Celtic Art of The Middle Ages

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Celtic Art

Of

The Middle Ages

The style of ornamentation came about by medieval tribes in central Europe. Archaic examples date from around 450 BC masks and brooches in bronze work with gradually more sophisticated geometric patterns, animal and floral motifs, and in time, realistic human- head designs. The most intricate jewelry, decorated swords, and scabbards. In Britain, Celtic craftsmanship flourished all over the Roman livelihood, producing work in gold and silver, shields of inlaid enamel, and bronze mirrors. Afterward, Christian monks tailored long-established designs to embellish religious manuscripts.

When we speak of 'Celts' today, we mean people who lived on the vastly western edges of Europe, in Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland and Brittany. The word comes from Keltoi; the term, which the Greek authors of the 5th century BC and later, gave the native people of Western Europe from Spain to Czechoslovakia. The Celts expanded into Britain, Northern Italy, and parts of Asian Turkey as well; they found themselves not as one people, but as different tribes.

Celtic art has its birth in the sculpture, carving and metalwork of the ancient Celtic peoples who dominated Continental Europe and the British Isles from about of 1000 BC and beyond prior to becoming inundated in the growing Roman Empire. Only in Britain and Ireland did the Celtic way of life continue to exist.

The art of the primordial Irish and Britons was also profoundly affected by the art of the peoples with whom they came into contact, the Picts (the pre- Celtic inhabitants of Britain) and later Norse and Anglo- Saxon settlers. In spite of this, conventional Celtic art as we know it is very much a creation of the escalation of Christianity in Early Britain and Ireland when the native styles pooled in a spectacular fashion with Mediterranean influences brought in by Christian missionaries. The product was masterpieces like the illuminated Gospels such as the Book of Kells and the Book of Lindisfarne.

The Book of Kells and the Book of Lindisfarne are both Gospel manuscripts created by Irish monks in approximately th century A.D. somewhere in the British Isles. The attention to the lettering that was a transitional step between Roman Capitals and lower case lettering and illumination; make these the best surviving examples of illuminated manuscripts.

To comprehend and value fully the art of the Celts, it is essential to understand the distinction flanked by two fundamentally different styles of artistic expression.

One is what is called naturalistic art- art that attempts to symbolize or to replicate what is seen in nature. The other is abstract or geometric art. It imitates nothing; it constructs ornate designs by means of a gratifying grouping of flowing lines and decorative patterns. It is full of fancy and minds eye, and depends in a distinctive way on a keen sense of rhythm, balance and proportion.

Three of the major design rudiments of Celtic geometric art are knotworks, spirals and key patterns. Knotwork symbolized the interconnection of life and humankind's place within the universe. This symbolism is important because it stems from the Celts being Druidic nature worshippers that believed that everything in nature was connected and interdependent. Knotwork came astonishingly late to Celtic art, it is believed they were introduced from Coptic Christian manuscripts which were also a key foundation of inspiration for early Islamic art. Characteristic features of Celtic knotworks are the use of rounded edges and attempting to make the knotwork one nonstop line. Frequent knots comprise the Trinity knot, representing the Holy Trinity, and the lover's knot, representing two together as one.

Spirals typically mirror personal spirit, and an individual's attainment of balance and in the inner consciousness and outer self, they are believed to represent the life- force. Spirals may also represent the cosmos, heavens, and water (waves). Spirals are one of the eldest design elements in Celtic art dating right back to the most primitive times. Very typical of Celtic spirals is the -pronged spiral, or triskele and many more elaborate spirals are derived from this essential pattern. The number three was of profound worth in Pagan Celtic Religion.

Key patterns have been described as spirals in a straight line. Key patterns are also instituted in Mediterranean art. Typical of Celtic key pattern is the use of the 45-degree angle so that the pattern is made up of triangle shapes.

Later Celtic art made great use of calligraphy and adorned initial capital letters. The greatest work of art from the Celtic tradition is the illuminated manuscripts, which are essentially masterpieces of calligraphy. Letters were twisted into extraordinary shapes, and bejeweled with designs, colors and patterns.

Even though Celtic art has the distinction of incorporating many forms and diverse influences, depending on the locality of the artist, there is definite similarity that is communal in much of the art the Celts produced. Perhaps the most apparent is the love of zoomorphic, or animal forms. The Celts tended to envision many of their deities in the guise of animals, either as hybrids (such as the god Cernunnos, who possessed the antlers of a stag), or as gods who took on the form of an animal for some purpose or another. Examples of zoomorphic usage are hounds- loyalty, lions- nobility and strength, snakes- rebirth (dragon or serpent designs may be interpreted the same as snakes), birds- purity (peacocks), or nobility (eagles), salmon- knowledge, bull- strength, and, boar- ferocity, strength.

As Christianity spread through out the world, especially the Celtic world, it absorbed much of the Celtic culture and style. However, before the Christian cross existed, the Celtic cross, which is much older and can be dated back to 10,000 B.C.E., as established by crosses that were found engraved or painted on flat pebbles in a cave in France. Their strong belief in nature is symbolized in the cross as the four roads that lead to the four corners of the earth Air, Water, Wind, and Fire. The center of the cross represented the center of the world body as a place where we find all the forces of life.

