Development of poetic theory

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The development of poetic theory in the 18th and 1th century England was greatly influenced by the movement between the Enlightenment period to the Romantic period. The Enlightenment was a movement of thought and belief concerned with the interrelated ideas of God, reason, nature, and man that claimed wide assent among the intellectuals in 17th and 18th century Europe. It attacked the fundamental beliefs and practices of European society. It was also known as the age of reason as people were convinced that human reason could discover the natural laws of the universe and determine the natural rights of mankind; thereby unending progress in knowledge, technical achievement, and moral values would be realized.

This new way of thinking led to the development of a new religious thought known as Deism. Deists believed in God as a great inventor or architect who had created the universe then allowed it to function like a machine or clock without divine intervention. Although Deists believed in a hereafter, they believed human achievement and happiness should be the focus of this life rather than the life to come.

Benevolence toward less fortunate people, humanitarianism, resulted. Difficult though it is for us to realize, the idea that people who are more fortunate should assist those who are less fortunate was, in fact, a new concept during the Enlightenment. Before this, religious beliefs perceived assistance to the unfortunate as interference with God because people thought if someone were unfortunate, it was Gods will and was punishment for wrongdoing.

The main stimulus for the Enlightenment was the scientific discoveries of natural laws. For example, Galileo recognized the movement of planets, moons, and stars, and Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravity.

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Romanticism was in direct competition with the Enlightenment because emotional self-awareness was the foundation of Romantic philosophy. This awareness helped man to understand the condition of society. The romantics believed that in order to improve society and better the human condition, man must be in touch with his emotions. Romanticism rejected the philosophy of the Enlightenment.

Philosophically, romanticism represents a shift from the objective to the subjective Science claims to describe the objective world, the world understood from no particular viewpoint.

The romantic period's roots can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke.

John Locke was born in 16. His mother died while he was still in infancy. His father was a country lawyer and a captain in the Parliamentary Army during the Civil War; he died while John was still young. John Locke was elected to a life of studentship at Christ Church, Oxford. As a young man Locke cast about somewhat for a position in life. He might have become a cleric except for the fact that the authorities did not appreciate his anti-Aristotelian views; that matter and life was static, was not something to which Locke could subscribe.

Having studied medicine (he did not receive a degree) Locke was willing to help out those who saw him with a medical problem, indeed, he become known as Dr Locke. In 1666, Anthony Ashley Cooper was referred to Locke with a medical complaint. Dr Locke successfully operated, much to Ashleys relief, and cleaned out an abscess in the chest. This was to be a most fortunate turn of events for Locke, for Ashley was no ordinary man; he was the first Earl of Shaftesbury, a Lord of the realm. Thus, Locke was swept into the halls of power, perched confidently on the tails of Lord Shaftesbury. In 167, Shaftesbury became the Lord Chancellor and Locke, his friend, was appointed to be the secretary of a very powerful Board.

Upon his return to England, in 168, Locke adopted a life style that allowed him to compile his works and make them ready for the press.

Thus, we see, in 160, the publication of Lockes two principle works Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government.

Locke maintained that the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance. He further maintained that all human beings, in their natural state, were equal and free to pursue life, health, liberty, and possessions; and that these were inalienable rights. Pre-social man as a moral being, and as an individual, contracted out into civil society by surrendering personal power to the ruler and magistrates, and did so as a method of securing natural morality more efficiently. To Locke, natural justice exists and this is so whether the state exists, or not, it is just that the state might better guard natural justice.

Ultimately, in his acceptance of the existence of God, Locke was a dualist -- though only barely so; he did not consider man to be a divine creature fixed with ideas on coming into this world. Locke was an empiricist, viz.; all knowledge comes to us through experience. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. There is no such thing as innate ideas; there is no such thing as moral precepts; we are born with an empty mind, with a soft tablet (tabula rasa) ready to be writ upon by experimental impressions. Beginning blank, the human mind acquires knowledge through the use of the five senses and a process of reflection. Not only has Lockes empiricism been a dominant tradition in British philosophy, but also it has been a doctrine, which with its method, experimental science, has brought on scientific discoveries ever since, scientific discoveries on which our modern world now depends.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born on June 8, 171 in Geneva, Switzerland. His mother died shortly after his birth. When Rousseau was 10 his father fled from Geneva to avoid imprisonment for a minor offence, leaving young Jean-Jacques to be raised by an aunt and uncle. Rousseau left Geneva at 16, wandering from place to place, finally moving to Paris in 174. He earned his living during this period, working as everything from footman to assistant to an ambassador.

Rousseaus profound insight can be found in almost every trace of modern philosophy today. Somewhat complicated and ambiguous, Rousseaus general philosophy tried to grasp an emotional and passionate side of man, which he felt, was left out of most previous philosophical thinking.

In his early writing, Rousseau contended that man is essentially good, a noble savage when in the state of nature (the state of all the other animals, and the condition man was in before the creation of civilization and society), and that good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society. He viewed society as artificial and corrupt and that the furthering of society results in the continuing unhappiness of man.

Rousseaus essay, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750), argued that the advancement of art and science had not been beneficial to mankind. He proposed that the progress of knowledge had made governments more powerful, and crushed individual liberty. He concluded that material progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion.

Perhaps Rousseaus most important work is The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society. Contrary to his earlier work, Rousseau claimed that the state of nature is brutish condition without law or morality, and that there are good men only a result of societys presence. In the state of nature, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men. Because he can be more successful facing threats by joining with other men, he has the impetus to do so. He joins together with his fellow men to form the collective human presence known as society. The Social Contract is the compact agreed to among men that set the conditions for membership in society.

Rousseau was one of the first modern writers to seriously attack the institution of private property, and therefore is considered a forebear of modern socialism and Communism. Rousseau also questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct. He argued that the goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority.

One of the primary principles of Rousseaus political philosophy is that politics and morality should not be separated. When a state fails to act in a moral fashion, it ceases to function in the proper manner and ceases to exert genuine authority over the individual. The second important principle is freedom, which the state is created to preserve.

Rousseaus ideas about education have profoundly influenced modern educational theory. He minimizes the importance of book learning, and recommends that a childs emotions should be educated before his reason. He placed a special emphasis on learning by experience.

