Industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design paper at affordable prices!

TEXTILES IN ENGLAND 180-1850

BREIF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

ECONOMIC

Before the 1700's cotton, wool, silk, and tapestry were still being done by hand and even the few inventions to improve the process of producing these fabrics was still time consuming and limited the amount of fabric that could be produced. However, being a weaver or fabric maker was a pretty good source of income and was usually a family business. But the fabrics produced were sometimes if not always full of errors in patterns or lines at some point in the bulk of the material. So inventors started making bigger machines such as the cotton spinner and the jacquard loom to help make a more flawless product and at the same time allow for greater production of this material. These mechanical inventions and new processes which made it possible to speed up and constantly increase production as well as the movement of textile production from the home business to the factory is what is known as the Industrial Revolution. This new technology was not widely accepted at first because it halted killed common entrepreneur ship now being a weaver was not a lucrative business but owing the factory was. It was also met with protest because machines were threatening the wool industry, which was big at the time in Britain. Not only that, there was strong competition from other countries as far as how complex the designs were on their textiles. So they could curb competition and keep textile moneys in the country smuggling or import of Indian, Arabic, Egyptian, French and Italian fabric was prohibited for some time. But the public interest in these materials did not die so textile factories produced imitations of these materials. In Britain, by 180, the Industrial Revolution had fully mechanized textile factories allowing for greater and more elaborate textiles to be produced.

Custom writing service can write essays on industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design

The classes of this country also changed due to the revolution. Not only were there aristocrats now, but there was a middle class made up of factory owners, entrepreneurs, manufacturers and political activists, there was a working class made up of the coal minors and cotton factory workers and of course the extremely poor. Britain's demographics also changed with its thriving industry as people who owned and worked for the factories were moving from the country to the city to be closer to work. And the aristocrats were vacationing in the city from April to July of each year for more recreation than they already enjoyed in the country.

CULTURAL

Queen Victoria's British monarchy began in 187 and ended in 101, the sixty four years of her reign was an age distinguished by a strong pride in inventions and self-confidence as a people. Victorians were delighted with their advance in scientific knowledge and technical skill. In many cased this pride in inventions supported aesthetic appreciation. For example, one could be proud of the imitation of on material by another-wood painted in imitation of mahogany, ebony or marble; semi precious stones, etc for decorative purposes. They were fascinated with these new materials, which were before only available or associated with the wealthy; the Victorians took pleasure in their display of commercial property. Although they were not the only culture to love these ornaments or have a strong reverence for the beauty of nature and imitating it, what distinguished them was their lack of taste in exploiting these subjects.

DESIGN

With Britain's thriving industry and many colonies it was enormously prosperous. In the first half of the 1th c the swelling size of households, the rapidly burgeoning middle classes and their demand for new houses to proclaim their social position and means put enormous pressure on the already over crowded cities, driving people of adequate means further out of the fringes. As a result of the demands of a rapidly expanding, socially aspiring, population, architects and designers often plundered the past for inspiration.

The main styles to regain popularity were Rococo, Gothic, Renaissance, and Moorish. The styles ebbed and flowed in popularity, often co-existing with one another.

POPULAR STYLES

In the homes of the rich in London Empire Classicism fought with Rococo Revival, Baroque, French, Italian Renaissance, Moorish, Egyptian, Oriental, and for course the all around popular Gothic style. These styles were either recreated as authentically as possible by determined historicists or carefully compiled by the cultivated rich from actual element of old European rooms. More often, though, styles were merely approximated, using loose interpretations of largely European models. It was not unusual for the wealthy and powerful to combine styles in the same house. Rococo was considered suitable for the bedrooms, boudoirs and drawing rooms, where as Gothic was appropriate for libraries, dining rooms, and other male preserves.

Rococo revival and French 18th c styles were the most widely accepted for interior decoration from the 180's to the end of the century. The styles Neo-Rococo and Louis revival were of great general appeal to the socially mobile in England dud to their association with aristocracy tastes refinement. The style was light and cheerful and was considered feminine and frivolous. For the previously reason this style was reserved for boudoirs and rooms suitable for entertaining such as drawing rooms.

Anything neo-renaissance or italiante suggested scholarliness. This class sought to convey an impression of monumentality and weightiness. One of the characteristics of this style was its stress on drapery. Banded fabrics and emphasis on the horizontal were thought particularly appropriate.

Most popular in England, largely due to the architect Augustus Wilby Pugin (181-185) who had designed the interior and exterior of the Sir Charles Barry's new Houses of Parliament and the Big Ben Clock tower, was the Gothic Style.

The middle class did not really have a preferred style; they generally reinterpreted any style that took their fancy.

UPHOLSTERY

Upholstery was highly patterned by this time due the inventions like the jacquard loom.

Fabric production was increased and more complicated patterns were accomplished as a result of the industrial revolution. But the process of upholstering furniture was also improved due to the industrial revolution. By the 180's the use of the coil spring (invented in 18 by Gerog Junigl of Vienna) in furniture was widespread throughout Europe. In this new upholstery the same narrow strips of fabric or leather webbing were interlaced across a seat frame, and a piece of linen was tacked above it but as before, but it now supported a group of coil springs instead of horse hair. Each spring was sewn to the webbing and all of them were tied down to a certain height and to each other so as to resist lateral pressure. A piece of canvas covered them, and a thin layer of horsehair on top cushioned the sitter from the springs themselves. And as before, the exterior material be it cloth, leather or some other fabric was attached to the furniture frame. Coil spring upholstery necessitated a great change in the appearance of a chair or sofa, for the seat now had to be much deeper. In about 180 the loose tassels of silk used in tufting disappeared in favor of buttons, finished in the same fabric as the seat of back. By about mid century this feature was combined with coil springing in the technique known as deep buttoning springs were placed between the buttons, which were drawn downward, creating a series of indentations. Excess fabric was gathered into pleats at the buttons. Deep buttoning helped to hold the coils in place and maintain the shape of the seat.

These developments suited the increasing desire for comfort and luxury in furniture on the part of the expanding bourgeois market that was generated by the industrial revolution.

The Victorian period witnessed the most pronounced manifestation of this trend in overstuffed furniture. Rounded corners, replacing square-stuffing, were combined with coil springing and deep buttoning in forms that were both massive and opulent in appearance. Often, the entire wooden framework of a piece was covered in upholstery. Novel forms that displayed this type of upholstery were the Borne, Divan, Lounge Chair, and various sorts of Ottoman.

OTHER FABRIC USES

Heavy drapery festooned every possible surface in Victorian Homes-pelmets, mantelpieces, door lintels and tables. In summer, much of the drapery tended to be cotton, muslin or chintz; the colder months velvet or damask would be used instead.

During the early Victorian period the popular colors were crimson and bottle green. But after the introduction for aniline and other chemical dyes colors would be fairly lurid. When chemical dyes were developed in the 1850's brighter colors were introduced, principally purple, Prussian blue, yellow and green. However this new brilliance could do little to lighten up the over all gloom prevalent during both day and night the window treatments cut out a lot of the sunlight, and artificial illumination was generally poor as paraffin lamps were not yet introduced.

The furniture tended to be rounded, heavily stuffed and elaborately trimmed. It was light colored and striped and floral chintz was used as loose covers for drawing rooms or bedrooms. Naturalistic pieces could be covered in plush, horsehair or dark silk, trimmed w/floor-length fringing, gimp and tassels. The upholstery on furniture pieces such as footstools and chair seats incorporated needlework; embroidered cloths, mats, antimacassars, beadwork and above all a type for tapestry embroidery called Berlin Wool work.

Towards the middle of the century, because Victorians like draping everything in sight, fireplaces were often dressed in fabric, a flounced pelmet, perhaps of velvet, attached to the mantle shelf and curtains that can be drawn across the opening when the fireplace is not in use was common.

Dressing tables were lavishly draped in lace-covered calico.

After 180 window treatments became symmetrical again. Divided curtains looped back low down and trailing into the floor would emulate a typical effect; contrasting linings or corded edges would give added authenticity. Behind heavy main curtains would be a pair of sub curtains in lace or muslin.

At the time the entire window was usually framed by a deep flat pelmet or lambrequin, which extended down 1/ of the curtain at the center and almost to the floor on either side. The lambrequin might be elaborately shaped and trimmed to reflect a particular style such as Gothic or Moorish. During this period there were also "glass curtains" (like net curtains) which hung against the lower panes to preserve privacy. Heavy silk or worsted damask figured satin and merino were fabrics favored for drawing rooms, with muslin for the summer. Green or red damask was for dining rooms. Chintz was reserved mainly for loose covers and for bedroom drapery. Trellis, floral sprigs, designs evocative of the Gothic style were the patterns or designs common on fabric.