Mother Earth is well represented in another important Celtic art form, The Celtic Tree of Life. The Celtic Tree of Life serves to show that it is the sum of the equation in the creation of life and always includes the seven created beings in the Celtic world, which are plants, insects, fish, reptiles, birds, animals, and man. The tree of life displays intricate interweaves that grow in a logical pattern and stem from one location. Even though they all stem from one location, the interweaves are typical of knotwork as they show no beginning and no end.

There are numerous schools of thought as far as knots and symbolism go in Celtic artwork. Various people say that the symbols have no bona fide importance and just served as decoration. Others, including myself, believe that some of the common knots and icons did indeed have certain meaning or connotations. Regrettably, today, it is near impossible for us to acquire what those meanings were. (Too many lost generations of teachers). Granted, there were many different tribes of Celtic peoples who had different interpretations and that is one of the mysteries of this culture that I love.

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Tobacco

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Tobacco

" A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular and what no just government should refuse." (Thomas Jefferson www.oehha.org) Smoking is the right of the consumer. If the consumer chooses to smoke, then that choice is non other then the consumer's. Just like we are entitled to our own opinions, we are entitled to our own rights. Many times, smoking has come up as a huge and involving issue. Compared to this century of having much disagreement, and controversy; in the sixteen hundreds, tobacco was so popular that it was regularly used as money. (http//www.buedu/COHIS) No one now, in 00, would use such a thing. But since tobacco was such a popular item, and many people around that time, often craved for it, it was a good source of income.

Around 184, cigarettes became very poplar and in style. (www.lcolby.com) On the other hand, smoking and tobacco companies have had its twisting and turning. Many people frown upon those who smoke, for the non-smokers find it tasteless and unappealing. As for those who have long since been smoking, they cannot help but continue. Nicotine is a very addictive but yet satisfying activity that is a hard habit to break. Prohibition was the banning of alcohol in the 10's and before. Prohibition failed greatly because the addiction to alcohol was so high. Just like prohibition failed, so would banning smoking. Both are an addictive behavior and both would fail to ban. (www.lcolby.com) Just because someone makes a law, doesn't mean that its right, and just because it's a law, doesn't mean the rest of the world will follow it. There are many who drink, smoke, drive, etc. all under age. All of those acts have laws against them, yet so many choose to ignore those laws and proceed in their life. For an example; Driving is an act that someone is entitled to. It is their right to drive. Driving such as smoking are both a hazzard. Driving could easily kill someone else, or injure someone else. The government seems not to understand, that it is the consumer's RIGHT to smoke, just like it is their right to go driving when they need/want to.

People today seem to be finding more and more effects of secondhand smoke. The portion of the public, whom choose not to smoke, should not have to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Second hand smoke is dangerous but occurs in many public places. Secondhand smoke was found to cause lung cancer by Surgeon General in 18. (www.bu.edu) In 187, Congress banned smoking on all flights lasting more than two hours because of these high risks it took. Even by 16, had the United States started to take serious action, by making it illegal (law) to smoke in public places.(www.bu.edu)

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You cannot prove smoking is a harmful activity because you can't prove a negative. (www.smartlink.net, Johnson, Jonathan Dallas) Tobacco companies require a lot of workers. They give many jobs to women who cannot find jobs elsewhere. For the many people in this world that have just gotten out of a rehab center for alcoholism etc. many turn to smoking, because it is a very relaxing way to relieve stress or tension.

Back in 10, a ban on alcohol was attempted. It failed greatly for many found how addictive alcohol is (alcoholics.) Smoking however is just as addictive as alcohol. (www.lcolby.com) If the government were to try and put a ban on smoking in public areas etc. I highly doubt that anyone that had been smoking for more than one year would stop "cold turkey." Although smoking has been more accepted in today's society, there are still very many people that have their strong disagreements about it.

(http//no-smoking.org)

It is the people's and public's right to stay smoke- free, especially in public places. Secondhand smoke is harmful and the public is entitled to their safety. It is a proven fact that cigarette smoke accounts for thirty percent of all heart disease deaths.

On the other hand, we know nicotine is in the process of smoking. Nicotine is the leading ingredient that people most often, would think would cause the heart disease and would attack the heart and make you crave more. A proven study was shown that while smoking a cigarette, only a little allows its way into the bloodstream.(http//no-smoking.org "Action on Smoking.")

While snoring is one of the less complicated and less dangerous effects of smoking, it is still a problem associated with smoking. Many sleepless nights and damaged passage ways for airflow because of the number of cigarettes smoked, is something almost every smoker deals with. Yet, we have all seen the ads in the papers on the television in magazines etc. about cures for snoring. Patches, surgery, exercises, positions to sleep in at night, etc.

It is the smokers RIGHT to smoke. If they choose to smoke, then so be it. Non-smokers are not to say whether or not a smoker can smoke or not. It isn't their body. A woman died at age one hundred twenty- five and smoked up until she was one hundred and twenty- three. A man died at age one hundred and two, from old age, and smoked almost every day of his life, compared to a man fifty years of age, died and never smoked once. If the public has such a problem with passive smoking, then don't resort to that public place.