The first romantic generation poets included William Blake. The general trend of Blakes life is well known his incessant work as an engraver to keep bread in his mouth; his poverty, shared by his faithful wife Catherine; his absolute refusal to depart from his convictions, from his self-originated methods of preparing for the world his awakening doctrine. Yet we must not dwell too closely upon a picture of pinching poverty; there was another side. Dr. Bernard Blackstone points out that the idea of Blake as uncultivated and naïve must be abandoned when we consider not only the intellectual level of the society to which he had access for the major part of his life but also the great variety of literature with which he was obviously acquainted.

It takes a poet of Bardic power to give expression to this most profound, most fundamental, of mans spiritual problems. But there was experience in the poets own life to give reality and convincingness to these greatest of the prophetic books, the ideas for which poured into his consciousness during the one easeful interlude in his otherwise toilsome existence. This interlude was his three years residence at Felpham in Sussex, where he was under the patronage of William Hayley, a well-to-do dilettante and poetaster, whose verse Blake was commissioned to illustrate. The relief of the change from London to the country, and his ecstasy on finding himself among the glories of nature, were short lived; he soon became uneasy in the conviction that at Felpham he had stepped out of the path of his destined mission, since Hayley thought nothing of Blakes own creative work and demanded his complete application to his patrons affairs.

The almost universal lack of recognition of the value or seriousness of Blakes mystical works and his art seems to have reached a peak at this time

There have been mystics in all ages, each with his peculiar genius; but in William Blake we have one who combines the characters of mystic, philosopher, painter, and poet -- and presents all of these in the supreme degree.

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were probably the most famous of the romantic poets. They combined their talent together and were also very good friends. Coleridge saw William Wordsworth as the greatest poet of all time.

Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, at Cockermouth on the River Derwent, in the heart of the Lake District that would come to be immortalized in his poetry.

Wordsworth wrote very little poetry about his early childhood. Wordsworths mother died in 1778. His immediate reaction to this blow is not known (he treats his mothers death rather coolly, and rather briefly in The Prelude) but it should be noted that her death very quickly led to the disintegration of the Wordsworth household.

Two things happened in 175, which helped to give Wordsworth direction. In January a young friend named Raisley Calvert, whom Wordsworth had been nursing, died of tuberculosis. In his will, he granted Wordsworth a legacy of 00 pounds, hoping to encourage his friend to devote himself to poetry. In August he met Coleridge, and the two became fast friends. Explaining the significance of this event is well beyond the scope of this essay, but most would agree that the revolution of 178 would have been impossible without it.

Over the next two years, the two young poets grew closer. In July of 177, Wordsworth and his beloved sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxden House, which had the important virtue of being only a few miles from Coleridges home at Nether Stowey. This marks the beginning of the so-called annus mirabilis, the year of intense creative partnership that would result in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads. Speaking of themselves and Dorothy, Wordsworth would later say, we were three persons with one soul. Day after day, Wordsworth and Coleridge would write poetry, discuss their theories on poetry, and comment on each others poems. Attempts at co writing were failures, but the thoughts of one would inevitably find their way into the verse of the other. (For example, it was Wordsworths idea that the Ancient Mariner should shoot the Albatross.)

Lyrical Ballads was published on October 4, 178. Presumably in recognition of its status as a collaboration, the work was released anonymously. The famous Preface had not yet been written, and the literary establishment was largely unaware that war had been declared. Much has been made of the impact Wordsworth and Coleridge hoped to have on English letters, but it should also be noted that they needed money. Coleridge wanted to travel to Germany to study, and the book helped pay for the trip. In September of 178, Coleridge, along with Wordsworth and Dorothy, left for the Continent.

Coleridge felt that he was learning a great deal about German philosophy, but the Wordsworths had no such consolation. Lack of fluency in the language made it difficult to make friends, and the bitterly cold winter of 178- prevented them from much communing with Nature. Leaving Coleridge to his studies, they returned to England, and settled in 17 at Dove Cottage in Grasmere. Back in their beloved Lake District, the Wordsworths would happily call Dove Cottage their home for the next eight years.

In 1800, back from Germany, Coleridge moved to Greta Hall in Keswick, in order to be near his friends. It was a busy time. Wordsworth was hard at work on the second edition of Lyrical Ballads. Reviews of the first edition had been mixed, and Coleridge encouraged his friend to write a preface that would clarify the project. Work on the second edition would lead to a germ of discord between the two poets, as Wordsworth enlarged his role and diminished that of Coleridge. Wordsworth refused to include Christabel, and the 1800 edition, far from the anonymous partnership of the first, would bear Wordsworths name and his alone. At this time Wordsworth was also working on what would become Books I and II of The Prelude.

A third edition of Lyrical Ballads, with an expanded Preface, came out in 180, but this year would also be significant to Wordsworth for reasons that had nothing to do with poetry. On May 4 the Earl of Lonsdale died, allowing Wordsworth and his siblings to finally come into their inheritance. More importantly, the Peace of Amiens was declared, ending more than nine years of war with France, and in August Wordsworth finally met his daughter Caroline. This trip to France lasted only a month, but the meeting between Wordsworth and Annette appears to have been amicable. The sight of his daughter inspired one of Wordsworths finest sonnets, It is a beauteous evening. While in France, he made arrangements to provide Caroline with thirty pounds a year.

The trip to France provided Wordsworth closure to the relationship with Annette Vallon, and it is easy to see why this was needed. Early in the morning of October 4, 180, Wordsworth married his childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson. Interestingly, Dorothy did not attend the ceremony; she was crying on her bed. William and Dorothy Wordsworth were the closest of siblings, and some writers have suggested an incestuous subtext for their relationship. In particular, the Lucy poems have been described as an attempt by Wordsworth to kill his improper feelings for his sister. (No less an authority than Coleridge associates Lucy with Dorothy.) Eventually Mary and Dorothy would become quite close.

1804 saw the conclusion of Ode Intimations of Immortality, and a great deal of work on The Prelude. Coleridge would have been pleased with the Prelude work; he had long believed that Wordsworth would only achieve the ultimate expression of his greatness as a philosophical poet through the vehicle of a longer work. Important as The Prelude was, however, in the background were plans for an even larger work, which the two poets had been discussing for years; but it would be still more years before Wordsworth did any substantial work on The Recluse.

