see these pictures of them enjoying them selves you would think that it must not be bad living in those arrangements. Americans never had the opportunity to see anything but the good things going on in the camps and were ignorant to the fact that life was terrible for the evacuees.

For the American media, with the freedom of speech, who helped conceal the truths of life of the Japanese-Americans in the relocation settlements was against the principles to which there are civil rights. What was shown to American citizens about the relocation is false information that was controlled by the government and was instilled into people's beliefs of what happened. To this day many Americans still hold the beliefs and stereotypes taught to them at the time of the war. My own Uncle who fought in the Second World War still believes that there were no loyal Japanese-Americans during the war and that they got what they deserved. From my research on the topic I cannot hold him responsible for his beliefs because he was never informed of the truths and was trained to think a certain way by the government. Since the time of the Japanese Internment America has grown and realized what it has done to its own people. Through knowledge of the past, America will not repeat this cruel chapter in U.S. History because of the power of free media today.

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Division and ClassificationProprietorships and corporation

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With the growing number of corporations taking over small businesses, and the belief that becoming a proprietor is associated with being wealthy, one must decide which type of business to become involved with. There are several differences between these two types of business. A corporation is a business organization having a continuous existence independent of its members (owners) and power and liabilities distinct from those of its members. (Schiller ) A proprietorship is a business organization created and owned by one person, this one person is called an entrepreneur. When comparing the two one must look at the advantages and disadvantages in relation to profits and taxes, continuity, capital and management ability, and liabilities.

Corporations are the largest business structure and can make billions of dollars a year. There are many expenses that corporations face and they also have to pay very high state and federal taxes. Profits do not belong only to the owner because there is not just one owner, but many owners divided amongst shares of company stock. Potential profits can be reduced because of the following expenses paying management and employee salaries, paying for employee benefits, re-investing, and paying dividends to shareholders. Taxes also reduce the amount of profit a corporation makes. Corporations are double taxed, first on earnings from products and services sold, then again with corporate taxes posed by the state and federal government.

On the other hand proprietorships are the smallest business structure and generate much less revenue. Because of the talent and risk taken on by the entrepreneurs, all profits are his of hers to keep. The government encourages new businesses so taxes are much lower than that of corporations, and also gives tax breaks to proprietors.

Continuity becomes an issue when it comes time for retirement. One of the most valuable assets to a business is the person who runs the company. When a CEO or any of the board members retires, the company can buy out that person's shares of stock and the company can still go on. The corporation will not crumble because there are many members that know what is going on in the company and can find the most suitable person to take the CEO' s place.

The owners of proprietorships must also retire but when this occurs the business must be sold and continuity becomes a problem for many retiring proprietors. Most proprietors depend on the sale amount of their company for their retirement. Many do not realize that the owner operating the business is the most valuable asset to the company and are surprised when the amount of the sale is less than expected.

A necessary requirement to run a successful business is the availability of capital and management ability. Because a corporation has many shareholders that buy stock in the company, it is very easy for a corporation to attain more capital such as factories, equipment, and inventory. If a corporation needs more funds for any business venture than they can sell more stock to investors. If the company grows then shareholders make money, the shares become worth more and this will cause more investors to want to own a piece of the corporation. Just as important as capital, is management ability. With the funds to hire the best managers and employees, corporations have unlimited management ability and will have a better chance of thriving.

However, capital and management ability can become problems for proprietorships. Since what the entrepreneur has and the entrepreneur can borrow to attain capital are limited, then the size and the organization of the company will also be limited. Also, only so much skill and management ability is available to the proprietor. The proprietor may not have the necessary skills and knowledge start a company. Limitations for capital and management ability can set a proprietorship for failure from the very beginning.

Since a corporation is a separate entity in of itself, there is limited liability. The corporation itself is held responsible for all debts and law suits. This is why shareholders are not held responsible for non-payment of debts or any other business mishaps. For this reason there are credit limits when corporations borrow because if the company goes out of business then the lenders are left with the losses.

Unlike the limited liability of corporations, the owners of proprietorships are liable for all debts and losses from the business. The entrepreneur has the risk of losing everything and can be sued if the business fails with debts owed. The debts of the business are the debts of the owner. If an owner losses their business he or she may also lose their house, car, or any other asset.