There have been many times through out history when smoking has come up as a big issue and, has had up roaring action taken upon, and against the danger of smoking. Many people say, how dangerous it is, yet only know from what they've read, seen, or heard. But experience, is how you really find out. People say that the smoking ads for the various types of brands of smoking encourage young adults to smoke, and gain and unhealthy lifestyle. Concluding that this may be the simplest form of conclusion is not so. The smoking ads in reality are ads to entice smokers to switch to their brands. A survey was taken of one hundred and twelve middle school students, and only two out of the hundred and twelve students raised their hand to the question whether or not an ad has ever enticed them to smoke.

Free- choice is a magazine sent out with information from and organization called, Forest. They send out useful information for those who agree that it is the consumer's choice and right to do what they want to their body. Surveys, documents, general information, etc. are all included in this magazine. Many smokers depend upon to get their information. The OSH society is a smoking control agency. It relates to people with questions on smoking related topics. (www.just4u.com) It can be reached at 470 Buford highway, NE Atlanta, GA 041-74. The Cigarette Pack Collectors is a group which follows the tobacco industry trends and gives people a forum or exchanges stories as well as swapping packs. The newsletter is published six times a year. (www.just4u.com)

Rights 1. Qualities that constitute what are correct, just, proper, or honorable. . Something to which one has a just or lawful claim. By banning smoking in all public places is something unjust, which will hopefully never again be an issue. I have a great apprehension, that people have a problem and disagreement to the fact where people have their rights, and it is the nonsmoker's right to stay smoke free… But where there is a simple problem, there is a simple solution. If the nonsmoker has a problem with the smoke, leave. No one is making that person stay. Allowing a person to smoke in a work place, etc. would be an act of justice, but we don't have a just society.Please note that this sample paper on Tobacco is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tobacco, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Tobacco will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cult Of True Womanhood (The Yellow Wallpaper)

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Cult of True Womanhood

Prior to the twentieth century, men assigned and defined women's roles. A woman was thought to be incapable of caring and making decisions for herself without a man to guide her. In the story, The Yellow Wallpaper, the author, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, delineates the life of an intelligent, young woman who is a wife and mother. She assumes her role as the nurturing mother, yet is submissive and passive to the patriarchal head. The lady suffers from a psychiatric disease that makes her hallucinate, anxious, and depressed. The patriarchal head, John, is a physician and assumes full responsibility for his wife's care and diagnosis. The main character's older brother, whom is also a physician, makes a prognosis that concurs with John's, thus leaving her no choice but to subject herself to the torment of the yellow wallpaper room. The reader presumes that John is not a psychiatric doctor by the side comment the main character makes "John is a physician, and perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster."(p. 704) John's treatment for his wife's disorder is The Rest cure. The medical profession's godlike attitude in "The Yellow Wallpaper" demonstrates man's arrogance during this time period toward the strength and vitality of women. The Rest cure prescribed entails "phosphates or phosphates-whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to "work" until I am well again."(p. 705) The mental disorder in the lady's head is permitted to continue and manifest in its solitude. As a result of the wife's submissiveness and obedience to her husband's "Rest Cure", her disorder becomes increasingly worse. A psychiatric disorder left untreated will manifest and become deeper rooted within the victim's mind.

The Yellow Wallpaper reflects the idea of the Cult of True Womanhood, which binds women to the home and family. John "imprisoned" his wife in a house set in the countryside, miles from family, friends and society in general. Women of this time were constricted to the set parameters that men determined. When the mentally-distressed woman first arrives at her dwelling abode, she describes it as "The most beautiful place!"(p. 704) Through the narrator's description, we obtain an image of an almost prison-like building. Women were conditioned to accept the boundaries set by their husbands and remain in place, in the private sphere. The narrator is treated as a prisoner by her husband. "It is quite alone, standing well back from the road quite three miles from the village."(seclusion) "there are hedges and walls and gates that lock" (locked in) "and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people."(guard shacks)(p. 705). She is not allowed to sleep in the room that she wishes to because John must be by her side throughout the duration of the night, "He said there was only one window (in order to keep watch of the prisoner) and not room for two beds, and no near room for him if he took another."(p. 707) John even makes excuses that seem credible as to why his wife must stay in the nursery, "I was to have perfect rest and all the air I could get. So we took the nursery at the top of the house."(p.707) The "enforcer" believes that by restraining his wife and keeping her away from the public sphere she well improve physically and mentally.

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Women played the role of nurturer and housekeeper. Social stability was maintained by women who were dedicated to the welfare of home and family. The main character feels even more nervous and depressed because she is not able to fulfill her "duties" as mother and wife, "It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby"(p. 705). She feels worthless because she is not the one caring for her child. Men imposed the idea on women that they were emotional servants that must follow their guidelines and remain within the home. Those who stepped outside of the "home" sphere and into the "public" sphere where "they did not belong" were looked upon by society as outcasts. Women attempted to overthrow the traditional definition of women's roles but faced much confrontation. Just as the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman struggled to throw off the constraints of patriarchal society in order to be able to write, the main character feels pressured to hide her writing, "I did write for a while in spite of them; but it DOES exhaust me a good deal--having to be so sly about it, or else meet with heavy opposition"(p. 707). She conceals her writing in a desk drawer so that the housekeeper will not find the emotional journal entries she makes expressing the frustration and imprisonment she feels. It is against the incredible pressure exerted by men to retain control that women had to agitate.