Within the lifetime of Wordsworth and Coleridge a new generation of poets, linked by their fortunes and poetic ideals, was to grow up, to write and die. Yet, Byron, Shelly and Keats do form a distinct generation, and mark a new phase of the English poetic tradition, for their work did not appear until the great period of their predecessors was past.

Byron was the eldest and his juvenile poems came out in 1807, the year of the beginning of Wordsworth's poetic decline.

Byron, Shelley and Keats were all liberals and they lived in a world where liberals were generally on the defensive and not frequently in prison. Wordsworth and Coleridge had taken part in a great movement of the spirit at a time when all forces of nature seemed to be on its side. The possibility that their way of life might coincide with the way the world was going was, therefore, perfectly real to them.

Byron is the most difficult of all the 1th century poets to write about in critical terms. As an influence and a portent he is, if we take the European scene as a whole, by far the most powerful. Yet most of the power is exercised in action and in self-dramatisation rather than in art; the poetry seems to provide an insufficient foundation for the Byron legend.

His first volume of poems, Hours of Idleness; neither better nor worse than many another young man's poetry. Why it was selected for attack by the Edinburgh Review is not understood, except it's author was a lord.

Byron was deeply outraged by the Edinburgh critique and after some meditation, produced his first good poem in reply.

Shelley's poetry is not so closely bound up with circumstance as Wordworth's or Byron's. Daily experience shaped and altered their thought; to Shelley it meant little. He is the solitary intellectual. His ideas came from his own mental processes, from Study, from visions of the future or dreams of the past, not from the world around him and he pays the penalty by isolation from the world.

His poetry is interwoven with innumerable threads of earlier literature, of philosophy, of science. His prose shows not only great range of learning, but considerable power of argument and exposition, and his letters reveal for the most part a rather arid doctrinaire intelligence. Yet nearly all the contracts of this vivid and subtle mind with the outer world show a certain failure of adaptation. His reactions, political, social and personal, are violent but very slightly related to the object that inspired them. The result is a strange gaseous force, overwhelming to some, to others tenuous and unreal.

Although we try to put them together, there was no such alliance between Keats and Shelley as there was between Wordsworth and Coleridge. Their qualities were antithetical but not complimentary. Shelley was "much disposed to dissect or anatomise any trip or slip" in Endymion- or Keats thought he was and Keats was inclined to deplore Shelley's dissipation of his powers on other objects than pure poetry.

The study of Keats shows him as above all the conscious artist, anxious to load his poetry as fully as possible with its own special kind of excellence. We see the result of it in the devoted critical care he gives to his own poetical development, the constant effort to correct faults in technique and emotional tone, to abandon harmful models and choose better ones, above all to think out the essentials of his own poetry to have the exclusion of everything else.

During his short career, Keats's work is always changing and developing. When he died he still seemed to be on the edge of more growth.

The Romantic Movement does hold out a living hand to us, and not to grasp it is a kind of intellectual and emotional treason. We can see the results of the deliberate refusal of the romantic experience in this century in the present decay of creation, and the desiccation of much of our criticism. However much more final is our disillusionment with the actual world than any that was known to the Romantics, however much of our historical experience exceeds theirs beyond their mode of interpretation. To re-accept the 1th century values is one of the things that are needed for the mental health of the 1st.

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Chapter 63

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AT THE moment Dr Lecter raised his wine to the candle, A. Benning, staying

late at the DNA lab, raised her latest gel to the light and looked at the

electrophoresis lines dotted with red, blue, and yellow. The sample was

epithelial cells from the toothbrush brought over from the Palazzo Capponi in

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the Italian diplomatic pouch.

Ummmm umm umm umm, she said and called Starlings number at Quantico.

Eric Pickford answered.

Hi, may I speak to Clarice Starling please?

Shes gone for the day and Im in charge, how can I help you?

Do you have a beeper number for her?

Shes on the other phone. What have you got?

Would you please tell her its Benning from the DNA lab. Please tell her the

toothbrush and the eyelash off the arrow are a match. Its Dr Lecter. And ask

her to call me.

Give me your extension number. Sure, Ill tell her right now. Thanks.

Starling was not on the other line. Pickford called Paul Krendler at home.

When Starling did not call A. Benning at the lab, the technician was a little

disappointed. A. Benning had put in a lot of extra time. She went home long

before Pickford ever called Starling at home.

Mason knew an hour before Starling.

He talked briefly to Paul Krendler, taking his tine, letting the breaths come.

His mind was very clear.

Its time to get Starling out, before they start thinking proactive and put

her out for bait. Its Friday, youve got the weekend. Get things started,

Krendler. Tip the Wops about the ad and get her out of there, its time for

her to go. And Krendler?

I wish we could just-

Just do it, and when you get that next picture postcard from the Caymans,

itll have a whole new number written under the stamp.

All right, Ill-

Krendler said, and heard the dial tone.

The short talk was uncommonly tiring for Mason.

Last, before sinking into a broken sleep, he summoned Cordell and said to him,

Send for the pigs.

Chapter 64

IT is more trouble physically to move a semi-wild pig against its will than to

kidnap a man. Pigs are harder to get hold of than men and big ones are

stronger than a man and they cannot be intimidated with a gun. There are the

tusks to consider if you want to maintain the integrity of your abdomen and

legs.

Tusked pigs instinctively disembowel when fighting the upright species, men

and bears. They do not naturally hamstring, but can quickly learn the

behavior.

If you need to maintain the animal alive, you cannot haze it with electrical

shock, as pigs are prone to fatal coronary fibrillation.

Carlo Deogracias, master of the pigs, had the patience of a crocodile. He had

experimented with animal sedation, using the same acepromazine he planned to

use on Dr Lecter. Now he knew exactly how much was required to quiet a

hundred-kilo wild boar and the intervals of dosage that would keep him quiet

for as long as fourteen hours without any lasting aftereffects.

Since the Verger firm was a large-scale importer and exporter of animals and

an established partner of the Department of Agriculture in experimental

breeding programs, the way was made smooth for Masons pigs. The Veterinary

Service Form 17-1 was faxed to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service at Riverdale, Maryland, as required, along with veterinary affidavits

from Sardinia and a $.50 users fee for fifty straws of frozen semen Carlo

wanted to bring.

The permits for swine and semen came by return fax, along with a waiver of the

usual Key West quarantine for swine, and a confirmation that an on-board

inspector would clear the animals at Baltimore-Washington International

Airport.