At the window either heavy fringed drapery was pulled back to one side or divided with twisted rope and bed curtains were treated the same usually.

CONCLUSION

The Industrial Revolution in Britain eventually improved the processes of textile production and furniture upholstery and drastically changed the population of the city to large numbers and living in the country declined. The builders of industry lived in the urban areas while the aristocrats continued living in the country but vacationed in the city. This increase in population in urban areas spurned a building trend to meet the housing needs of these people and therefore a new era of architectural design and interior decorating in which Rococo, Gothic, and the Italianate styles was revived.

Features from almost every historical period were combined in the first half of the 1c. Fabrics were printed with gothic heraldic and Moorish designs, among others. Curtains and door treatments tended to be symmetrical, using brocades, velvets, tartans, and damasks, heavily trimmed with fringes and often lined with a contrasting color. Lighter touches were achieved with chintz move often kept for bedrooms or used for loose covers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE

Mantoux, Paul. The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, An outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. 18 Published by the University of Chicago Press Ltd., London. Pp. 107, 10, 17-8, 1. 4, 51, , 45, 4, 18, 104, 108., 17-04, 01-, 47-8, 11, 0, 41, 5-6, 0, 0-4, 5, 7, 8, 67, 441, 67, 6, 181, , 66, 00, 44, 66n, 7, 18, 6, 4, 45, 47, 5, 6, 6, 18, 0, 44-5, 404, 10.

Evans, Hilary & Mary. The Victorians at Home and at Work. 17 Published by Arco Publishing Company, Inc. New York, Great Britain. Pp. 11 .

Jones, Owens. The Grammar of Ornament, A Unique Collection of More than ,50 Classic Patterns. 180 1874 & 001 Published by Dorling Kindersley Limited United States and Britain. Pp. 7, 418, 41, 484.

Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh. Dictionary of the Decorative Arts. 177 Published by Harper & Row, Publishers New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London. Pp. 451, 55, 80.

Boger, Louise Ade. The Complete Guide to Furniture Styles Enlarged Edition. 16 Published by Charles Scribner's Sons New York and Canada. Pp. 1 , 471, 47, 51.

Gilliatt, Mary and Wilhide, Elizabeth. Period Style. 10 Published by Little, Brown and Company Boston, Toronto, London. 14, 11, 11, 110, 111, 108, 10, 15, 16- 17.

Boyce, Joseph. Dictionary of Furniture Second Edition. 001 Published by Checkmark Books New York, NY. Pp. 6, 88, 15, 0, 15, 06, 1.

Please note that this sample paper on industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

1919, Art and Design from around the world

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on 1919, Art and Design from around the world. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality 1919, Art and Design from around the world paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in 1919, Art and Design from around the world, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your 1919, Art and Design from around the world paper at affordable prices!

The beginning of the 0th century was a period that saw unprecedented change. With dynamic change occurring all over the world through rapid industrialisation, and rivalry between states there came a growing tension in western countries, culminating with WW1.

Artists began looking for an art for the century, one that reflected these changes. In addition, the psychoanalytic investigations of Sigmund Freud expanded our understanding of the mysteries of the human mind and prompted artists, writers and poets to gaze more inwardly. This decade was about breaking down all accepted conventions that were characteristic of the centuries past.

Art Nouveau from the previous century was a major influence on the way designers created. It inspired the invention of new forms rather than replicating the forms of the past. However, with the birth of the Vienna Secession in 187, lead by Gustav Klimt, a new appreciation for clean and geometric design became popular.

Deutsche Werkbund

The Werkbund was a union of artists, architects, and designers in 107 Germany who took into consideration the current processes of industrial production. The group's leaders included Hermann Muthesis, Peter Behrens, and Henry Van de Velde. They were influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement of the preceding century. The Werkbund was concerned with marrying technology and design. They believed that they could make everything in the new world more beautiful through design. Two groups emerged from this movement. One felt that form should follow function; the other believed that objects could be functional and aesthetically pleasing. Behrens attempted to bridge this gap by the complete designing of the company Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesellschaft (A.E.G.). He was the first designer to apply similar designs to all of a company's products. He designed everything for A.E.G. from household products such as teapots to electric motors.

Cubism

With Sigmund Freud's publishing of the "Interpretation of Dreams," contemporary attitudes and values were changed. Freud emphasised the importance of understanding the instinctual side of human nature. These ideas were reinforced when Pablo Picasso applied elements of ancient Iberian and Africa tribal art to the human figure in the mid to early 100's. It became a method of painting and sculpture in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms without realistic detail. The Cubist style rejected traditional techniques of the Renaissance.

French painter Paul Cezanne was widely known as a

cubist and a master of this technique. Cubist painters were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space; instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects, whose several sides were seen simultaneously. Picasso and another contemporary artist Georges Braque evolved cubism into a form called Analytical Cubism. This variation involved an emphasis on colours, textures and shapes. Again cubism evolved into synthetic cubism where forms were abstracted even further.

Futurism

Like most movements of this decade, literature sparked the minds of artists. Italian poet Filippo Marinetti published his "Manifesto of Futurism" in 10, in which he describes an "enthusiasm for war, the machine age, speed and modern life." (Meggs 5) Once again, it was a rebellion against the "spineless worshipping of old canvases, old statues and old bric-a-brac, against everything which is filthy and worm-ridden and corroded by time." (Scarborough)

On a page of poetry, the typography would take on a musical character. Contrasting typefaces, unique and unheard of layouts were all used to spark the emotions of the reader. The artists involved in this movement were Umberto Bocconi, Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla and Gino Severini. Futurism forced designers to "rethink the very nature of the typographic word and its meaning." (Meggs 8)

Dada

Dada came about as an objection to the current war, and as a result, inspired innovation and rebellion. The key word in this movement was shock and nonsense, and in some cases, mocking. In general, dada strove to recontextualize the everyday into different meanings. For example, Marcel Duchamp, a French painter, would take a somewhat offensive or ridiculous object and simply sign his name on it. (think urinal masterpiece, Fountain). Artists such as Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, and Kurt Schwitters used collage to explore new levels of wackiness. One of Dada's most prominent literary leaders was poet Tristan Tzara. He once remarked, Like everything in life, dada is useless". But of course, dada design was not entirely functionless; while dada burned out by the early 10s, its design innovations have been relevant ever since.

Surrealism

Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada movement with less importance on shock value. Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dali were searching for the "more real than real world behind the real," suggesting Freud's beliefs that the unconscious was the key to human behavior. Andre Breton, poet and critic and the major spokesman of the movement, published The Surrealist Manifesto. In it he describes surrealism as a means of "reuniting conscious and unconscious realms of experience" (Pioch) so completely that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday rational world in an absolute reality, a surreality.(Honour and Fleming 804) Drawing heavily on theories adapted from Freud, Breton saw the unconscious as the wellspring of the imagination. He defined genius in terms of accessibility to this normally untapped realm, which, he believed, could be attained by poets and painters alike.

Expressionism

Emerging from Germany before World War 1, expressionism can be described as a form of art that aimed to reflect the artistss state of mind rather than the reality of the external world. Colour, line, brushwork and shape were often manipulated to intensify emotions and symbolism. Expressionists in Germany felt uneasy about the war and rebelled againt the harsh authority of the military. German expressionists formed two groups Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter. Die Brucke emphasized emotional force, their paintings included distorted forms, and they were typically bright.

They contain loose brushstrokes that stylize facial features, body shapes, and gestures. In 111, Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Franz Marc, and August Macke established Der Blaue Reiter striving toward "absolute abstraction." They shared the belief that colour and form could communicate the soul of the artist to the viewer. Shapes, colours, lines, and patterns all have psychological effects, and artists can compose these elements as a composer might use tone and melody. Like most movements of the decade, expressionism strived to comment on the human condition with emphasis on social and political themes.

Suprematism & Constructivism

Suprematism began in Russia c.11 and was based around artist Kasimir Malevich. Malevich built up pictures from geometric shapes without reference to observed reality, producing an art that expressed only pure aesthetic feeling rather than with a connection to anything social, political or otherwise.

El Lissitsky was a leading figure in the constructivist group. He believed that he could bridge the gap between art and technology; he felt that technology was the determining factor in artistic perception and creation. What was initiated was a totally new way to approach visual art by creating geometric, non-objective art in a two dimensional form. The groundwork laid by suprematism and constructivism continues to be an approach favoured by many artists today.

De Stijl

In 117 Holland, Theo van Doesburg formed a new design group that he called De Stijl, or, "the style." This was a group of artists, designers, architects who took influences from painters. The De Stijl designers worked in a geometric, abstract style and sought to achieve harmony and equilibrium achieved by the balance of verticals and horizontals. One of the group's most prominent designers was Piet Mondrian. Mondrian along with other De Stijl group members eliminated any representational elements from his designs and chose to use primary blocks of colour to express the mathematical structure of the universe. As in the example of Gerrit Rievveld's "Interior of the Schroder House" (Woodham 7), the aesthetic principles of this movement could be applied to architecture as well.