John believes that his wife's recovery depends on her willingness to get well. He views her illness as a personal fault, she chooses to be exhausted and mentally drained at all times. "John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no REASON to suffer, and that satisfies him."(p. 708) The narrator shows how although she has a formed opinion (and probably successful idea for her treatment), she is still swayed by her husbands direction, I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus--but John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad."(p. 706) The wife is submissive to her husband's word and actually believes his prognosis that it is not a mental disorder and rather self-induced, "Of course it is only nervousness"(p. 705). John makes his wife feel guilty for not performing her role as wife and mother, "It does weigh on me so not to do my duty in any way!"(p. 705) She feels as if she impends on John's life, "I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already!" (p. 705) She believes that her mental illness is her fault and that she can, if she chooses to; control her outrage and actions, "I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes. I'm sure I never used to be so sensitive. I think it is due to this nervous condition."(p. 708) John drills the notion into his wife's head that she lacks self-control. She "take's pains to control herself" and ends up feeling exhausted. As a result of the husband's lack of emotional capacity and insensitivity, the narrator's recovery is hampered. A mental disorder is a disease that must be treated and is by no means self-induced.

The Yellow Wallpaper presents a very interesting perspective of how a man can influence and control a womans life from a feminist point of view. The narrator's condition is treated by the insensitive husband as a personal issue that can be managed. Through the author's usage of diction and personification of the wallpaper as an imprisoning force, we see rather the sanity of the main character and the insanity infringed on her. Just as a physical disease must be diagnosed and treated, a mental disorder must be cared for. Obviously, any person isolated in a room with yellow wallpaper would be driven to insanity. Clearly, the "Rest Cure" prescribed by John was ineffective. The lack of stimulation and society engagement allowed the mental disorder to grow and overtake the narrator's mind. Please note that this sample paper on Cult Of True Womanhood (The Yellow Wallpaper) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cult Of True Womanhood (The Yellow Wallpaper), we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Cult Of True Womanhood (The Yellow Wallpaper) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Art marketing structures and strategies

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Assignment ARH 10/F/101/

Marcia Snyman

Student no 047-4085

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Theme Art marketing structures and strategies

Introduction

Craft in context 'Craft objects have universal attraction that crosses cultural and geographic borders and transcends time'. (Susan Shells chop/Wendy Goldblatt/Doreen Hemp 00)

The global interest in the traditions of other nations is supported by the worldwide desire to travel, as well as by programmes and articles in the media. The form, the volume and the integrity of the material introduce a connection to the roots of a living culture and bring a sense of the permanence of the creative spirit of mankind into the living space.

Craft can be defined as useful and aesthetically pleasing objects created mainly by hand asking specific materials and developed skills. (Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp 00)

The subject of my discussion/field research is Kim Sacks's gallery/retail outlet in Rosebank Johannesburg where she sells and displays a large range of crafts with the foundation of her interest being the development of ceremanic's in South Africa.

Background

Kim Sacks was established in 186 in Yeoville. Here she founded a pottery school and gallery to develop an appreciation of what ceramics were about. Much of her experience comes from travels through Europe and her studies at the Royal Danish School of Art in Copenhagen.

In 18 she moved the gallery to Rosebank to be closer to the developing market. The gallery is positioned close to the Hyatt and Westcliff hotels, which attract many tourists, and 1000 local cars pass by the gallery daily. The ceramics school still operates from Yeoville.

The Gallery

The gallery is a fusion of architectural styles taken from her travels all over the world and combined into a statement on Africa. The entrance to the gallery is enormously high, with pots on the windowsills above the entrance and the walls covered with the latest finds, displayed in layers of time, colour and object. Although the outside is painted a rich terracotta, the interior is bright jewel colours, which accentuates the natural tones of many of the objects to their full potential.

Some items are very old and valuable, while others she simply collected because they are unusual or zany.

There is also a large collection of ceramic's, from the finest most delicate works to more bold and colorful work by many different artists.

The crafts vary from traditional, transitional to contemporary. She selects "cutting edge stuff that define trends" (Kim Sacks).

'Traditional' crafts using techniques passed down through the generations to make objects for daily or ceremonial use .

'Transitional'- crafts made by traditional techniques, skills or materials to develop a new range of objects. An example in South Africa is the use of plastic beads in traditional beadwork, or telephone wire for basket making.

'Contemporary'- covers the rapidly developing field of designer items, frequently the work of formally trained professionals.

Something about the artists and their artworks on display

Mapula and karosswerkers embroidery

Mapula- meaning mother of rain is project in Winterveldt, a semi rural area about 45 km north of Pretoria. It was started about 10 years ago as a collaborative effort between the woman of Wintervelt, the Sisters of mercy and a group from Soroptomists International.