Carlo and his helpers, the brothers Piero and Tommaso Falcione, put the crates

together. They were excellent crates with sliding doors at each end, sanded

inside and padded. At the last minute, they remembered to crate the bordello

mirror too. Something about its rococo frame around reflected pigs delighted

Mason in photographs.

Carefully, Carlo doped sixteen swine - five boars raised in the same pen and

eleven sows, one of them pregnant, none in estrus. When they were unconscious

he gave them a close physical examination. He tested their sharp teeth and the

tips of their great tusks with his fingers. He held their terrible faces in

his hands, looked into the tiny glazed eyes and listened to make sure their

airways were clear, and he hobbled their elegant little ankles. Then he

dragged them on canvas into the crates and slid the end doors in place.

The trucks groaned down from the Gennargentu Mountains into Cagliari. At the

airport waited an airbus jet freighter operated by Count Fleet Airlines,

specialists in transporting racehorses. This airplane usually carried American

horses back and forth to race meets in Dubai. It carried one horse now, picked

up in Rome. The horse would not be still when it scented the wild-smelling

pigs, and whinnied and kicked in its close padded stall until the crew had to

unload it and leave it behind, causing much expense later for Mason, who had

to ship the horse home to its owner and pay compensation to avoid a lawsuit.

Carlo and his helpers rode with the hogs in the pressurized cargo hold. Every

half-hour out over the heaving sea, Carlo visited each pig individually, put '

his hand on its bristled side and felt the thump of its wild heart.

Even if they were good and hungry, sixteen pigs could not be expected to

consume Dr Lecter in his entirety at one seating. It had taken them a day to

completely consume the filmmaker.

The first day, Mason wanted Dr Lecter to watch them eat his feet. Lecter would

be sustained on a saline drip overnight, awaiting the next course.

Mason had promised Carlo an hour with him in the interval.

In the second course, the pigs could eat him all hollow and consume the

ventral-side flesh and the face within an hour, as the first shift of the

biggest pigs and the pregnant female fell back sated and the second wave came

on. By then the fun would be over anyway.

Chapter 65

BARNEY HAD never been in the barn before. He came in a side door under the

tiers of seats that surrounded an old show-ring on three sides. Empty and

silent except for the muttering of the pigeons in the rafters, the show-ring

still held an air of expectation. Behind the auctioneers stand stretched the

open barn. Big double doors opened into the stable wing and the tack room.

Barney heard voices and called, Hello.

In the tack room, Barney, come on in.

Margots deep voice.

The tack room was a cheerful place, hung with harnesses and the graceful

shapes of saddlery. Smell of leather. Warm sunlight streaming in through dusty

windows just beneath the eaves raised the smell of leather and hay. An open

loft along one side opened into the hayloft of the barn.

Margot was putting up the currycombs and some hackamores. Her hair was paler

than the hay, her eyes as blue as the inspection stamp on meat.

Hi, Barney said from the door. He thought the room was a little stagy, set

up for the sake of visiting children. In its height and the slant of light

from the high windows it was like a church.

Hi, Barney. Hang on and well eat in about twenty minutes Judy Ingrams voice

came from the loft above.

Barneeeeeey. Good morning. Wait till you see what weve got for lunch!

Margot, you want to try to eat outside?

Each Saturday it was Margot and Judys habit to curry the motley assortment of

fat Shetlands kept for the visiting children to ride. They always brought a

picnic lunch. Lets try on the south side of the barn, in the sun, Margot

said.

Everyone seemed a little too chirpy. A person with Barneys hospital

experience knows excessive chirpiness does not bode well for the chirpee.

The tack room was dominated by a horses skull, mounted a little above head

height on the wall, with its bridle and blinkers on, and draped with the

racing colors of the Vergers.

Thats Fleet Shadow, won the Lodgepole Stakes in 5, the only winner my

father ever had, Margot said. He was too cheap to get him stuffed. She

looked up the skull. Bears a strong resemblance to Mason, doesnt it?

There was a forced-draft furnace and bellows in the corner Margot had built a

small coal fire there against re chill. On the fire was a pot of something

that smelled to soup.

A complete set of farriers tools was on a workbench.

She picked up a farriers hammer, this one with a short handle and a heavy

head. With her great arms and chest, Margot might have been a farrier herself,

or a blacksmith with particularly pointed pectorals.

You want to throw me the blankets?

Judy called down.

Margot picked up a bundle of freshly washed saddle blankets and with one

scooping move of her great arm, sent it arching up to the loft.

Okay, Im gonna wash up and get the stuff out of the jeep. Well eat in

fifteen, okay?

Judy said, coming down the ladder.

Barney, feeling Margots scrutiny, did not check out Judys behind. There were

some bales of hay with horse blankets folded on them for seats. Margot and

Barney sat.

You missed the ponies. Theyre gone to the stable in Lester, Margot said.

I heard the trucks this morning. How come?

Masons business.

A little silence. They had always been easy with silence, but not this one.

Well, Barney. You get to a point where you cant talk anymore, unless youre

going to do something. Is that where we are?

Like an affair or something, Barney said. The unhappy analogy hung in the

air.

Affair, Margot said, Ive got something for you a hell of a lot better than

that. You know what were talking about.

Pretty much, Barney said.

But if you decided you didnt want to do something, and later it happened

anyway, do you understand you could never come back on me about it?

She tapped her palm with the farriers hammer, absently perhaps, watching him

with her blue butchers eyes.

Barney had seen some countenances in his time and stayed alive by reading

them. He saw she was telling the truth.

I know that.

Same if we did something. Ill be extremely generous one time, and one time

only. But it would be enough. You want to know how much?

Margot, nothings gonna happen on my watch. Not while Im taking his money to

take care of him.

Why, Barney?

Sitting on the bale, he shrugged his big shoulders. Deals a deal.

You call that a deal? This is a deal, Margot said. Five million dollars,

Barney. The same five Krendlers, supposed to get for selling out the FBI, if

you want to know.

Were talking about getting enough semen from Mason to get Judy pregnant.

Were talking about something else too. You know if you take Masons jism

from him and leave him alive, hed get you, Barney. You couldnt run far

enough. Youd go to the fucking pigs.

Id do what?

What is it, Barney, Semper Fi, like it says on your arm?