If we look at the chaotic state of society in Holland at the time, during the First World War, we can understand that the people wanted peace, rest and harmony again. The members of De Stijl tried to reflect in their work what in the society wanted to achieve, an ideal harmony.

The Bauhaus

After the war in Germany, artists and designers alike thought that they could help to bring about new social conditions through the creation of a new visual environment. In 11 Walter Gropius opened a school of design he named Das Staatliches Bauhaus. His theory was that artistically trained designers could "breathe soul into the dead product of the machine." (Honour and Fleming 85) Gropius wanted to rid the design world of historicism and unify art, handwork and industry. Because the structure of Bauhaus student education was unlike any school before, it has influenced the way design students are taught to this day. The Bauhaus was one of the most influential architecture and design schools of the 0th century.

The beginning of the twentieth century was characterized by a revolt against artistic traditions going back to the early fourteenth century. Never before had artists dared to be so adventurous and daring. The designers and artists had to deal with the new innovations in science and technology, and somehow apply it to the construction of their creations. Things were changing; the world was in a transition. They needed a new style for the new century and to define themselves as modern people. Because of the innovations of these extraordinary people, we as designers today have a strong groundwork on which we can base our own designs. Thank you.

Bibliography

Online Sources

1. Scarborough, Kim. "The Manifesto of the Futurist Painters."

http//www.unknown.nu/futurism, June 14, 00.

. Pioch, Nicolas. "Surrealism."

http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/surrealism, Oct.14, 00

. A Sarphy Production. "The Style."

http//www.the-artfile.com/uk/styles/stijl, March 6, 00

Other Sources

4. Honour, Hugh and John Fleming. The Visual Arts A History.

New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc, 000.

5. Meggs, Phillip B. A History of Graphic Design.

Canada John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 18.

6. Tesch, Jurgen and Eckhard Hollmann. Icons of Art. The 0th Century.

New York Prestel-Verlag, 17.

7. Hauffe, Thomas. Design. An illustrated historical overview.

New York Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 16.

8. Harrison, C. Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction The Early Twentieth Century.

London New Haven, 1.

. Woodham, Jonathan M. Twentieth-Century Design.

New York Oxford University Press, 17.

Please note that this sample paper on 1919, Art and Design from around the world is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 1919, Art and Design from around the world, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on 1919, Art and Design from around the world will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Media Pertaining to Woman

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Media Pertaining to Woman. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Media Pertaining to Woman paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Media Pertaining to Woman, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Media Pertaining to Woman paper at affordable prices!

INTRODUCTION

In studying communications, I have taken interest in the effects the media may have on the human psyche. Being a woman, I concentrated on the discrimination and under representation of women that is evident in the media. Focus has been specifically made on the effects that stereotypes and under-representations of women on television have on the typical viewer. It is the intent of this paper to prove that the media, through television programs, exhibits and enforces specific gender stereotypes to the general public and affects the public's views on gender norms and behaviour.

The issue of gender stereotypes and discrimination against women on television is important on a global and personal level. Men and women around the world are expected to dress, think and behave in ways dictated to them by the programs that they view on television. These views are enforced by an elite few who demand that they public obey their beliefs by controlling our source of entertainment. This issue is also important on a personal level because gender stereotyping inhibits the way I must act and behave as a woman. The media presents the public with only two possible genders, male and female, forcing them to associate with only one (out of a possible four) . Anyone who chooses a gender other than male or female is looked upon as a deviation from the norm. My objective is to focus on the way in which the media presents women and how it has such an immense effect on how they identify themselves as such.

In order to provide evidence supporting my hypothesis, this paper will include articles from Volumes 0 and 6 of The Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. Research is presented regarding women on television in the following articles 'Perceptions of the Traits of Women on Television' by Rita Atwood, and 'Prime Time Pilots A Content Analysis of Changes in Gender Representation' by David Vest. Nelson and Robinson's text, Gender in Canada has also been selected in furthering my study of the portrayal of women in television.

Order Custom Essay on The Media Pertaining to Woman

JOURNAL/TEXT REPORT

In her study, Rita Atwood conducted open-ended interviews among adult television viewers in order to report the diverse opinions and interpretations that were made. This study aimed to gain greater insight on the standards that audience members employ when regarding images of women on television and the factors that are associated with the differences in standards. The audience members were to categorize whether the women's roles viewed were either 'positive' or 'negative'. The audience was allowed to provide their own definitions of which traits were positive and which were negative. "Telephone interviews were completed with residents of 6 households, 154 women and 10 men ranging in age from 17 to 7." (Atwood, 6) Analyses of the open-ended responses involved a development of specific 'positive' and 'negative' categories and coding by authors.

Positive assessments of women were linked to the following trait categories in the following percentages 6.7% of respondents found that women were determined, strong and independent; 5.7% of respondents found that women were professional, intelligent and skilled; .8% of respondents found that women were traditional, care-taking and feminine. Negative assessments of women, however, were linked to the following trait categories in the following percentages 4.% of respondents saw women portrayed as the silly housewife, dumb blonde or sex object; 6.% of respondents found that women were immoral, selfish, aggressive or evil; 0.5% of respondents found that women were exploited, degraded and dependant. (Atwood, 8-) A significant finding with regards to Atwood's research was that the majority of responses reflected a 'contemporary' basis for evaluating characteristics of women on television. For example, most respondents classified women on television as positive because of their strength, intelligence and ability to be professional, while women on television were described as negative because they are shown as weak, exploited victims, demented housewives, or sex objects. The minority of answers given by respondents was based around a 'traditional' basis for evaluation. For example, in this grouping women were seen as positive because they were attractive, moral and caretakers, while they were seen as negative because they were selfish, immoral or aggressive. The placing of the aforementioned traits in their 'positive' and 'negative' groupings presents the 'Madonna-whore' complex that was so largely regarded in the past. The study also found that women and men did not differ greatly on their opinions of positive and negative traits for women in television. "In sum, these results offer support for the assertion that people actively construct meaning from their message environments, and that they are uniquely qualified for and capable of providing useful insight into such experiences." (Atwood, 100)

In this study, David Vest explores the degree to which the production and re-write process is responsible for the limited portrayal of women in television. It was assumed that early versions of scripts had a high presence of women, which deteriorated as the scripts were reorganized towards conventionalization. (Vest, 7) A set of forty programs were identified as being the population of television programs which premiered during the 186-87 television season, however, only twenty one sets of scripts were made available to coders (one undergraduate communication major and two graduate communications majors). The study had to be arranged in groups according to included and non-included shows and 'proven' and 'unproven' producers. "Unproven producers were involved with eight non-included and ten included programs, while proven producers were responsible for eleven included and eleven non-included programs. The changes looked for in the episodes were sex, age, occupation, marital status and scenes. Six, three part hypotheses were made in order to conduct the study.

The hypotheses and their results are as follows

Hypothesis #1- Men will outnumber women in the shooting version of the scripts. The ratio of men to women will be lower in the early version of the scripts. The shift toward under-representation will be larger in programs produced by relatively untested producers. The results of this hypothesis were that proportion of men to women in the shooting script was approximately to 1 in both early and shooting scripts. Furthermore, regardless of producer status, the under-representation of women remained constant.

Hypothesis #- Compared to men, women will have smaller roles in the shooting scripts. This difference will be less pronounced in the earlier versions. The shift toward smaller roles will be less pronounced in the programs of established producers. The results of this hypothesis were that the difference between men and women in terms of role size was not different between early and shooting versions. Also, scripts by unproven producers were more likely to have larger roles for women than proven producers.

Hypothesis #- In the shooting version of the scripts, women will be shown less frequently than men in single-sex scenes. This difference in single-sex scenes will be less in the early version of the scripts. The shift toward a higher proportion of male single-sex scenes to female single-sex scenes will be less pronounced in the programs of established producers. The results of this hypothesis were that the ratio of all male scenes to all female scenes was to 1, but this did not significantly change between early and shooting versions. Moreover, there was no support that the status of the producer had any relationship to the changes made in the scripts.

Hypothesis #4- The age distribution for women will be narrower and younger than the age distribution for men in the shooting version of the scripts. These differences will be smaller in the early versions. The shift to a narrower and younger age distribution for women will be less pronounced in the programs of established producers. The results of this hypothesis explain that the "difference between ages according to status was consistent with the notion that the programs of proven producers offer less conventional fare (in this case, a less dramatic gap in the mean ages of men compared to women)." (Vest, 6) However, in both proven and unproven scripts, the mean age of women decreased from early to shooting versions.