More than 80 needle workers belong to Mapula, earning a living from creating colorful embroidered works. Kim has a variety of embroidered cushion covers, calico shirts, embroidered cloths and wall hangings in her gallery. Some cloths are embroidered with signs from Arrive alive safe-driving campaign or posters from the AIDS education programmes. There are especially impressive wall hangings by Mrs June Makhubele that included textile, beads, mirror, wool and safety pins.

Karosswerkers- an equally dynamic project started in Letsitele. This project began in 188 on the orange farm of Irma van Rooyen and her husband. Initially, only five women joined the project, but have since grown to about 600 people.

The drawings are prepared on cloths and embroidery threads are supplied to the embroiders. The drawings incorporates forms found on local craft objects (Solomon Mohati) and now Kelvin Machlawaule has joined the group and uses references to oral histories or scenes from contemporary life on the cloths. When the cloths are complete, the women bring them to the centre to be hemmed and sewn into cushion covers, mats and wall hangings.

Mdukatshani meaning " The place of the lost grasses" was a badly eroded farm with a few prospects when Neil and Creina Alcock moved there and Creina began a beadwork project with the women in the region. Today, the grass has regrown , and the beadwork and copper-wire eggs and bowls have transformed the lives of hundreds of people.

Because of the legal restrictions on telephone wire at the time, craftspeople began experimenting with fine-gauge industrial copper wire, developing a range of woven copper articles, often interwoven with beads, that include eggs, bracelets, napkin rings, jewelry and baskets, all exquisitely finished and highly decorative. Elias Mtshegu won first prize in the copper section at the Contemporary Zulu Basket Exhibition in Johannesburg in November 000.

Zulu beer pots, porcupine quills, baskets, Martha Zettler bone china vessels, Sue Jowell's mirrors and other in tin and copper, traditional Zulu 'isisholo' hats from Zululand, wooden Tsonga headrests,Tsonga embroidered cloths, fabric threads and beads,Venda doma drums or ngoma, traditional Zulu pots, Rebecca Matibe's ceramic and vessel creations, Samantha Morgan's pottery, terracotta pots from Venda, Jabu Nala's terracotta beer pots, Pedi headpieces, porcelain vessels decorated with plastic- coated wire (woven by Joseph Msomi), framed bead circles on fabric produced in the Makosha Village(Limpopo), Pedi aprons,Zodwa Mahlangu's beaded dolls are some of the objects found in Kim Sacks's gallery.

Conclusion

Traditional African art has evolved from being largely determined by materials such as wood, clay stone, grass and leather primarily the manufacture of decorated ceremonial or functional implements to the inclusion of a variety of Western genres ranging from portraits, urban and rural landscapes to abstraction and conceptualism.

African art has not existed in total cultural isolation at any time because culture is not static. Humans are constantly interacting with each other.

Contemporary art production in Africa responds to the demands of tourist trade and the tourist trade is based on the acceptance that traditions, cultural groups, practices are changing constantly.

Kim Sacks's collection is as mentioned an excellent example of this as mentioned in my introduction. The "evolution " of traditional/authentic art is wonderfully represented in her collection, which is attractive to both the tourist but also, she mentions will pride, a growing local clientele. Her local clientele includes over three thousand local collectors.

Bibliography

Dr B M van Haute .1. Art Today . UNISA

Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp.00. Craft Southern Africa. Pan Macmillan SA(Pty)Ltd.

Bibliography

Dr B M van Haute .1. Art Today . UNISA

Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp.00. Craft Southern Africa. Pan Macmillan SA(Pty)Ltd.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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UNCLE TOMS CABIN

Chapter 1- This book sort of opens with two men talking about slave trade. I dont understand why people have the nerve to talk about trading people like they were baseball cards. When slaves were traded, families were broken up, and I would be miserable if I couldnt be with my family.

Chapter - In this chapter, a slave named George invented a machine for cleaning hemp. Instead of his master being proud of him, his master says let a nigger alone....and theyll invent labor-saving machines. I dont like the way that they say the word nigger. Its really offensive, but I guess that is how it was back then.

Chapter - This is the chapter that George tells Eliza, his wife, that he has decided to try to escape to Canada. He says that his master has worked him too hard for too long. He says to look out for their son Harry. Harry is male, and when fate strikes, it will pierce through Elizas soul.

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Chapter 4- This chapter introduces Uncle Tom. I think that Unlce Tom and his wife sound like nice people. It explains how George Shelby, the masters son, is teaching Tom to read and write. I think that it is sad how we take for granted that we go to school and can actually read and write. Blacks hardly ever knew how to do these things.

Chapter 5- Tom is sold along with little Harry. I dont know how people can sell other people because no one owns any one else. I dont know why the blacks just didnt over power the whites and take control of everything. That would have been my plan.

Chapter 6- Eliza escapes with her son and husband. I would be so thankful because I know that my mother would do something like that for me if I were in that situation. She is such a great women and I love her so much!

Chatper 7- While running away, Eliza cannot eat because she is in so much fear. I think that if I was on the run, and if I got caught and would be killed, I would not eat either. Its all too much to take in, in my opinion.

Chapter 8- There is ice in the river that they need to cross. Eliza is lost on what to do. She goes to the house of a kindly housewife. I am so glad that I have great friend that I too could go to in hard times.