When I took his money I said Id take care of him. While I work for him, I

wont do him any harm. You dont have to . . . do anything to him except

the medical, after hes dead. I cant touch him there.

Not one more time. You might have to help me with Cordell.

You kill Mason, you only get one batch, Barney said.

We get five ccs, even a low-normal sperm count, put extenders in it, we

could try five times with insemination, we could do it in vitro Judys

familys real fertile.

Did you think about buying Cordell?

No. Hed never keep the deal. His word would be crap. Sooner or later hed

come back on me. Hed have to go.

Youve thought about it a lot.

Yes. Barney, you have to control the nurse station. Theres tape backup on

the monitors, theres a record of every second. Theres live TV, but no

videotape running. We - I put my hand down inside the shell of the respirator

and immobilize his chest. Monitor shows the respirator still working. By the

time his heart rate and blood pressure show a change, you rush in and hes

unconscious, you can try to revive him all you want. The only thing is, you

dont happen to notice me. I just press on his chest until hes dead. Youve

worked enough autopsies, Barney. What do they look for when they suspect

smothering?

Hemorrhages behind the eyelids.

Mason doesnt have any eyelids.

She had read up, and she was used to buying anything, anybody.

Barney looked her in the face but he fixed the hammer in his peripheral vision

as he gave his answer No, Margot.

If I had let you fuck me would you do it?

No.

If I had fucked you would you do it?

No.

If you didnt work here, if you didnt have any medical responsibility to him

would you do it?

Probably not.

Is it ethics or chickenshit?

I dont know.

Lets find out. Youre fired, Barney.

He nodded, not particularly surprised.

And, Barney?

She raised a finger to her lips. Shhhh. Give me your word? Do I have to say I

could kill you with that prior in California? I dont need to say that do I?

You dont have to worry, Barney said. Ive got to worry. I dont know how

Mason lets people go. Maybe they just disappear.

You dont have to worry either, Ill tell Mason youve had hepatitis. You

dont know a lot about his business except that hes trying to help the law -

and he knows we got the prior on you, hell let you go.

Barney wondered which Dr Lecter had found more interesting in therapy, Mason

Verger or his sister.

Chapter 66

IT WAS night when the long silver transport pulled up to the barn at Muskrat

Farm. They were late and tempers were short.

The arrangements at Baltimore-Washington International Airport had gone well

at first, the on-board inspector from the Department of Agriculture

rubberstamped the shipment of sixteen swine. The inspector had an experts

knowledge of swine and he had never seen anything like them.

Then Carlo Deogracias looked inside the truck. It was a livestock transporter

and smelled like one, with traces in the cracks of many former occupants.

Carlo would not let his pigs be unloaded. The airplane waited while the angry

driver, Carlo and Piero Falcione found another livestock truck more suitable

to moving crates, located a truck wash with a steam hose and steam-cleaned the

cargo area.

Once at the main gate of Muskrat Farm, a last annoyance. The guard checked the

tonnage of the truck and refused them entrance, citing a load limit on an

ornamental bridge. He redirected them to the service road through the national

forest. Tree branches scraped the tall truck as it crept the last two miles.

Carlo liked the big clean barn at Muskrat Farm. He liked the little forklift

that gently carried the cages into the pony stalls.

When the driver of the livestock truck brought an electric cattle prod to the

cages and offered to zap a pig to see how deeply drugged it was, Carlo

snatched the instrument away from him and frightened him so badly he was

afraid to ask for it back.

Carlo would let the great rough swine recover from their sedation in the

semidarkness, not letting them out of the cages until they were on their feet

and alert. He was afraid that those awakening first might take a bite out of a

drugged sleeper. Any prone figure attracted them when the herd was not napping

together.

Piero and Tommaso had to be doubly careful since the herd ate the filmmaker

Oreste, and later his frozen assistant. The men could not be in the pen or the

pasture with the pigs. The swine did not threaten, they did not gnash their

teeth as wild pigs will, they simply kept watching the men with the terrible

single-mindedness of a swine and sidled nearer until they were close enough to

charge.

Carlo, equally single-minded, did not rest until he had walked by flashlight

the fence enclosing Masons wooded pasture which adjoined the great national

forest.

Carlo dug in the ground with his pocket-knife and examined the forest mast

under the pasture trees and found acorns. He had heard jays in the last light

driving in and thought it likely there would be acorns. Sure enough, white

oaks grew here in the enclosed field, but not too many of them. He did not

want the pigs to find their meals on the ground, as they could easily do in

the great forest.

Mason had built across the open end of the barn a stout barrier with a Dutch

gate in it, like Carlos own gate in Sardinia.

From behind the safety of this barrier, Carlo could feed them, sailing

clothing stuffed with dead chickens, legs of lamb and vegetables over the

fence into their midst.

They were not tame, but they were not afraid of men or noise. Even Carlo could

not go into the pen with them. A pig is not like other animals. There is a

spark of intelligence and a terrible practicality in pigs. These were not at

all hostile. They just liked to eat men. They were light of foot like a Miura

bull and could cut like a sheep-dog, and their movements around their keepers

had the sinister quality of premeditation. Piero had a near moment retrieving

from a feeding a shirt that they thought they could use again.

There had never been such pigs before, bigger than the European wild boar and

just as savage. Carlo felt he had created them. He knew that the thing they

would do, the evil they would destroy, would be all the credit he would ever

need in the hereafter.

By midnight, all were asleep in the barn Carlo, Piero and Tommaso slept

without dreaming in the tack room loft, the swine snored in their cages where

their elegant little feet were beginning to trot in their dreams and one or

two stirred on the clean canvas. The skull of the trotting horse, Fleet

Shadow, faintly lit by the coal fire in the farriers furnace, watched over

all.

Chapter 67

To ATTACK an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation with Masons false

evidence was a big leap for Krendler. It left him a little breathless. If the

Attorney General caught him, she would crush him like a roach.

Except for his own personal risk, the matter of ruining Clarice Starling did

not weigh with Krendler as would breaking a man. A man had a family to support

Krendler supported his own family, as greedy and ungrateful as they were.

And Starling definitely had to go. Left alone, following the threads with the

picky, petty homemaking skills of a woman, Clarice Starling would find

Hannibal Lecter. If that happened, Mason Verger would not give Krendler

anything.

The sooner she was stripped of her resources and put out there as bait, the

better.