Therefore whether one plans to work for a corporation or start their own proprietorship, one must realize the differences of each business type. Since corporations (big businesses) put many proprietorships (small businesses) out of business, it is difficult to compete with such giants like Wal-Mart or Best Buy. Since about ninety percent of businesses fail in the first two years, it is very important to research whatever type of business to participate in (Costello). If one pursues a proprietorship approach then he or she must be prepared for such a big risk, the odds are against small businesses. For instance, everyday at work I have proprietors call me for their gas prices for the current day. These proprietors that we call IBM's, are leasing stations from Cumberland Farms, Inc. For the past year I have seen many of these business owners go out of business while they were on a lease with this company. What many of them do not realize is why we leased our locations to them, it is because those sites were either non-profitable, or they were to close to neighboring states with lower taxes on gas, resulting in loss profits to competitors with lower cost. We also have these IBM's purchase gas from us, so no matter what, we make a few cents even if they are selling it below their cost, not to mention we compete with them too and our cost is always lower. In locations where we sometimes lose money, we can make up for it with our other stations, but if they only have one station they cannot offset the losses. If they had done some research they would have at least known about lower state taxes on gas. A potential entrepreneur should learn as much about business as possible and create a strong business plan to compete with such large corporations. Not everyone who starts their own business becomes wealthy, some just own a job and some can lose everything.

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Executive summary

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Executive Summary

Southwest Adventure, Inc. provides travel-planning services for European adventure to residents of the Greater Austin/San Marcos area. The service industry, including travel agencies, is one of the fastest growing business sectors of the economy, and Southwest Adventure, Inc. intends to capitalize on the success of this industry by taking advantage of travel opportunities in the state of Texas.

President Jim Smith and Vice President of Sales and Marketing Don Thompson currently hold the company's stock. Prior to starting the Southwest Adventure, Inc. travel agency, Jim Smith co-founded, co-owned, and operated the Southwest Adventure Rock Climbing. He has selected a small team with broad travel, sales, and computer skills, all of whom will be very useful to the new venture. Her co-workers bring a combined total of over thirty-five years of travel industry experience to the agency.

Southwest Adventure, Inc. recently became the selected agents for Discovery Travel, one of the largest and most respected tour operations in the market. With almost no marketing effort, Southwest Adventures, Inc. has sold some 400-adventure vacations in the past eight months, netting $150,000 in commissions. Sales of insurance policies and other services have added to this total, and could potentially add much more. Southwest Adventures, Inc. offers a complete range of services to support the adventurous traveler, including pre and post vacation briefing, travel insurance, and a directory of services specific to each destination and activity.

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Jim Smith, President and CEO, before founding Southwest Adventures, Inc., owned and operated Southwest Adventures Rock Climbing, providing services for the Austin/San Marcos area. Prior to that, he managed the Lubbock branch of one of the larger regional chains of general travel agencies operating throughout west Texas, where he was responsible for managing the office systems and a staff of fifteen. He has a degree in travel and tourism from Texas State University.

In addition to Jim Smith, team members Don Thompson and Ralph Stevenson will be moving into the new project on a full-time basis, and Kelly Turner has been recently recruited to cover Saturdays and vacations. Self-employed business consultant Jack Park will be advising during the business's switch from rock climbing to adventure travel agency.

Don Thompson, Vice President of Sales and Marketing, prior to joining Southwest Adventures, Inc. Don Thompson worked for the marketing department of a major airline. His current responsibilities include the company's direct marketing campaign and all sales-related issues.

Ralph Stevenson, Office Manager, has twenty years as a travel agent and has given the ideal background for Southwest Adventures, Inc. As a salesperson, his expertise in the area of European travel enables him to entice the adventure traveler.

Kelly Turner, Sales Assistant, after completing her undergraduate degree at the Austin Institute of Art, she spent a year traveling abroad and joined the staff just recently as a sales assistant.

Jack Park, Business Consultant, with over twenty-five years of consulting experience in a wide variety of industries, his knowledge and guidance will be helpful to the success of this company.

The volunteer members of the Board of Directors provide guidance to the management and staff of Southwest Adventures, Inc. The board meets twice yearly to discuss policy change, review the mission statement, and update the business plan if needed.