Chapter - Eliza is about to cross a river. When she gets to the other side, there is a man there. He takes her to a house that is old and abandoned and there he gives both she and her son food, money, and clothes! What a great guy!

Chapter 10-16 Uncle Tom gets caught trying to escape. He is whipped until he cant move anymore. George, Elizas husband, is trying to make an escape. He gets to a tavern in disguise. He fools everyone, but then reveals himself. He then says I will fight for my liberty with my last breath. Meanwhile, Haley is going crazy buying slaves. I feel really sorry for all the slaves before the Civil War. I would hate to live a life like that! I would just be so awful. I am so thankful that I dont have to. Eliza is still in the company of friends, which brings to mind the underground railroad. I bet that there had to be a lot of trust in the Underground RailRoad, because of all of the people hiding the slaves. But, I am guessing that people were dishonest and told where the slaves were. You have to learn who you can trust.

Chapter 17-1 Slave hunters are still trying to track down Eliza, George, and little Harry. So, they decide to move in the night. I think that that would be a very good idea because its not as easy to see people in the night, especially when you dont have technology like flashlights and things. Mrs. Ophelia buys her a little girl so that the girl wont have to belong to a cruel master. That is total service right there. Doing something for someone like saving their life is priceless, and they will be rewarded for it if they havent already.

Chapter 0-6 Her new slave girl is everything that she could have imagined. She loves the girl like her own. She is a beautiful dark girl with glittering eyes, and sparkling teeth. When Mrs. Ophelia decides to give Topsy, the slave, a bath, she notices the giant welts and clloused spots all over the girls body. Mrs. Ophelia decides to teach Topsy all that she can. She has Topsy confess all of her sins, when in reality, Topsy has none. I wish that I was as good and pure as Topsy as to have little or no sins. That would be really nice indeed. Topsy is a bery good maid. She does everything with perfection and elegance. Even though it seems to be going great, Topsy is really hurt and says to Ophelia Nobody can love niggers. She is very hurt and upset by this, but I would be also.

Chapters 7-4 Eva dies and her husband St Clare is deeply hurt. I remember when my grandma that I was really close to died. It was like a part of me died with her. Me and my grandma were very close, but not even ask close as a husband and a wife. It was unbelievable to bare for St. Clare. Tom tells St. Clare about Christ. He gets him to pray, and he immediately becomes closer to Eva. St. Clare offers Tom his freedom, but Tom does not go. He wants to fully convert St. Clare and insure Christian happiness for him. St. Clare is worried about sending Tom away. My cousin just left on a mission last night, and I was worried about him going, but you just have to know that they are in the right place at the right time doing the things that they know they should be doing, so, I told him goodbye. Ophelia tells Clare that Tom will be extremely cared for in the North. Later on, Clare is stabbed, and he calls upon Tom to pray for him. He dies. When that happens, Tom is the sold to a man named Mr. Legree. Mr. Legree will not let Tom even speak of God on his plantation. Tom tries to help the slaves on the plantation. He tries to help a lady but then is roughly flogged for it. I would hate to bet beaten. It is probably the worst thing in the world.

Chapter 5-40 Legree is nothing but a loser drunk man that will never give up an sort of drink if he life was on the line. He is afraid of Cassey, a woman slave. Since is feared to harm her, he hurts a helpless Tom instead. There has never been someone more helpful to Tom then the woman named Cassey. She is something. I remember the day that I met my best friend. It was a whlie ago, but we have been the best of friends ever since. She is a really big example in my life and I love her a lot. She means the world to me, and if I lost her, it would be the end of the world as I know it. I also feel that way about my mom and dad and brother and sister and aunt and uncle and cousins. All the important people in my life are really important and I do NOT want to lose them at the least bit. I love them all.

Chapter 41-44 Tom is about to give up. He as tried everything from forming an escape party to trying to kill himself. His master now says that Tom is trying to die, the troublemaker. Its too bad that people have to lose hope like that. No matter what happens in this life, we should never lose hope. Uncle Tom finally dies. He is then burried on a sandy knoll. All of Toms friends have found freedom, its too bad that Tom could not be there with them.

Chapter 45- This is the ending chapter, just giving hope and faith to those slaves that have none. She states that she has only given a faint shadow, a dim picture, of the anguish and despair that are at this very moment, riving thousands of hearts, shattering thousands of families, and driving a helpless and sesnitive race to frenzy and despair. She says that people who have slaves will be held accountable before God. Please note that this sample paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Uncle Tom's Cabin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alcibiades

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Alcibiades was a brilliant but rather unprincipled Athenian politician and military commander whose selfish political schemings in several ways caused deep political divisions in Athens which were the main causes of Athens defeat by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War.

Born into a wealthy Athenian family in 450 BC, Alcibiades was very young when his father, a commander in the Athenian army, was killed. As he matured, Alcibiades became strikingly handsome and developed a keen mind and good wit, but also became extravagant, irresponsible, and self-centered as well. This might have been caused because his guardian, Pericles, who happened to have been a distant relation of his, was far too preoccupied with his political leadership to provide the necessary guidance that the young boy needed. He however, was attracted to the teaching of Socrates, who in turn also liked his beauty and intellectual promise. But his immense ambitions soon enticed him away from the philosophical life and in later years Alcibiades would break ranks with Socrates preferring the political games that Socrates abhorred and abandoning the intellectual integrity that Socrates demanded.