Hypothesis #5 - The range of occupations for women will be narrower than the range of occupations for men, and these occupations will tend to cluster within traditional female spheres of activity in the shooting version of the scripts. This constraint will be less pronounced in the early version of the scripts. The shift toward constraint will be most evident in the programs produced by individuals without and established track record. When researching for this hypothesis, it was found that women were found in as many occupations as men, yet were involved in student or traditional female occupational categories, while men outnumbered women 5 to 1 in professional, powerful and traditionally male categories. In addition, there was no evidence supporting the claim that changes occurred between versions or because of producer track record.

Hypothesis #6- Marital status will be a more evident and central feature for women than for men in the shooting version of the scripts. The differences in marital status between men and women will be less pronounced in the early version of the scripts. The change in focus will be most clearly noted in the work of unproven producers. As hypothesized, the marital status of women was more evident than the marital status of men in the shooting version of scripts. However, there was little change in the early or shooting versions and no evidence supporting that proven producers would change towards a more balanced representation of men and women.

Thus, although it was proved that women are, indeed, under-portrayed in television, there was no evidence to support the claims that early and shooting versions of scripts were altered and that proven producers were responsible for eliciting a change among these versions.

In Gender in Canada, Nelson and Robinson claim that the media often misrepresents or fails to represent women because of gender role stereotypes and socialization. Gender role stereotypes are structured sets of beliefs about the personal attributes of men and women and contain notions of qualities possessed by individuals who belong to a particular manifestation of society.

Television has perpetuated and reinforced traditional stereotypes of men and women. Children's television shows feature more males than females, although females are the primary caregivers in most households. In prime time, male characters outnumber female characters two to one, with male characters more likely to hold high status positions. "Content analysis research reveals that men represent 65.4 percent of all prime time television characters and are more likely to be cast in dramatic roles. Women, in contrast, are not only less visible, but are also found primarily in comedies, implicitly suggesting that they are not to be taken very seriously." (Nelson and Robinson, 1) Males are typically cast as adventurous, aggressive and heroic figures who rescue others from danger and females are cast as submissive and passive characters. Even young children are gender typed boys are more assertive, rational and sarcastic, while girls are always on the phone, reading magazines or helping with household chores.

Nelson and Robinson (pg. 1) point out eleven main types of female characters i) the Imp rebellious and rowdy; ii) the Goodwife a beneficent character; iii) the Harpy an aggressive, single women; iv) the Bitch a strong-willed, self absorbed, and destructive woman; v) the Victim a woman suffering from pain, injury, imprisonment, or disease; vi) the Decoy described as 'bait in chic clothing'; vii) the Siren sexy and sinister; viii) the Courtesan a female entrepreneur/clotheshorse; ix) the Witch a woman portrayed as having some form of special power; x) the Matriarch a competent, brave and socially prominent older woman; and xi) the Androgyne a strong, autonomous female who combines both masculine and feminine traits and behaviours. In the 10'sthe role of the androgyne has become more popular with roles such as Murphy Brown, Xena, and Dana Scully.

Although advances are being made "Meehan claims that 'As we approach the turn of the century, despite massive real-world changes in gender roles, the world of television persists in…stereotyped and sexist images.'" (Nelson and Robinson, p. 14) Women, however, are not under represented in the world of soap operas, and they are not restricted to a life of domesticity, but one of intrigue, adventure and romance. Women may become important and powerful in business, but their careers tend to be in areas that are gender-appropriate (business worlds of fashion, cosmetics or hospitality). Women are often depicted as acquiring this power through their ties to powerful men, or in exercising their devious qualities. Images of men rescuing the interests of weaker females reinforce the stereotypes of women's unsuitability for the high-pressure world of business. Also, women who demonstrate stereotypical femininity are often presented as being morally superior to those who are more masculine. Strong women who are successful, assertive, and highly determined to survive without men are portrayed as villains.

One surely can argue that television is merely for entertainment and should not be taken seriously but that argument lacks strong supporting evidence. Media, specifically television, has an immense effect on how the women (and men) identify with their gender. Roles are neatly categorized into masculine and feminine and characters are played out as such by through fictitious sitcoms. This, in turn, has a direct influence on how people identify with their own gender, through examples of popular sitcoms and television in general a distorted image of women is on a slow route to a positive change. Please note that this sample paper on The Media Pertaining to Woman is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Media Pertaining to Woman, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Media Pertaining to Woman will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Down the great unknown

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Down the great unknown. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Down the great unknown paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Down the great unknown, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Down the great unknown paper at affordable prices!

Down The Great Unknown

May 11, 186. A group of roughnecks gather in the dust bucket of Green River, Wyoming, waiting for their one-armed leader to take them down the last great mystery of the western United States; the Grand Canyon. 5-year-old John Wesley Powell arrives by train with four flat-bottomed, flat-ended boats with which the team will negotiate the uncharted waters of the Green and Colorado Rivers. They bring with them 10 months worth of coffee, flour, and other provisions for what will ultimately end up being about three months worth of traveling. Powell set out in hopes to chart and map the Grand Canyon in its entirety. The only way of doing this was by boat via the Colorado. The other men were mostly just looking for an adventure. These were knowledgeable, capable adventurers who seemed like they would be beyond Powell's control, but for the most part, these men never questioned their leader.

For the crew, the adventure began on May 4, when the boats were launched into the river, but for Powell, the journey started two years before when he had first visited the Grand Canyon during a field trip for his geology class at Illinois Wesleyan. He was amazed by the beauty of the canyon and was almost immediately set on charting the area for him and others. Soon after, he began partitioning the U.S. Government for a grant to explore the Grand Canyon, but was denied. Powell sought funding elsewhere, asking friends, acquaintances, and friend's acquaintances for donations for the trip. Eventually he gained enough money, along with his life savings, to fund his ideal journey.

The Grand Canyon was a geologist's dream. It was filled with rich history of the Earth and the changes it has undergone throughout the course of its existence. Though Powell had brought with him dozens of measuring tools, the shape, color and layers of rock told a story to the naked eye. Powell had also found a great deal of evidence of cave dwellers and other inhabitants of the area.

Buy custom Down the great unknown term paper

Powell's interests were not just anthropological, though. He was also a man seeking to make a name for himself in the history of the United States. As a Civil War veteran, he exuded bravery and determination. He had his right arm shattered by a cannon ball at the Battle of Shiloh, and after several surgeries, his arm was amputated. But losing an arm did not stop him from earning the rank of Major after returning to the service for another three years. Being a veteran, though, was not enough for Powell, he wanted more for himself, and thought that exploring the most mysterious part of the United States would surely bring him that recognition. On May 4, Powell and his crew left from Green River, Wyoming. The trip started off being a journey of science and careful measurements, but would soon become a tale of survival.

The early parts of the river were somewhat easy to negotiate, - men per boat was the perfect number to power and steer through rather mild rapids. This was the case for about the first 70-75 miles of the river. It took them about two weeks to get that far, but around 80 miles; the trip had its first major episode.

The team was negotiating a series of difficult rapids when one of the boats suddenly hit a rock and shattered into pieces. The team lost one third of their food supply and a great deal of instruments. To add to the difficulty, the two boats had to take on an extra person, making it crewmembers per boat. Powell blamed the two members of the boat for not listening to his commands. This added an unwanted element to their journey; blame. This would foreshadow events to come and the overall feel of the journey. From that point on, crewmembers had remained in low spirits for rest of the journey. That was the point where Powell realized that there was a possibility of failing his mission, and failure was his greatest fear. Powell from that point on changed his policy about shooting rapids.

Although going through rapids was sometimes beneficial, (the team could gain miles much faster than slower parts of the river), if there was a rapid that Powell thought was too risky to run, he would command the crew to portage the boats and carry the boats and supplies around the rapids. One crewmember, George Bradley remarked that losing one of the boats and some rations was a positive change in the trip. "We have plenty of rations left, much more than we care to carry around the rapids, especially when they are more than a mile long."

Another element of the journey that negatively affected the crew was that due to poor care for the food rations, water had gotten to them and it mold took over a large portion of the food. By the end of the trip the crew was on less than half rations of food. They didn't necessarily need to be on half rations because the trip was much shorter than that for which they had prepared, but it was still a safe, smart move on behalf of the Powell and the crew.

At one point, all that was left was flour; the crew was reduced to eating dough balls. These conditions led to even more discontent among the men. The sentiment among the crew of the members was so intense that one night at camp, three crewmembers announced that they were going to climb out of the canyon and try to find their way to civilization. At this point, the crew was deep in the Colorado River, thus in uncharted territory. Any town or settlement would be miles away; it was almost certain death. Despite Powell's pleas, the men left on foot the next morning with a letter to Powell's wife and half of the records kept throughout the trip. The men were never seen again and it is theorized that Native Americans killed them. This occurred on the 7th day, two days before the team made it out of the Grand Canyon.