Members include

Toby Miller, retail storeowner

Whitney Wisner, CPA

Kevin Senn, former travel agent

Willis Porter, lawyer

Thomas Chung, human resource manager

Valerie Cook, restaurant owner

Steve Gott, retail storeowner

From desk and field market research carried out on 400 clients, it is clear that there is considerable potential in the adventure travel business. Research indicates that Southwest Adventures, Inc. target market finds it difficult to obtain reliable and dependable advice on destinations and activities. Research also suggests that the customers in this market are unlikely to purchase their vacations again from the firm who provided their last vacation due to a lack of useful sales personnel. Southwest Adventures, Inc. will supply to these needs and develop a strong return-customer base.

Because they are currently the only travel agency focused on European adventure vacations located in the Austin/San Marcos area, Southwest Adventure, Inc. has a considerable opportunity to control the region. In order to maintain and improve their current position in the region, they will need to invest in a Website, as well as database software and systems, etc. Southwest Adventures, Inc. maintains the following advantages over existing competitors ongoing support to clients; extensive knowledge of the European adventure vacation field; superior customer service; specialized training programs for staff; informative Website; competitive rates.

Jim Smith plans to sell his shares in the Southwest Adventures rock climbing company and invest the proceeds in the new travel business, Southwest Adventures, Inc. In addition, he will be investing $70,000 of his own money in the business and seeking $0,000 from outside sources. Return on shareholders investments by year three is likely to be close to one hundred percent. The purpose of the business plan is to communicate this highly money-making opportunity to Jim Smith's partners in the rock climbing industry and to outside investors, and to attract interest in this project. Alternatively, Jim Smith is considering loan finance made up of a $50,000 two-year loan and a credit line of $60,000. In total, about $110,000 will be needed to fund the business during the initial months.

Southwest Adventures, Inc. started as a rock climbing business and has expanded into the travel agency business, with its focus on adventure travel in Europe. Last year Southwest Adventures rock climbing made $00,000 profit on sales of $1,500,000 and employed seven people.

Southwest Adventures, Inc. expects that by concentrating full-time on selling adventure vacations, clients will increase from the present level of 400 (achieved over a eight-month period with only a part-time effort), to at least 00 in the first year, 1,00 in the second, and ,000 in the third. To help achieve this growth, Jim Smith has identified three other tour operators she wishes to represent and has begun negotiations with them.

Selling between two and three vacations a day will allow the business to reach cash flow break even in year one, while marketing a humble profit in year one. By year two post tax profits should be $5,000 and will increase to nearly $510,000 by year three.

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Capital punishment

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In 17 the Supreme Court Case Furman v. Georgia outlawed the death penalty. The Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment, which is in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment states that "excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, not cruel and unusual punishments inflicted". Four years later that decision was overturned by the case of Gregg v. Georgia. This was also an Eighth Amendment case and in-turn legalized the death penalty yet again. There were many reasons why the Supreme Court set this precedent, the main one was that capital punishment is not in violation of the Eighth Amendment when murder or treason is involved. Capital punishment sets an example for others, is a way of self-defense for society, it prevents criminals from repeating their crimes, and when a criminal breaks the law they give up their basic rights which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Victims families deserve to know that the person that took their loved one away won't be able to do that to anyone else ever again. There is a wide-spread debate about whether capital punishment is right or wrong and I feel that capital punishment is needed here in The United States.

The Eighth Amendment states that no cruel or unusual punishment will be inflicted. The Supreme Court set the precedent, capital punishment is not in violation of the Eighth when applied fairly, in the Gregg v. Georgia case. There are five methods of execution used in the United States. They include lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and firing squad. Thirty-four of the states use lethal injection as their form of execution. Two states use electrocution as their sole form of execution while seven states have electrocution as an option. Five states authorize the use of the gas chamber but use lethal injection primarily. Three states authorize the use of hanging but only if other methods are found unconstitutional. It is the same for the three states that authorize the use of a firing squad. Almost all of the states that have capital punishment use lethal injection as their primary form of execution. Lethal injection works in seconds and there is no pain so it can not be considered a form of cruel and unusual punishment.

The United States needs capital punishment to set an example for other people. It shows society that murder and treason will not be tolerated, and an individual will be held responsible for his/her actions. A person who commits a serious crime will have serious repercussions and if the criminal has to pay his/her debt to society with their life then so be it. The execution of the criminal will show others that the government will not take serious crimes in a light manner. The government will do whatever possible to protect the society as a whole.