Alcibiades then became well known for his courage on the battlefield as well as his personal extravagance. He was a good orator and he became a recognized speaker in the assembly. And as Athens moved toward peace, he had hoped he would be the one to negotiate with the Spartans and hence get the credit for bringing peace to Athens because of the ties that had once existed between his family and Sparta. And according to Thucydides, it was the fact that the Spartans instead chose to negotiate through established political leaders that caused Alcibiades subsequent choice of actions and policies.

When he newly became General in 40, he was strongly antagonistic of the aristocratic leader, Nicias, who had negotiated peace, and steered Athens into an anti-Spartan alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantineia, three city-states of the Peloponnese. This alliance was defeated by Sparta at the Battle of Mantineia (418). Alcibiades, in a bid to escape banishment ended up joining forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus.

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In 416 Alcibiades entered a number of chariots in the Games at Olympia and came up tops, this earned him back his reputation and popularity once more. It is this sort of flamboyances apart from his good looks, charm and sharp mind that made him very much liked at this time. As his popularity soared, this then made it easier for him, in 415, to use his persuasion skills on the Athenians to send a major military expedition to Sicily against Syracuse. He was then appointed one of the commanders. But, shortly before the expedition was due to sail, the hermae and the Eleusinian Mysteries were found to have been mutilated and profaned. In the ensuing panic Alcibiades was accused of being the originator of such sacrilege. Even though he protested his innocence and demanded an immediate inquiry, his enemies, led by Androcles made sure that he sailed with the charge still hanging over him rather than have him tried immediately. Shortly after reaching Sicily, he was recalled. On his journey back home, upon learning that he had been sentenced in absentia to death escaped to Sparta. There he advised the Spartans to send a general to help the Syracuse and also to help fortify Decelea in Attica, which would cause two serious blows to Athens.

In 41, Alcibiades helped stir up revolt among Athenian allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor but Sparta however now turned against him because he had seduced the wife of the Spartan king Agis II. He then moved to Sardis. When some Athenian officers in the fleet began to plan an oligarchic coup, he held out hopes that if the democracy was overthrown he could secure financial support from Persia. In this he failed and, discarded by the oligarchs who had seized power, he was however recalled by the Athenian fleet, which remained loyal to the democracy and needed his abilities. From 411 to 408, he proved his abilities by helping Athens to a spectacular recovery, defeating the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Abydos (411) and Cyzicus (410) and in the process regaining control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea. These successes encouraged him to return in 407 to Athens, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm and given supreme control of the conduct of the war. In a bold gesture very typical of him, he led the procession to the Eleusinian festival by road despite the great danger posed by the Spartan force at Decelea. But, in that same year, after a minor naval defeat in his absence, his political enemies incited the people to reject him, and he was forced to retire to a castle in Thrace. He remained, however, a disturbing influence on Athenian politics and destroyed any hopes of a political consensus.

When the Athenians at Aegospotami facing the Spartans in the Hellespont grew increasingly careless, he warned them of their danger. But he was mostly ignored, and, when the Athenians lost their whole fleet in a surprise attack by the Spartans, Alcibiades discovered he was no longer safe in his Thracian castle. He took refuge in Phrygia with the Persian governor, who was induced by the Spartans to have him killed.

Alcibiades was probably one of the most gifted Athenian of his generation, he possessed great charm and brilliant political and military abilities but was unscrupulous. His advice, whether to Athens or Sparta, was usually dictated by selfish motives, and the Athenians could never trust him enough to take full advantage of his talents.

Alcibiades, despite all his other failings was a great military leader. And Thucydides suggests this when he writes that the Athenians brought the city to ruin through their dismissal of Alcibiades and their entrusting of the city to other hands. Thucydides also gives Alcibiades credit when he writes on the failed Sicilian expedition. He writes that the expedition failed "not so much through a miscalculation of power of those who were sent, as through a fault in the senders in not taking the best measures afterwards to assist those who had gone out, but instead choosing to occupy themselves with private cabals for the leadership of the commons by which they not only paralyzed operations on the field, but also introduced civil discord at home."

Thucydides also enthuses that even though the concerns of state should always come before personal concerns, that personal concerns were not totally incompatible with the interests of the state, writing, for example, that personal considerations inevitably guide decision making, but he also suggests that a good general should not allow naked ambition to blind him in his recommendation of state policy as it did Alcibiades.

Thucydides on the whole considers that his strength of performance as a general outweigh his faults. He argued that even though Alcibiades personal behavior was detrimental to his career, the resourcefulness and incisiveness Alcibiades displayed in his various maneuvers to save his life and achieve his personal aims served him well on the battlefield. So also was the boldness and daring which lead him to promote bad policy was channeled toward positive end in his individual operations. In other words, what is in one context a vice, is an asset in another.

It could be suggested that his constant changing of allegiances and the lack of trust in him by most of his people were some of the reasons why Athens never fully benefited from his military skills and leadership, which might just have cost them the war.