Krendler had broken careers before, in his own rise to power, first as a state

prosecuting attorney active in politics, and later at Justice. He knew from

experience that crippling a womans career is easier than damaging a man. If a

woman gets a promotion that women shouldnt have, the most efficient way is to

say she won it on her back.

It would be impossible to make that charge stick to Clarice Starling, Krendler

thought. In fact, he couldnt think of anyone more in need of a grudge -

fucking up the dirt road. He sometimes thought of that abrasive act as he

twisted his finger in his nose.

Krendler could not have explained his animosity to Starling. It was visceral

and it belonged to a place in himself where he could not go. A place with seat

covers and a dome light, door handles and window cranks and a girl with

Starlings coloring but not her sense and her pants around one ankle asking

him what in the hell was the matter with him, and why didnt he come on and do

it, was he some kind of queer? some kind of queer? some kind of queer? If you

didnt know what a cunt Starling was, Krendler reflected, her performance in

black and white was much better than her few promotions would indicate - he

had to admit that. Her rewards had been satisfyingly few By adding the odd

drop of poison to her record over the years, Krendler had been able to

influence the FBI career board enough to block a number of plum assignments

she should have gotten, and her independent attitude and smart mouth had

helped his cause.

Mason wouldnt wait for the disposition of Feliciana Fish Market. And there

was no guarantee any shit would stick to Starling in a hearing. The shooting

of Evelda Drumgo and the others was the result of a security failure,

obviously. It was a miracle Starling was able to save that little bastard of a

baby. One more for the public to have to feed. Tearing the scab off that ugly

event would be easy, but it was an unwieldy way to get at Starling.

Better Masons way. It would be quick and she would be out of there. The

timing was propitious One Washington axiom, proved more times than the

Pythagorean theorem, states that in the presence of oxygen, one loud fart with

an obvious culprit will cover many small emissions in the same room, provided

they are nearly simultaneous.

Ergo, the impeachment trial was distracting the Justice Department enough for

him to railroad Starling.

Mason wanted some press coverage for Dr Lecter to see. But Krendler must make

the coverage seem an unhappy accident. Fortunately an occasion was coming that

would serve him well the very birthday of the FBI.

Krendler maintained a tame conscience with which to shrive himself.

It consoled him now If Starling lost her job, at worst some goddamned dyke

den where Starling lived would have to do without the big TV dish for sports.

At worst he was giving a loose cannon a way to roll over the side and threaten

nobody anymore.

A loose cannon over the side would stop rocking the boat, he thought,

pleased and comforted as though two naval metaphors made a logical equation.

That the rocking boat moves the cannon bothered him not at all. Krendler had

the most active fantasy life his imagination would permit. Now, for his

pleasure, he pictured

Starling as old, tripping over those tits, those trim legs turned blue-veined

and lumpy, trudging up and down the stairs carrying laundry, turning her face

away from the stains on the sheets, working for her board at a bed-andbreakfast

owned by a couple of goddamned hairy old dykes.

He imagined the next thing he would say to her, coming on the heels of his

triumph with cornpone country pussy.

Armed with Dr Doemlings insights, he wanted to stand close to her after she

was disarmed and say without moving his mouth, Youre old to still be fucking

your daddy, even for Southern white trash. He repeated the line in his mind,

and considered putting it in his notebook.

Krendler had the tool and the time and the venom he needed to smash Starlings

career, and as he set about it, he was vastly aided by chance and the Italian

mail.