After the journey was over, Powell never saw the remaining crewmembers again. I think that was due to the tension that was created throughout the trip. Powell had ordered the men around and they obeyed without question, but they were becoming more and more agitated with every order they followed.

Originally, the crew was in this adventure merely for the excitement aspect of it. They were not geologists or great explorers or looking to get rich, they had been doing things of this sort for their entire lives. Some of the men were civil war veterans and others were just drifters. I am not sure if taking the trip was worth doing for the crew. They certainly gained a new experience and did have an adventure, but they received very little if any recognition for their efforts. For the three that fled the expedition, the mission was a horrible tragedy. These poor men only had 48 hours left of misery to endure with Powell before they could say goodbye to him forever, instead they said goodbye forever. For the men that completed it, the completion in itself was worth doing, but I feel that they walked away from the experience with a negative outlook.

Powell, on the other hand, accomplished more and less than what he expected. The disappointment for him was that he did not chart the entire Grand Canyon. This was due to losing instruments in the first boat crash and giving a large portion of the records to the three who skipped out on the trip. Some instruments were also ruined from water damage. The most important factor in not being able to chart the river was the fact that for a long time, the crew was scrambling merely to survive. Recording the journey had become secondary to staying alive. This seemed to be the only negative aspect of completing the journey for Powell.

When Powell returned he had found that he was a national hero. For months, rumors had been circling around the newspapers that the mission had failed when the crew was sucked into a whirlpool; Powell was living proof that that didn't happen. He was finally the center of attention, a legend in his own time.

He was even recognized by the government. John received a $10,000 grant from Congress to lead more expeditions into the Grand Canyon. In 1871, he led the second expedition into the "somewhat known". During this time, he put inauthentic headdresses on the Native Americans and took pictures of them to sell to raise money for further western exploration. In 1874, Powell published a book in which embellished his original account of his trip down the Grand Canyon.

He was also made director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian. This position mainly pertained to the government's policy towards Native Americans, a group of people with whom Powell was especially fascinated. Powell was also named the director of the United States Geological Survey, a bureau dedicated to exploring and mapping the western United States.

For Powell, the experience was more than worthwhile. He got what he had always wanted, being the recognition of others. On a less obvious level though, John gained a sense of pride for himself. He had done something that no one else had ever done. In this respect, he knew that never giving up paid off. He had proven that someone with a major disability such as a broken arm could accomplish a feat unparalleled by anyone with two arms had ever done.

Adventure. This could possibly be one of the vaguest words in the English language. An adventure could be something in that was began with a specific purpose, like mapping the uncharted waters of the Colorado River. Or the adventure could be unintentional and unexpected, like hearing a pop from the back of your car and having to pull over to the side of the road to fix it yourself. If this is your first time, than it can very well be an adventure. The previous adventures described are both of the physical sorts, but there are also those that are mental. For instance learning to and or making oneself use a style of writing or motivating oneself to do something.

Before going into what types of adventures there are, it is important to define what elements make up an adventure. In every adventure, those people involved must have some sort of struggle. If a math major that has never climbed a mountain tries to do it alone, he or she will most certainly encounter some kind of struggle. However, if a seasoned mountain guide tries to solve a complex equation he or she will encounter a struggle.

Another important part of an adventure is the moment in which the person participating who has encountered a seemingly impossible situation decides to do something about it to better their position. For instance, when the math major reaches an arm above his head and grabs the first hand hold and begins to pull himself up, he has reached a new level. This brings him to the next element of adventure, learning.

In my opinion it is impossible to go through an adventure without learning something. As soon as one encounters a struggle that was unanticipated, the person learns of a different element that is included in that adventure. After the struggle is over, or at least attempted, the person involved learns something about himself, the way in which he deals with a desperate situation.

Now that adventure has been defined, the inevitable question, WHY? There are literally millions of reasons why someone will embark on an adventure. Many common reasons relate to greed, glory, religion (proselytizing), necessity, and in Powell's case research. Some of these things though are not enough to motivate people to go on adventures.

There is always the theory that there is no reason to ever do anything in which one learns or does something out of the ordinary because we are all insignificant and will have no effect on the course of history. This may be true and it may not be. It is a concept with which I find myself struggling all of the time. An example is this very paper. I have read an entire book and watched movies and done research on this topic and for what? To get a good grade so I can pass and have a decent G.P.A. and go to college and get a job and retire when I'm 65 and support my family and die with a clear conscience. The point is that nothing is ever necessary, but without people going on adventures, our country would not exist, our way of life would be unimaginable, no one would ever go out of their way to do anything for anyone else, and for all intensive purposes, everyone would be in effect, dumber.

down the great unknown

Please note that this sample paper on Down the great unknown is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Down the great unknown, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Down the great unknown will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

World War One

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on World War One. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality World War One paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in World War One, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your World War One paper at affordable prices!

The impact of the First World War is still with us. Adolph Hitler himself was a product of the First World War. World War I also gave Russian communists opportunity to overthrow the government in Russia and proclaim communism. The events that took place in No Mans Land definitely had an impact on the wars to come.

The First World War had many causes. The spark of the Great War was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, soon to be at the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife by a Serbian nationalist, while traveling through Sarajevo. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after he was at the throne, he would continue the persecution of Serbs living within the Austria-Hungary Empire. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had to carry out the assassination.

The Arms Race is the second cause. Britain at that time was the largest empire in the world, and it also had the largest navy. The navy was so big and strong because the British needed to protect their empire and maintain the sea routes between the different colonies. Kaiser William of Germany hated and envied Britain for having a stronger navy than his. He increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded with building more ships and increasing its navy too. This started a race for building more and better warships and it created tension and competition between those two countries.

The systems of alliance were another major cause of the War. There was a feud between France and Germany about controlling the colonies, which leads to a greater conflict, the Great War. Europe at that time was divided into two rival alliance systems Triple Entente that included Great Britain, France, and Russia and the Triple Alliance, which included the Central Powers of Austria- Hungary, Germany, and eventually the Turkish Empire. In order to balance the power, France and Russia signed an alliance. Russia saw itself as the protector of Slavs in the war, and immediately mobilized. When the war began, the German decision that if they were going to have to fight Russia and France, they would strike at France first according to the Schlieffen Plan, and then turn West to Russia. Germans believed that Russia at the time was unprepared for war, and that it will take a long time for Russia to mobilize its army. So, on July 8, 114, Austria declared war against Serbia. Russia responded by partially mobilizing against Austria as a protector of Slavs, and Germany insisted that Russia immediately demobilize. Russia refused to do so, and so declared war on Russia and France. When war was declared in August people involved on all sides felt that it would be a short war, and will be over by Christmas. In order for Germany to accomplish its Schlieffen Plan, Germany occupied Belgium. By August most of Belgium was under German occupation and the Schlieffen Plan appeared to be going well, but it brought Britain into the war because they had made a treaty with Belgium before, and Schlieffen Plan involved the invasion of Belgium.

Order Custom World War One paper

One of the other major causes during the War was new weapons. In other words military commanders were not quite ready to the war with its modern weapons and new technologies such as machine guns, also the men built trenches that ran 500 miles. The First World War was the first war to use poison gas as a military weapon. Germans also had the first submarines and used them to blockade Britain by sinking British ships. The sinking of Lusitania is the famous example of sub-warfare during World War I. The Lucitania had civilians on board, where 100 passengers were American citizens. After sinking Lusitania a letter was sent to the German Government by President Wilson to warn the German government against killing Americans citizens. The total war started when Germans used their first gas attack. Gassing was the start of total war.

The dispute between the United States and Germany was more serious because, to me, it was a turning point in the war that would put an end to the stalemate warfare. In order to prevent food, munitions, and other supplies from reaching Great Britain, Germany in 115 declared the waters surrounding Great Britain and Ireland a war zone in which German submarines would sink all enemy vessels without the visit or search ordered by international law. To avoid the possibility that uninvolved vessels might be sunk by mistake, or that uninvolved might be killed, Germany warned uninvolved ships not to enter the zone. They also advised citizens of uninvolved nations not to travel on ships of the Allied nations. Germany remained intolerant in the face of U.S. protests against this declaration. In May 115 a German submarine torpedoed the British passenger liner Lusitania off the Irish coast without warning, causing the deaths of 118 people, of whom 18 were U.S. citizens. The Germans claimed that the Lusitania was carrying munitions to Britain, and later research has proven this to be true. But the American public was outraged by the sinking, and strong protests by the U.S. State Department brought a promise from Germany not to sink any passenger liners without taking precautions to protect the lives of civilians.