The society can use capital punishment as a way of self-defense against criminal activity. When a person commits a heinous crime, the government has the right to defend society by executing the criminal to prevent them from committing more crimes. When a person commits murder or treason there is no need to waste the tax payers money on keeping the convicted person alive, well feed, and having a roof over their head. A homeless person deserves food and shelter not a convicted murderer or someone who has committed treason.

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John Locke is a philosopher from the late 1600's and some of the U.S. Constitution's concepts or ideas came from John Locke's philosophy on government. John Locke has argued in favor of capital punishment for several reasons, one of them is self-defense. Locke argues that in order to protect and defend society we need capital punishment. Being a citizen in this country you have entered a social contract with the government. A social contract is an agreement between the people and the government, the people will agree to establish a government and obey it as long as the government does what it is told to do. When a person commits a crime they break the contract and give up their rights. Once a person surrenders their rights and punishment by way of death is justifiable.

To help prevent criminals from repeating their offense or committing a more heinous crime we need to keep capital punishment in The United States. If criminals are dealt with in a prompt and precise manner then the likelihood of a repeat offense is reduced. You can't send a murderer back into society without serious repercussions. The chances are that the convict will repeat their criminal activity. According to the Capital Punishment Statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice one in twelve of the inmates sentenced to death had a prior homicide conviction. In 1 there were ,57 prisoners on death row, that means 4 inmates could have been prevented from committing the second offense. Those statistics also mean that ,1 inmates will be prevented from committing a future crime.

It is not possible to prevent every crime from being committed. If we can't prevent it from taking place then we as a society need to show criminals that when they do commit a crime, it won't be tolerated. If the government is lax on punishment it will show potential criminals that they will most likely get an easily served sentence. Society needs to show criminals that their actions won't be taken or dealt with lightly and that there are repercussions for their actions. Society can't let criminals get away with their crimes.

Another perspective to consider is the view of the victims family. I know that if I lost someone I loved at the hands of some lowlife criminal I would want justice. To me justice is the taking of the life of the person that committed the crime. I would rather have my tax money spent on their execution rather than keeping the criminal alive and well feed in prison. It isn't right that the person who did something wrong gets to wake up every morning while the victim will never wake up again.

In conclusion, I feel that capital punishment is needed here in The United States. The Supreme Court determined that capital punishment is not in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment states "excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. There are many reasons why the Supreme Court came to these conclusions. Capital punishment sets an example for other potential criminals, showing them that his/her crimes won't be tolerated. The death penalty is a way of a deterrent of potential crimes and repeat offenses. According to famous philosopher John Locke when a person commits a crime and breaks the social contract they give up their natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness). Lastly, the victims families deserve the knowledge that the criminal that hurt their loved one won't ever be able to do that again. Works Cited

Anonymous. Pro-Death Penalty. Nov. 001

Richard C. Dieter. Death Penalty Information Center. Nov. 001

University of Alaska. Justice Center Web Site. Nov. 001

U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Nov. 001

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Othello: Iago manipulates the characters around him by building then diminishing their self-esteem

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Throughout Othello, the devil-reincarnated Iago is seen to be scheming something. As the story unfolds, we see that Iago manipulates the people around him, by helping them in hope and confidence to achieve the success of his plans to bring down Cassio and use all efforts to make himself Lieutenant.

The first person that we can see Iago uses is Rodrigo. At the start of the play, we see two characters, Iago and Rodrigo talking about something outside Brabantio's house. Rodrigo's love for Brabantio's daughter, Desdemona is unrequited and because of this love, Iago persuades Rodrigo to tell Brabantio, that his very own daughter has secretly married the moor, the hero of the play, Othello. In this way, we can see how Iago uses Rodrigo to incite trouble between Brabantio and Othello. On another occasion, Rodrigo was told by Iago to start a fight with Cassio while he was drunk and when Montano, governor of Cyprus stepped in to resolve the fight, Cassio lost control and stabbed Montano. This caused the stripping of Cassio from his position as lieutenant. Rodrigo is a naïve person, and he likes to hear things that make it sound as if it would satisfy him. Knowing that he couldn't marry Desdemona because her father didn't want Rodrigo to be his son-in-law, he kept persisting in doing so. Iago knew that if he said a few right words, he would be able to make Rodrigo trustworthy of him and he did this by advising Rodrigo to do things that would eliminate those whom Desdemona loved. Iago said that she was only loving them for the time being and that her love for these other people, meaning Othello and even Cassio would not last for eternity and eventually, she will return to Rodrigo. Rodrigo was overwhelmed with this idea and the joy it brought and so, he carried out all of Iago's advice, believing that his 'friend' was doing him good. In this way, it is clear that Iago uses Rodrigo in a way that made Rodrigo have hope in himself in persisting to capture Desdemona's heart yet truly, this was all benefiting Iago and his path towards becoming Lieutenant. At the same time, not only is Iago helping Rodrigo build up self-confidence, he also puts Rodrigo down by saying he is nothing without Desdemona, and that he needs to have her. Iago is having a go at Rodrigo yet his words aren't really understood by Rodrigo clearly and to cover this up, Iago gives further advice to Rodrigo that would again please his thoughts.