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Bay Watching

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Introduction

Organizations are increasingly considering leasing or temporary employees because of the appeal of reduced administrative cost and access to lower costs. In reality, these employees come in, do their job, and then leave it up to the full timers to handle the details. The dispute occurs that this situation will only lead to a decrease in employee morale.

Definition temporary worker

A temporary worker is someone employed for a limited period whose job is usually expected by both sides to last for only a short time. Temporary workers may be employed directly by the employer or by private agencies. Agencies will recruit, select and sometimes train temporary workers and hire them out to employers.

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Temporary workers are sometimes employed on fixed term contracts. A fixed term contract is a contract of employment for a definite period, set in advance. Employment ends when the contract expires and no notice need be given by the employer. Employment contracts may also be agreed which end on the completion of a particular task rather than on a specific date.

Most temporary workers will have insufficient service. However, some employment rights such as the right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex or disability have no minimum service qualifications.

Employees on fixed term contracts have the right to be paid the same rate as similar permanent employees working for the same employer and in general terms should not be treated less favourably than permanent employees. This means that employees on fixed term contracts will have broadly the same rights to statutory redundancy payments, written reasons for dismissal and the right not to be unfairly dismissed as permanent employees.

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

• Lost incentives

• Lack continuity with the customer

• Impact on organization culture

• Learning curve decrease

• Lack firm-specific knowledge

• Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

• Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• Security created by employment contract

• Freedom / Independent workers

• Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

• Available talent in the labor pool

• Just-in-time talent

• Access to labor with different types of talent

• Can used for job try out

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

1. Lost incentives

The sense of unsecured to the job poses compared to the full time worker that creates in an employee's mind may affect their performance by decreasing motivation to do good work. Some employers find that temporary workers lack motivation and commitment. The leased employee may not be as experienced as the permanent workers and, therefore, may be less productive.

. Lack continuity with the customer

Due to the nature that leased and temporary workers are seasonal, it may affect the customers whom already comfortable dealing with them.

. Impact on organization culture

Using temporary workers from especially agency 'temps' depend on the screening and testing methods used by the agency which is sometime not match to organization culture. There are tenderly unbalance employee moral and work load and responsibility that can harm the organization culture.

4. Learning curve decrease

Leased and temporary workers are limited in chances for continuing learning and training.

5. Lack firm-specific knowledge

Due to the limited chances in continuing learning and training, the leased and temporary workers tenderly lacking in firm-specific knowledge. Sometime employer just ignores to inform them, as they are not permanent.

6. Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

Leased and temporary workers can sometimes receive higher pay than their permanent counterparts, which can cause resentment amongst employees and trade unions. Resentment might occur due to unbalance employee moral, work load and responsibility.

7. Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Accidents could occur due to lack of learning and training. Thefts and refrain from releasing proprietary info may be an issues due to lack of sense of belonging to the organization.

8. Increase costs

Requires supervisors to closely monitor staffing levels so as not to compromise service or to inadvertently incur overtime costs.

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• flexibility;

• lower benefit costs;

• instant staff;

• lower overall staffing costs;

• rapid availability of workers;

• no severance costs;

• prescreening; and

access to additional skills

Advantages of Temporary Working

The advantage of temporary workers to the organizations can provide greater flexibility because the number employed can vary to take account of changes in demand for the product or service. Temporary workers can also provide cover for permanent staff on holiday, maternity leave or sick leave. The organization can continuing their productivity without having problem

- Temporary employees can provide specialist skills to carry out specific projects

- Some businesses use temporary fixed term contracts as a screening device for potential recruits to the permanent workforce

1. Security created by employment contract

Employees morale can be enhance due to the sense of security created by the mutual understanding in the employment contract.

. Freedom / Independent Contractor

Workers enjoy a feeling not being employees of any employer. They are regarded as an Independent Contractor. By using different contract provisions, the parties may tailor the relationship to meet both, company's and employee's objectives,

. Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

With a written contract, both parties to the contract are more clearly aware of both their respective rights and obligation.

4. Available talent in the labor pool

Laborer holds their strength via their talent to select an appropriate job for them selves.

5. Just-in-time talent

Inline with above statement, laborer can tentatively plans their move in placing the job market requirement.

6. Access with different types of talent

Employees can be cross-trained to become generalists or specialists in several areas. Employees with different types of talent can select and match the job due to their strength.

7. Can used for job try out

The duration of the employment relationship may be established so that each party may make future preparation. Workers can leave the job after contract finish.

Conclusion

Actually the employers can consider to leased or hire temporary workers especially during festival season or other occasion but they have to emphasize on several factors before hiring them.

There are several things a business should do if it is to make temporary working a successful part of its workforce planning

 Avoid using temporary contracts when the job is in reality permanent

 Consider the likely cost of using temporary workers compared to permanent workers

 Consult with managers to determine their views on the possible effects of employing temporary workers

 Agree proposals to use temporary workers with recognised trade unions

 Where temporary workers are recruited through an employment agency, contact several agencies to compare the services they provide, including their screening and testing methods

 Provide temporary workers or the employment agency with job descriptions and information on company benefits, rules and regulation

 Give temporary workers a written statement of the

Please note that this sample paper on Bay Watching is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bay Watching, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Bay Watching will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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