However the conflict between Germany and the United States would come to an end just yet. The Zimmermann telegram would be the "spark" that would ignite the tensions between Germany and the United States. The telegram was sent January 17, 117 from Germany to Mexico. The telegram was received and inspected in London, England. As soon as the telegram was read by the English government, they sent the telegram to the United States government. When President Woodrow Wilson received the telegram, he quickly declared war on Germany and the Central Powers.

After a year of the United States Fighting in the war, World War One finally came to a close after four years of fighting. The Allied powers were the victors in this "Great War". The allied powers soon set up the Treaty of Versailles. In the peace settlement Germany was forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. This was a totally justifiable demand on the part of the victorious powers.

The Treaty of Versailles was issued in June 11 with Germany forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. Since then there has been considerable debate concerning the war but even today historians still cannot fully agree upon the causes. Some support has been given to the theory that Germany was totally responsible for the war however substantial evidence does not support that view. Therefore the insistence by the victorious Allied powers to include in the Treaty that Germany accepts total blame cannot be justified. For example, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian terrorist groups was one event that led to actual war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Another event could be when Russia starts to mobilize for war. So in other words, I believe that Germany should not have accepted full responsibility. However, Germany was weak and could not afford to go through another war. So since it was "cornered" it had to take full responsibility and sign.

However there was another opinion and resolution which was much less harsher than the Treaty of Versailles. President Wilson believed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh for Germany. In view of this, Wilson created fourteen points that he wanted accomplished in full as a result of the peace treaties. His fourteen points were his plan for a world peace and included plans for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, the just settlement of colonial claims, the establishment of a League of Nations, and the evacuation of occupied territories and national self-determination. Many of his points were carried out in the Treaty of Versailles, although not all of them were successful or followed completely.

Wilsons fourth point in his plan was the reduction of national armaments. He stated that there should be adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments [would] be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. In the Treaty of Versailles, it was stated that the German army was to be limited to 100,000 and that Germany was not allowed to draft its citizens or to have an air force. Also, Germany was no longer allowed to operate submarines because of the unrestricted submarine warfare that they had displayed during the war, and their naval ships were limited in size and in the amount that they were permitted to own. Furthermore, the Rhineland was to be permanently disarmed and occupied by the Allies for fifteen years to ensure that there would be no attacks against France that might start another war. In addition to this, it was stated that Germany would never be allowed to unite with Austria because they would form an incredibly strong fighting force. This resulted in much complaining by the Germans on the account that they believed they were being left without a military force significant enough to protect themselves. Also, the treaty did not require any of the other countries to perform even the slightest demilitarization. After a certain point, the Germans found ways to avoid the law, and when Hitler came to reign he defied them completely by beginning to draft citizens again, building the status of the navy and air force, and he also began the construction of submarines again. He went so far in his power that he was even able to annex Austria. Even though Wilsons point had been made a part of the treaty, it was a failure because of Hitlers actions and because the rules were difficult to enforce. The result of the laws not being enforced was the beginning of World War Two.

The fifth point of the presidents was the just settlement of colonial claims. He stated that a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principal that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government . . . should be decided upon. It was decided in the settlement in Paris that Alsace and Lorraine would be given to France as they had lost these territories in 1871. Eupen and Malmdy would be given to Belgium as compensation for their sufferings that they went through during the war. Popular vote was to decide what would happen to Schleswig, just as a plebiscite was also to determine Upper Siberias future. Some of Germanys eastern territory was moved in order to give Poland a direct route to the Baltic, as this was promised to Poland from Wilsons plan. Also, under the League of Nations, Danzig became a free city. Germany was also required to surrender all of its other colonies to place outside of Europe, which was not part of Wilsons 14 points. Although Wilsons wish to have the colonies distributed was granted, the results or reasons for how the colonies were dispersed were not what he had stated in his points. For example, the parts of eastern Germany should not have been distributed because it diminished its self-determination and divided the country in two. In addition to this, many of the territories that were ceded to other places were done so in compensation or revenge against Germany. Furthermore, there were many Germans who lived in Danzig and the Corridor. This led to arguments over these territories, which gave Germany sufficient reason to invade Poland, cutting off that countrys access to the Baltic Sea. Since the welfare of the people living in many of the distributed territories was not considered before they were distributed, much unrest occurred and was another cause that eventually led to World War Two.

The American presidents fourteenth point was to establish a League of Nations, which would serve as an organization for international peacemaking. He stated that a general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. It was agreed in the Treaty of Versailles that the Covenant of the League of Nations promote international co-operation . . . peace and security. The League was established but it did not have a large amount of power, and it didnt function well enough to prevent international problems from occurring, or to resolve them when they occurred. Also, the USA refused to join, which meant that the parliament went against the presidents wishes because they did not want the country that they had fought so hard for to have independence to be bound internationally again. In this way, Wilson was successful in establishing a League of Nations; however, he was not successful in convincing his own country to join or in having the organization have a sufficient amount of power to be considered a strongly influential force internationally.

Although Wilson wished to create a mild peace with Germany, the Treaty of Versailles twisted his points into forms of punishment and revenge against Germany. Wilson wished to have all places go through an arms reduction, while the treaty required that only Germanys army was restricted, leaving them with almost no defense forces of their own. He had also wished that the colonies would be spread equally and with consideration for those who lived in them, however the lives of the people were not taken into consideration and the results were that Germany was divided into two while many territories were returned to their original owners, which created much unrest. In addition to this, he had wished to create a League of Nations to conduct mutual guarantees of politics and territory and to maintain international peace. He could not convince his own country to join this, and the League itself, even though it was formed, held no real power and could efficiently deal with international problems. It was in this way that Wilsons fourteen points were compromised in the Treaty of Versailles, and many of the parts that were accomplished were not abided by or caused problems later on.

France, England, and the other powers could not and did not agree to Wilson's fourteen points. They believed that they did not fight four years and lose so much to compromise with Germany. They wanted to see Germany suffer greatly. So they agreed to make Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles.

The effects of The Great War may still be in our and European countries today. Most of the immediate effects might have been resolved in the years passed The Great War. However, after about three decades after World War One ended, another world war was about to begin. Please note that this sample paper on World War One is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on World War One, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on World War One will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

McDonalds

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on McDonalds. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality McDonalds paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in McDonalds, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your McDonalds paper at affordable prices!