Another character that Iago seems to manipulate by building their self-esteem was Cassio. When Cassio was stripped of his position, he felt very down and likewise, he lost his sense of dignity because his reputation was damage and this concept was an important element in Cassio's social life. Certainly Cassio wanted to regain his position as Lieutenant, and immediately after the incident, where he stabbed Montano, Iago came up to him and told him what he must do in order to be second-in-charge once again. Iago's words were, "…Confess yourself freely to her; importune her help to put you in your place again…". This meant that Cassio was to seek the help of Desdemona for if he wanted to get his place again, then the most effective way was to let Desdemona speak on behalf of Cassio. Yet Iago told Cassio to do this for it would lead him to the next step of pulling Othello into the his conspiracy. Cassio however was never in anyway put down by Cassio and the only thing he did was to support Cassio all the way like the 'honest Iago' should have done. To secure this chance that it would be of success in making Othello believe in the wrong, he made his own wife, Emilia obtain the vital item that sealed the fate of the story. This was the handkerchief of Othello, which was in the possession of Desdemona. Emilia did not know of why her husband wanted it but because she wanted to satisfy her husband and gain more of his affectionate love, she just did so. The only thing she really wanted at the time was to have Iago to love her and have her in his heart.

However, the character that was played on most by Iago was certainly Othello. After he was able to make Cassio request Desdemona for help, he used this chance and made Othello see things that from afar would not look so pleasant. Even more, with the incident of the handkerchief and how he and Cassio talked about Bianca when Othello interpret it to be Desdemona and even his words, which added fuel to the fire, Othello was finally overwhelmed with the idea of Cassio and Desdemona in having a relationship beyond that of a lady to her husband's friend/Lieutenant. To cleanse both Cassio and Desdemona of this unfaithfulness, Iago advised Othello to kill both of these two people. This was the only that Othello can avenge himself for such insult. Othello ordered Iago to kill Cassio while Iago advised Othello strangle Desdemona to death. "Good, good. The justice of it pleases, very good", were the words of Othello when he heard of this advice and it please him very well. It was also at this these moments that Iago was appointed the new Lieutenant, thus fulfilling his goals. Through these actions, it is clear to be seen that Iago deliberately wants to remove Cassio permanently. He made Othello hate him and using the hatred that lurked within Othello's heart, he advised Othello to kill Cassio for this was the way that he could get revenge and live as a man. It was through this that Iago was able to manipulate Othello in killing Cassio for him. Eventually, when the whole story was unveiled, Othello was caught to be a murderer and it meant the sacking of him as Lieutenant. This was how Iago brought about the diminishing of Othello's life and self-confidence.

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Iago brought all these mishaps through his control of the actions of those around him. In this way, he gave them hope and led them in a direction to resolve their personal problems, and in some cases, destroyed the confidence they had gained with the outcomes of the events, in which it was just to fulfill and satisfy his desires.

Please note that this sample paper on Othello: Iago manipulates the characters around him by building then diminishing their self-esteem is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Othello: Iago manipulates the characters around him by building then diminishing their self-esteem, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Othello: Iago manipulates the characters around him by building then diminishing their self-esteem will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discuss the representation of class in Cloudstreet by Tim Winton

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PRAC. ESSAY

By Crystal Crofts May '0

Discuss the representation of class in Cloudstreet

A class discourse operates as a way of grouping people according to their economic and social status. With class, comes a certain cultural code, being formed by society in which communication between individuals & or groups takes place. It contributes to a general cultural assumption that enables texts to create meaning. Tim Wintons' novel "Cloudstreet" shows class representation, though not necessarily as the feature theme but is very much included in the overall plot.