Childbearing Controversy Abortion in America In the past twenty years, abortion rates have climbed significantly. More and more women are exercising their choice, and with it their rights, to have what has become the most common surgical procedure American women undergo (Tompkins 145). The simple operation is undertaken by one out of every five women over the age of 15, a quarter of which are teenagers. These 1.6 million women come from many disparate backgrounds, from all races, creeds, and classes, but they share one common trait for one reason or another, they feel unready for the burdens of motherhood. This bucking of the tradition of becoming a wife and mother alarms many conservatives, and so, as has any issue of import, abortion has become a highly political and emotionally charged topic. But though it is extremely controversial, when one takes into account the social, medical, and legal aspects it is strikingly apparent that women need the right to personally choose to have an abortion. Abortion became an outrage in this country only after the Civil War. It was then that the American Medical Association, seeking to bolster the authority of physicians over that of midwives, pushed for anti-abortion legislation to limit outside consultation (Garrett 18). Up to this point, abortion had been legal up until "quickening", or the first signs of movement in the womb (Lader 1). Nearly all state courts in the early to mid-nineteenth century had upheld this view that abortion with the woman's consent was not punishable by law. Far from the intended effect of increasing confidence in medical authority, however, the prohibition of abortion led many women to back-alley quacks, putting their lives in mortal peril from these homeopathic "surgeons". By seeking to reinforce their political standing, the AMA was actually endangering lives. Endangering the mother's life, however, seemed to be entirely acceptable to the so-called "moral majority". Right-wingers took up the anti-abortion flag in God's name, claiming the sanctity of life as their mantra. Pope Pius IX joined the fray as an outspoken critic of the procedure, a vocal foil to the necessarily silent sufferers. In 186 he issued his famous decree of the church's position, outlining their point of view condemning abortion. Their arguments hinged on three points of religious interpretation. First, and most weighty, that the fetus is a person and contains a soul. The Roman Catholic Church was a bit muddled on this point, as the official standpoint from the church's very inception up until the decree was that the fetus was not a person until late in the gestational cycle (Tompkins 145). Peter Singer also argues, "The life of a fetus is of no greater value than the life of a nonhuman animal at a similar level of rationality, self-consciousness, awareness, capacity to feel, etc." In addition, Singer infers that potential for rationality and the like is of no consequence in this view (Wennberg 8). Second, that because it contains a soul, it is a sin to destroy it. Third, that the conception of a child is contingent upon divine intervention and is therefore sacred, and humans should have no authority in the matter. Catholic priest George Patterson debunks this theory "Free will is only free within a divine framework. There would be no way to abort a pregnancy if God didn't allow it. (Furthermore) life is a gift of God, but conception is not a result of direct intervention. It is a human act (and) we have to take responsibility for that. And there may be times when responsibility involves terminating pregnancy" (Rosenblatt 168). Another point often overlooked in these proceedings was that the mother was often imperiled herself, through an inability to care for both herself and the child she carried, but the mission of the church was to stop the killing of "innocents", not of the sinners who would even consider the horror of abortion. Adding to the chaos surrounding abortion was the legal aspect. The United States does not constitutionally outlaw anything based on purely religious reasoning. Separation of church and state is guaranteed in the 1st Amendment, and Minister Mary Louise Smith concurs, "it is a religious issue, (and) that argues for leaving the thing alone entirely" (Rosenblatt 17). Many fanatics, as those mentioned above, do not understand the medical, psychological, or emotional aspects of abortion and are merely incensed by the idea. It is imprudent to continue any discussion of abortion without a full and comprehensive knowledge of what it entails. There are many different methods of aborting a pregnancy, though only two are widely used in the United States. The first is dilation and curettage, a simple procedure in which the surgeon cuts the fetal tissue away from the uterine lining. This accounts for most late-term (1th and 1th week) abortions. The second is vacuum aspiration, a more modern technique which uses medication to soften the fetal tissue, allowing the uterus to be emptied by small suction implements (Costa 50). Both procedures can be done in half an hour, and both share a high success rate with few complications. The most common side effect is heavy blood flow for a couple of days after the operation. Both, however, are also extremely invasive, and require a modicum of trust between doctor and patient. The answer to those wanting a more private, personal method seems to be in the form of a pill RU486. RU486 works by inhibiting progesterone production, causing the uterus to slough off its fertile lining. Also, without progesterone, the production of prostaglandins increases, softening the cervix and causing uterine contractions, facilitating the dislodging and expulsion of the embryo (Costa 114). Women who used the pill found it to be more comfortable, with no pain and little discomfort. Side effects are extremely limited, and the entire operation can be accomplished at home, with no need for a doctor. Use of RU486 allows a sense of responsibility and capability, and most patients were pleased with the results. This French pharmaceutical has long been the means of choice with doctors in Europe, and has been extensively tested and proved. Even the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, after reviewing thousands of trials, unofficially gave the pill its highest rating. But anti-abortion advocates denounce the drug, as it makes abortion a private matter, removing much of the need for public abortion clinics whose workers and patients can be targeted (Lader 8). So, with abortion arguments in America still at fevered pitch, the manufacturers have yet to apply for FDA approval. It is appropriate for religion and science to be at odds, and yet again conservative politicians fueled by unreasonable constituents block the entry of abortion pills and techniques into American hospitals. Even worse, funding that could be going to help distressed women is being diverted for fear of losing votes. Yet these legal battles, having begun in the mid-nineteenth century, are nothing new. The modern era of abortion-centered debate began with the Burger Court. The Supreme Court heard two cases in 17 crucial to the movement for abortion rights. The first was Doe v. Bolton, concerning a Georgia anti-abortion law. In this case the majority decided for the plaintiff, establishing a right to personal privacy in such matters. The right to personal liberty guaranteed by the 14th Amendment was also cited in the court's decision (Goode 171). Overshadowed by the later Roe v. Wade, Doe laid the groundwork for abortion rights. It is interesting to notice that both this decision and the later Roe's had a precedent in contraceptive rights. A Pennsylvania case involving a health clinic handing out free condoms and diaphragms (at that time all contraceptive devices were outlawed by state statute) was found for the clinic, as the Supreme Court decided "the state has no compelling interest in violating a couple's right to privacy" by dictating what they do about contraception in their own home (Garrett 16). Both precedents were crucial to the most famous abortion case in history, Roe v. Wade. In 170, a young Texas woman sought to challenge the Constitutionality of an existing Texas statute outlawing abortions. After three years of appeals, the case ended up in the Supreme Court and became one of the longest and most controversial in history. The 7- majority decision upheld the earlier district court ruling, namely, that the law was unconstitutional on the basis of violating the th and 14th Amendments' guarantees of personal liberty and privacy (Tompkins 1). The Berger Court did much more than that, though it set up guidelines for existing and future abortion laws. According to the findings of the court, abortion was completely legal in the first two trimesters of pregnancy, although it could be regulated in the second trimester to protect the health of the mother. In the third trimester, when the fetus could theoretically survive outside the mother's womb, protection of embryonic life became the state's compelling interest and legislation on abortion could be enacted at the state's discretion (Goode 17). The state's interest in the embryo, however, is questionable at best. Lawrence Lader clarifies, "the concept… is that once a fetus is viable, the state can appropriate a woman's body and submit her to criminal and civil liability for any accidental harm... This trend toward control by the state of a woman's reproductive life accentuates the need for privacy" (1). Tricia Andreyszewski concurs, "on the same grounds, would it be reasonable to prohibit all pregnant women from drinking and smoking? Should they be legally compelled to take vitamins and see a doctor regularly?" (75). The court's ruling in Roe could be foretold as a natural extension of women's rights. As early as 16 the Students for a Democratic Society's (SDS) National Council in Austin concluded "women could not truly direct their own lives, control their physical and psychological health, or make education and career plans if they could not control the number and frequency of their pregnancies" (Tompkins 0). The civil rights guaranteed by this and subsequent cases are many the rights to privacy and choice, the right of a married woman to end a pregnancy without her husband's consent, the right of a teenager to keep an abortion secret from her parents, and the ability for abortion clinics to be paid for through state funds (Andreyszewski 4). The Supreme Court in Roe also cleared up one legal point because people trained in medicine, philosophy, and theology could not reach a consensus on when life begins or what defines personhood, the Court also shied away from these issues, except to determine that the concept of "personhood" as used in the 14th amendment did not apply to the unborn (Terkel ). All of these revolutionary decisions met with a mixture of relief from civil rights activists and shock from the right wing. Abortion clinics, the new bastions of freedom, were soon awash in a rising tide of backlash. Pro-lifers, as anti-abortion advocates now called themselves, surrounded and formed human walls around clinics to embarrass and keep away consulted women. Despite this opposition, the number of facilities offering abortion options grew tremendously until the Reagan-Bush era, when conservative politics crushed financial support and sought to nullify those rights guaranteed by Roe. Today, due mostly to pressure from anti-abortion groups, nine out of ten counties have no facilities that provide abortion services (Costa 8). In a 187 Supreme Court case on abortion, George Bush even sent in United States lawyers to argue against the decision and ask to repeal Roe v. Wade (Tompkins 11). Luckily for civil rights, the bench valued Constitutionality over partisan politics. States will not be allowed to make abortion illegal again. Legal and physical barriers were not the only lanes conservatives took; the conflict frequently escalated into violence. From peaceful protests and sit-ins outside abortion clinics grew the threatening phone calls and bomb threats (real and fictitious) that hound pro-choice doctors to this day (Andreyszewski 1). Militant church groups have even slaughtered whole clinics full of doctors, nurses, and frightened women. Terrorism and fanaticism does not apply only to the Middle East. Why are these people so passionate about what should be a non-issue? To quote Roger Rosenblatt, "the woman who does not wish to become a wife or mother is an implicit threat to "normal" society… the vehemence with which pro-life advocates attack pro-choice women is, I believe, connected to that feeling of threat"(1). Since 186, attitudes have not changed much in the conservative viewpoint. Emotions are still highly charged and rights are still only begrudged to women, and whole congregations have taken various routes to ending abortion. Some groups contend through legal avenues, some through obstruction, and some through outright terrorist tactics. Bombings and threats have permeated the walls of abortion clinics nationwide, as fanatical purists vow to kill to stop the killing. Irony seems to be lost on the religious. As comedian George Carlin once remarked, "What is murdering a doctor if not abortion in the sixtieth trimester?" Dennis Miller summed up the dangers of vigilantism in a rant against the so-called "Religious Right" "Im sorry, you just dont go shooting doctors. If a judgments to be made, God gets to make it. Not you. Him. You are Barney Fife. Keep your bullet in your shirt pocket." Rights and lives are being threatened every day by these conservatives. Fervent debate racks the brains of the scholar, the lawyer, the priest, and the layman. Yet all of this heartache boils down not to a social, not to a medical, not even to a legal or spiritual issue, but to a human one the choice to have an abortion should lie only within the person having it. Works Cited Andreyszewski, Tricia. Abortion Rights, Options, and Choices. Brookfield Millbrook P, 16. Costa, Marie, ed. Abortion A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 17. Garrett, Major, and Penny, Timothy J. The 15 Biggest Lies in Politics. New York St. Martin's Griffin, 18. Goode, Stephen. The Controversial Court. New York Messner, 18. Lader, Lawrence. RU486. Reading Addison-Wesley, 15. Roleff, Tamara L. Abortion Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven P, 17. Rosenblatt, Roger. Life Itself Abortion in the American Mind. New York Random House, 17. Terkel, Susan N. Abortion Facing the Issues. New York Franklin Watts, 18. Tompkins, Nancy. Roe v. Wade The Fight Over Life and Liberty. Danbury Franklin Watts, 16. Wennburg, Robert N. Life in the Balance. Grand Rapids William B. Eerdmans, 15.

Please note that this sample paper on McDonalds is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on McDonalds, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on McDonalds will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments?

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments? paper at affordable prices!

Introduction

A number of factors combine to make capital budgeting decisions perhaps the most important ones financial managers and their staff must make. There are a huge number of variables that must be considered although many can be defined as neglible due to their probability of occurrence. However the cost of failure is great with companies facing bankruptcy if their market judgement is vastly incorrect. This report then focuses on evaluating the major risks that effect capital budgeting decisions and how that information can aid the techniques used to analyse fixed asset investments.

Replacement and Expansion

First, since the result of capital budgeting decisions have an impact for many years, the firm will lose some of its flexibility. For example, the purchase of an asset with an economic life of ten years locks the firm in for a ten year period. Further because asset expansion is fundamentally related to expected future sales a decision to buy an asset that is expected to last ten years requires a ten year sales forecast. A forecast error can have serious consequences. If the firm invests too much in assets, it will incur unnecessarily high depreciation and other expenses. On the other hand, if it does not spend enough on fixed assets, two problems may arise. 'First, its equipment may not be efficient enough for least-cost production and second, if it has inadequate capacity it may lose a portion of its market share to rival firms, and regaining lost customers will involve heavy selling expenses and price reductions, both of which are costly' (Appendix A1). Effective capital budgeting can improve both the timing of asset acquisitions and the quality of assets purchased. If a firm forecasts its needs for capital assets in advance, it will have an opportunity to purchase and install the assets before they are needed. Unfortunately, many firms do not order capital goods until existing assets are approaching full-capacity usage. If sales grow because of an increase in general market demand, all firms in the industry will tend to order capital goods at about the same time. This results in 'backlogs, long waiting times for machinery, and an increase in their prices' (Appendix A1). The firm which forsees its needs and purchases capital assets during slack periods can avoid these problems. Capital budgeting typically involves substantial expenditures, and before a firm can spend a large amount of money, it must have the funds available - large amounts of money are not available automatically. Therefore, a firm contemplating a major capital expenditure program should plan its financing far enough in advance to be sure funds are available.

Modigliani & Miller

A key area concerned with the capital budgeting decisions made by firms lies within the capital structure policy as this sets the tone for all future financial decisions. These include the choice between debt and equity and the amount to pay out in dividends. The early work in this area was Modigliani and Miller (158). They showed that with 'perfect markets' and 'no taxes' the 'total value of a firm is independent of its debt/equity ratio' (Appendix A). Similarly they demonstrated that the value of the firm is independent of the level of dividends. In their framework it is the investment decisions of the firm that are important in determining its total value.

The importance of the Modigliani and Miller theorems was not as a description of reality. Instead it was to stress the 'importance of taxes and capital market imperfections in determining corporate financial policies' (Appendix A). Incorporating the tax deductibility of interest but not dividends and bankruptcy costs leads to the trade-off theory of capital structure. Some debt is desirable because of the tax shield arising from interest deductibility but the costs of bankruptcy and financial distress limit the amount that should be used. This is because when companies are highly levered the threat of default risks is great. Therefore an optimal range of debt finance needs to be incorporated into capital structure policy.

This is an extremely important concept for companies to consider when undertaking in capital budget decisions as their capital structure will have a large influence in determining which investment options to pursue. For example if the company decides to follow an investment proposal where the discounted payback period is great during the later stages of the project although the initial cash outlays are large. If the company is heavily financed through debt then the risk placed on that project will be high due to the probable default risk occurring if the short term future produces an uncertain event that throws the investment into doubt. A recent example of this case is described below

Case Study A Crisis in Football

The recent crisis in the football industry has demonstrated the importance of keeping a tight control of a company's finances. As the industry became increasingly profitable throughout the 10's many clubs operated under the trade off theory principles (Appendix B1). To incorporate increased spending in parallel with exponential transfer and wage increases clubs borrowed excessively to a point where the industry could not sustain itself any longer. This reached a head during May 00 when the sudden collapse of ITV Digital resulted in the threat of bankruptcy for many smaller clubs. This situation was due to fact that smaller clubs had gambled their future on the excessive amounts of capital they were receiving from ITV Digital. Capital budget decisions had been based around spending for short term gains thus allowing football clubs to neglect their long term survival and as a result over six hundred footballers were made redundant during the summer in order to cut costs.

Industry variations of capital budgeting decisions

When analysing the financial risks faced by capital budgeting decisions it is important to remember that companies in different industries will face different risks regarding their ability to invest. Therefore external constraints like the rising cost of capital can effect companies in different ways. Harris and Aviv (11) surveyed the area coming to the following conclusions

• Firms within an industry are more similar in gearing ratios than those in different industries.

• Industries tend to retain their relative gearing rankings over time.

• Pharmaceuticals, electronic, food, paper and textiles industries have consistent low gearing.

• Regulated industries (Telephone, electric and gas utilities) along with airlines are among the most highly geared firms.

For example the highly profitable semi-conductor companies of the mid 10's like Samsung, did not shift their capital budgeting decisions policy towards higher levels of debt as the trade off theory suggests. This can be explained through the fact that in high-tech growth industries current assets are best described as risky and intangible. Therefore borrowing heavily would appear foolish as in times of crisis the company's current assets would be rendered worthless resulting in nothing tangible to safeguard against spiraling default payments. This does appear slightly pessimistic considering during times of prosperity one would expect expansion and growth however there are many other risk factors that need to be taken into account when forming capital budgeting decisions.

Other risk factors

These include

Sales Stability Companies with a stable source of income can feel more comfortable about supporting higher levels of debt because they are able to service the debt.

Asset Structure When fixed assets are at a higher percentage relative to current assets, higher levels of debt can be supported due to the security factor. The lender is aware that if the interest can not be paid, fixed assets can be sold off.

Operating Leverage The relationship between fixed and variable costs suggests that a high level of operating leverage will result in a high level of fixed costs. Therefore a company that is highly levered in operating leverage should have low levels of financial leverage to prevent the increase of costs.

Management Attitudes These attitudes change regarding the current financial climate and whether personal styles tend to be more conservative or aggressive.

Lender and Rating Agency Attitudes The credit rating of a firm has implications regarding the entire capital structure policy of a firm.

Management Decisions

It is essential that top management is aware of the information gained from producing the capital budgeting decisions and it is not just limited to the financial management department. Often within companies there is a capping of the capital budget made by top management which can extinguish any investments projects no matter how profitable they might be. Therefore there needs to be a good two way communication process between senior management and financial management to prevent conflict occurring.

One way of achieving this is through SWOT analysis. Before developing strategies to accomplish the firms objectives, a manager needs to access the internal strengths and weaknesses of the firm. This evaluation should include the firms financial health, physical capital, human resources, production efficiency, and product demand. External threats and opportunities that impact the firms ability to accomplish its objectives also need to be considered. An external threat and opportunity analysis might include evaluating the behavior of close competitors or assessing the impacts of the business cycle on clientele incomes and the resulting product demand. The SWOT analysis helps the firm understand the current constraints placed on it by both internal and external forces and enables the firm to take corrective action, when possible to better position itself to accomplish its objectives.

Through implementing SWOT analysis correctly a greater amount of information is available to make informed capital budgeting decisions. The technique can then be implemented with in standard investment appraisal techniques such as NPV, discounted payback period and IRR. By providing SWOT analysis to aid capital budgeting decisions the threat of failure deceases. However reviewing or post-auditing is a final step to review the performance of investment projects after they have been implemented. While projected cash flows are uncertain and one should not expect actual values to agree with predicted values, the analysis should attempt to find systematic biases or errors by individuals, departments, or divisions and attempt to identify reasons for these errors. Another reason to audit project performance is to decide whether to abandon or continue projects that have done poorly. Therefore in order to eliminate poor performance the various risks associated with capital budgeting decisions need to be applied as strictly in the auditing process to aid in the decision making process for future capital budgeting decisions.

Please note that this sample paper on What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on What types of risk impact upon the capital budgeting decision? Why and to whom are these risks important and how might they be incorporated into the techniques used to evaluate fixed asset investments? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!