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Cloudstreet is the story of two families struggling to make ends meet in a run down house in Perth during the twenty years after World War . The focus of class in the novel is more on the valuing of poverty over wealth, not literally being "rich" or being "poor", but the ideology of which generally accompanies these positions of economic stature. It attempts to show the reader that ultimately, goodness itself resides with the innocent, the unsophisticated and the non-intellectual. All of the main characters in question, being on the lower end of the economic scale appear to have these qualities, however they are also noted for all of the good characteristics of the working class Australian, with the ever present larachanism. The birth of Wax Harry being an excellent example as it echoes perfectly the style of writing, emphasising the humour and larachanism, being the typical Australian personality. Larachanism refers to the strong Australian style in dealing with adversity, in the use of humour, the lack of respect for authority and authority figures. The larachan being more particularly a masculine quality, the joker with a good heart, always supporting the underdog, always fair, honest and dependable to his mates. It reflects the laconic nature of Australian society and most importantly, it is the epitome of the working class.

Cloudstreet explores the Australian idiom of the working class through the creation of its central characters, the Pickles and the Lambs. It's heavily enriched by the Australian jargon, which makes it more than a melodramatic family saga, as Winton undermines the tragic moments of the book with grotesque humour to prevent them from being sentimentalised. There is the constant concept of "Us and Them" throughout the story, which reinforces the marginalisation between classes. In "Flatfoot" quick makes reference to this by "The MP's and Business Barons and Old school boys lived there and the station was open to keep watch on those bludgers' property". Old school is referring to the private schools of which only the selected and socially accepted were able to attend, or in more simple terms, the people who had a large amount of money and the "right" upbringing. He also uses the word "Bludger", meaning a lazy person who does nothing and lives off of other people and generally avoids exerting themselves at all costs. This shows that he believes the leaders of their country to have these qualities, which are not typically characteristic of what a leader should be. This is supported by roses' statement of "Pig iron Bob", referring to Prime Minister Robert Menzies who was perhaps overly fond of and loyal to the crown. He was selling Australia's' pig iron to Japan, at a time (Just after the second world war) when the Australian people were against this as they had only just finished a war with the country and in supplying them with iron, it enabled Japan to create steel and from that, build war ships and machinery which was definitely not a good idea. But in summary, he had his priorities wrong in regards to the people, and acted none the less.

Marginalisation becomes strongly apparent in the way that Toby's' friends regard rose. "Early in the evenings, when she was feeding them all, they showed an interest in her and once a woman painter suggested she go to night school to improve herself", this is clearly stating that his friends see themselves as being above her, they were taking an interest in her as if she was merely an object put there purely to amuse them. Also in saying that rose should make an effort to "improve herself" by going to night school, they are stating that she obviously was not good enough in the first place, and therefore implying that they are, and in doing so, enforcing the barrier between the classes once more. Although Toby was not necessarily upper class but considered himself to be on a more intellectual level than others and therefore by all standards, should rightfully be. "Toby read the London newspapers and talked of escaping Perth for a real culture…" he was always trying to be something that he was not, thinking that he was better than everyone else and constantly trying to prove it. In fact this was probably a major contribution to the attraction to Rose as he considered her to be below him, therefore in going out with her, he was proving to others that he was better than someone. He didn't believe that Perth was good enough when compared to other cities such as Sydney, London and Paris. In a way he was refusing to face the facts and living in a dream like state, never actually living the reality. This is going against all of the characteristics of the stereotypical Australian larichan, whose main trait being accepting what life gives to you and make the best of it.

It always seems as if those with worldly goods look down on those without, whether in disdain or in pity the fact remains that they believe themselves to be better than others and in doing so creating an intangible barrier enforcing a cultural code defining the difference between particular groups in society. However, seeing as the upper class was supposedly the best, it would be assumed that they would have the better attitudes, values and beliefs. When in fact it is not this class that these apply to as we discover in the novel, it is in fact the working class who hold these morals. The ultimate value in morals being the heart as apposed to the brain and it appears that the working class are more able to use their heart in their lives than any other class, as any other class would most likely think of the benefit to themselves before acting for someone else.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss the representation of class in Cloudstreet by Tim Winton is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss the representation of class in Cloudstreet by Tim Winton, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Discuss the representation of class in Cloudstreet by Tim Winton will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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