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Should America Close the Golden Door? America has, is, and will always be a nation of immigrants the great melting pot. In the years that have passed since Emma Lazarus' poem was inscribed on the Statue of Liberty "the golden door" has seen times when it was open wide and times when it was closed shut to almost all immigrants. Many people tend to look at the present immigration problems as a purely modern dilemma. The truth is America has always struggled with the issue of immigration, both legal and illegal. Changing times however make it imperative that our government re-examine and adjust today's immigration laws to today's standards. Those standards however are not easily defined. All too often the issue of immigration is used as a political tool or is lost in heated moral debates. In any discussion about immigration you will have those who claim it is good for our nation and those who claim it is ruining the nation. More often than not the bottom line in any debate of this sort is money; will more or less immigration mean more or less money for those already in America. The moral debates come down to a question of who we are as a nation and how we want the rest of the world to perceive Americans. If this great country was forged and built by immigrants passing through "the golden door" , then how can this same country turn away new immigrants. The inscription on the Statue of Liberty invites all to enter, yet not all are allowed to enter. Immigration has become a selective process with many gray areas. Now Americans are faced with a new dilemma; the nation must decide not whether it is willing to accept new immigrants, but whether it can afford new immigrants. All new immigrant, both legal and illegal must be considered in this equation. Congress can attempt to ease the burden of legal immigration by passing restrictive laws and only allowing in those who they believe will become self-sufficient. Congress must also find a way to slow the flow of illegal immigration by enforcing the laws already in place. What this paper will attempt to do is bring the immigration issue into perspective. America most certainly has immigration problems but they will not be fixed by eliminating immigration all together. In fact, America will never totally eliminate immigration, because no matter how tightly the door is closed some illegal immigrants will get through. As long as America continues to be seen as a nation of prosperity, opportunity, and freedom there will be those who wish to come to America. Immigrants have always come to America looking for a better life and Americans are always forgetting that their forefathers were once looking for that same life. As a nation there must be a decision on whether immigration is an issue of conscience or economics. History of Immigration Laws Though most Americans see immigration as a modern problem it has been heavily debated since the 1th century. Throughout most of America's history immigration was seen as a natural process that benefited the nation (Divine ). Until the 180's there were no clearly defined policies on immigration. During this time the country started questioning the economic benefits of more immigrants, so things have note changed in that respect. In May 11, the first bill in American history restricted European immigration and created the quota system (Divine 5). This turn toward restriction could be justified by the downward turn in the economy. Who could argue for more immigrants when the nation's own citizens couldn't find work. The slowing economy and the "spirit of intense nationalism" in the United States at this time made immigration a hot topic (Divine ). After the depression hit everyone was in agreement that there was a "need to limit immigration," of course the extent of those limits were not easily agreed upon (Divine 77). World War II brought with it a new set of immigrants, and eventually the passing of the Displaced Persons Act of 147. This allowed immigrants, displaced by the war to enter the country above quota limits (Divine 18). Since then our legislators have been faced with numerous proposals concerning immigration, too many in fact to mention. Those mentioned above are significant in the fact that they show a definite shift in America's attitude toward immigration. Since the 10's immigration has not been seen as a natural process, but a process that could overwhelm a nation if left unchecked. Current Immigration Laws and Issues As of this time there are no less than fifty proposed bills in Congress that can affect immigration, which proves that this is an ongoing battle with little chance of ending. In recent years the immigration policy has found itself in a state of flux; going back and forth between pro and anti immigration. The Immigration Act of 10 is one of the more current policies to regulate immigration. This policy sets a flexible annual limit on immigration at a rate of 700,000 immigrants per year until 14 when the number will drop to 675,000. This number of course does not include refugees and those seeking asylum ("Immigration..."). If these numbers seem staggering one must take into account the estimated "00,000 to 400,000 illegal immigrants" added to the nations population each year (Suro 8). In the mid-0's there was a shift in America's immigration policy to "close the doors and end the current era of immigration" (Suro 8). In fact in President Clinton's 15 State of the Union Message he said "It is wrong and ultimately self-defeating for a nation of immigrants to permit the kind of abuse of our immigration laws we have seen in recent years, and we must do more to stop it." ("Immigration...") This attitude led to the Immigration Enforcement Improvements Act of 15, which was meant to secure our borders, make deportation of illegal easier, and discourage the employment of illegal aliens ("Immigration..."). In essence this was a proposal to enforce the laws already in place. This was a strong attempt by the government to limit illegal immigration while facilitating legal immigration. As of now, due to the lack of credible data, it is unclear if this legislation worked. What is clear is the continuing struggle to find a balance in the immigration system. Many citizens are concerned with such issues as overpopulation, lack of jobs, and the cost to tax payers if this mass wave of legal and illegal immigrants continues (Castro 18). Concerns America has established such an inherent open heart/open door policy that it seems the melting pot may be about to boil over. Some estimates put the United States population over capacity by as much as one-hundred million (Amselle 60). America's lax attitude toward overpopulation may have turned to one of "danger" that must be avoided (Amselle 60). In the past immigration was somewhat balanced; a good economy meant more immigrants and a slower economy saw a decrease in immigration (Amselle 60). There are those who feel the United States has absorbed all the people it can (Amselle 60). Then you have those like Joel Kotkin of the Progressive Policy Institute who feel that the large numbers of immigrants are "working age adults," that America needs to "offset the growing number of pensioners" (Amselle 60). Even if the immigrant population can offset the number of pensioners, the number of resources in the country will still be divide amongst a much larger population. One must also take into account the number of illegal immigrants added to the population. They will also be replacing those retiring pensioners at a lower wage with no taxes or social security payments. America has a large population of baby boomers and will need working-age persons to fill the void left by their retirements, but there must be a limit to the number of immigrants we become dependant upon and a dramatic decrease in illegal immigrants. During the 180's when all other industrialized nations were making restrictions on immigration America's doors were open and now the nation begins the daunting task of closing those doors (Briggs 5). There is some concern that closing the doors could "heighten the feeling that the nation is under siege" (Suro 15). Overpopulation is in itself a world wide issue but is not undisputed as a cause for concern in America. A lack of jobs is a major concern for most. Will there be enough jobs for everyone? Can our economy support it's own citizens, immigrants, and illegal aliens. America is experiencing a period of economic health, but history shows that this upward economy will not last indefinitely. The working poor are concerned that illegal immigrants may be holding down wages and taking the few unskilled jobs that are available in some areas (Kirschten 16). These are legitimate fears that call into question the governments ability to regulate immigration. Tax paying citizens are also concerned that the tax dollars they pay each year are being used to help educate illegal immigrants and not those who are rightfully in this country (Amselle 60). When there is a large population of immigrants in an area citizens tend to view them in a hostile manner because of the perceived notion that illegal immigrants are using resource meant for legal residents (Bean 04). In reality illegal immigrants have never been eligible for welfare and other public services (Castro 180). Benefits of Immigration Immigrants help to relieve our nation's labor shortage. The truth is that due to a decline in the fertility rate in the United States some leading demographers predict that without substantial immigration America will have a shrinking population (Briggs 17). A shrinking population would mean a higher cost of living and a slow decline in the economy. This alone does not diffuse the alarm of overpopulation but it does give a different view of the situation. Take into account the agricultural sector of American society which is heavily dependant upon immigrant workers, because non-immigrants are less willing to work on the farms (Mont 1). In terms of legal immigrants, America must find a way to make immigration work for the good of the nation as well as the best interest of the immigrants (Briggs 40). In the end a young immigrant population may very well save such programs as social security by increasing the number of workers in the market (Mont 18). These are all economic benefits, but the diversity the United States gains is a priceless commodity that future generations of Americans will need to succeed in a growing international job market. The Cost of Immigration The United States immigration policy does not allow people to immigrate if they are expected to be dependant on public services. Yet in 1 approximately 1% of the 5. million recipients of Supplemental Security Income benefits were immigrants, even though they only account for about 5% of the population (Mont 15). Statistics such as these add to the growing anti-immigrant sentiment among American citizens. This anti-immigrant attitude was clearly reflected in 14 with the passing of California's Proposition 187. Actions such as Proposition 187 can create a very hostile and possibly dangerous atmosphere for all immigrants. What it really boils down to is a belief among Americans that immigrants simply cost too much. Immigration means increased job competition, more money spent on welfare, and increased competition for educational funding. Although Proposition 187 was aimed at curbing the health care cost of illegal immigrants, most Americans simply see it as an immigrant issue and pay little attention to details concerning the status of those immigrants actually receiving benefits. Many believe that immigrant workers, both legal and illegal, hold down wages in low paying jobs. Especially in areas such as California's Central Valley where most of the workers are immigrant and up to 40% are believed to be illegal (Kirschten 16). Illegal Immigration The main concern with illegal immigration is the strain it can place upon the economy. There are also concerns about the nations sovereignty, if America can't control it's borders then America may not be perceived as a sovereign nation (Mont 16). Illegal immigration is not only bad for the nation, but for the illegal immigrant as well. The fact that illegal workers have no recourse in the law makes them susceptible to unscrupulous business people who will exploit them simply to make money. The supply of illegal workers has created a part of the United States business economy that works outside of government regulations (Suro 4). Illegal immigrants face lower wages, unsafe work environments, and a lack of benefits. This in turn keeps wages low and makes it difficult for legal residents to get these jobs. Most employers are looking at the bottom line and illegal immigrant workers mean less wages and benefits cost, which add up to more profit. The government of course passed laws in 186 making it unlawful to hire illegal immigrants; then they failed to fund the enforcement of these same laws (Suro ). In reality illegal aliens make up less than "% of the population," but what seems like an insignificant number of people has had great impact on our nation (Suro 50). The irony of the entire situation is that while the nation is calling for an end to illegal immigration, no one is forcing illegal immigrants to leave (Suro 5). While illegal aliens violate the law with their presence, we guarantee their children access to public education and emergency medical care (Suro 5). This is just one example of the many contradictions in America's immigration policies. These contradictions are what lead to the frustration many people feel toward a system that is no longer in control. Many citizens, especially the working poor, feel that illegal immigrants sometimes receive more benefits. The reality of illegal immigration is that it has been an increasingly difficult problem to solve. For three decades now our government has been trying to find ways to alleviate the number of illegal immigrants in the nation. One attempt was the Amnesty program in the mid-0's for those who had been in the country since 1 (Suro 40). Suro states that this covered only about 60% of the illegal population and drew much debate from California. Which is ironic seeing as how California is often at the forefront of the campaign against illegal immigration. Illegal immigration has become a familiar part of American society and will not likely see much improvement in the next millenium. The Future of Immigration INS has published a booklet called Strategic Plan INS 00, Accepting the Challenge, which outlines their mission and objectives for the coming year. Most of these objectives are the same as they have always been facilitate compliance with the law, create disincentives in the workplace, increase the security of INS documentation, and work with other agencies (U.S. Immigration...). This isn't the first time the INS has had good objectives, but it isn't likely that they will receive the necessary funding to implement these plans successfully. Our government has tried to curb the flow of illegal immigrants with such actions as the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA], which is expected to reduce illegal migration from Mexico (U.S. Immigration... 5). The problem is the timing of such policies; NAFTA is expected to work only after a decade in which Mexico can produce the jobs needed. The INS also reports that by the year 000, the population of prime labor age in America will drop by 8.5 million. That is a large loss of labor and can only be offset by the immigrant population. The key is to make sure that this decrease is offset by a legal immigrant population. That is what the government attempted to do with the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 16 (Marley 880). The intent was to cut back on crime, terrorism, and welfare fraud. They fell short of their intent because the inadvertently clumped all immigrants together, both legal and illegal (Marley 885). America will continue to allow immigrants to enter the country for numerous reasons; such as those who take up a common cause against a foreign foe, as a gesture of shame after some foreign debacle, for economic reasons, and for purely humanitarian purposes (United States). recently we saw our government agree to accept 0,000 Kosovar refugees, and financially help with 0,000 more in Albania. Now 0,000 is a tiny gesture in the big picture, but in a world of crises how many times can our government afford such gestures. Can America continue to play the role of the last true hope for the "huddled masses" of the world? Conclusion Illegal immigration must be curbed. If nothing else it is unfair to those who wait for years to come to America legally. Currently illegal immigrants can choose to leave on their own meaning they can come back legally if they choose. Our laws say that we can formally deport these illegal immigrants and bar them from legal entry. Why does our government continue to create loopholes in the laws they pass. I don't feel that those enter the country illegally should have a right to return; if they are willing to break immigration laws they are more likely to break other laws. What does this policy say to those who lawfully await entry? That in America you're only guilty if you're caught and then only if you don't agree to leave quietly. The lack of punishment for illegal migration is one of the reasons behind it's increase. That however is just my opinion and the would not disappear even if strict punishments were the norm. It is clear that the debate and controversy over immigration will not go away anytime in the near future. What is not clear however is how the nation will fare in the midst of such debate. In the past Americans were proud to be that one shining hope in the world. They were willing to accept the tired and poor, but America has changed and immigration must change also. To those in underdeveloped countries the Statue of Liberty and her invitation to a better life must be hard to resist. What they don't see is what lies beyond her golden torch; a country teeming with people in fierce competition for that elusive dream of a better life. As a student of history and someone who is proud of my heritage I want to say let them come. Let all who need a better life come to America and try to build it here. As a realist I know that our country can only support so many people. There are only so many jobs, so much land for housing, and so forth. Maybe someday in the near future there will be a balance found between the economics and the humanitarianism. A balance that will allow those searching for a better life to come to America and know that they add to our nation's success. The days of "give me your tired, your poor" may have to end but our door should always be open to those longing to work toward a better tomorrow in a land of freedom. Works Cited Amselle, Jorge. "Immigrants Helping or Harming the U.S.?." The World & I 10 (15) 60. Bean, Frank D., Barry Edmonston, and Jefferey S. Passel. Undocumented Migration to the United StatesIRCA and the Experience of the 180's.Washington The Urban Institute Press, 10. Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. Mass Immigration and the National Interest. nd ed. Armonk Sharpe, 16. Castro, Max J. Free Markets, Open Societies, Closed Borders? Trends in International Migration and Immigration Policy in the Americas. Coral Gables North-South Center, 1. Divine, Robert A. American Immigration Policy, 14-15. New Haven Yale University Press, 157. " "Immigration Enforcement Improvements Act of 15"FAct Sheet". 'Lectric Law Library. Nov. 1 http//lectlaw.com/files/imm05.htm Kirschten, Dick. "Supply and Demand." Government Executive 1 (May 1) 16. Marley, Bruce Robert. "Exiling the new felonsThe consequences of the retroactive application of aggravated felony convictions to lawful permanent residents." San Diego Law Review 5 (18 Summer) 855-85. Mont, Daniel. "Welfare and Immigrants." Migration World 6 (16) 8-0. Suro, Robert. Watching America's Door The Immigration Backlash and the New Policy Debate. New York The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 16. "United States;The Next Masses." Economist 1 May 1 6-8. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Strategic Plan Toward INS 000 Accepting the Challenge. Word Count 401

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LEGALIZE MARIJUANA!!!

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War Against Marijuana A total of ,470,545 Americans have been arrested for marijuana offenses. In 17 state and local law enforcement arrested 65,00 people for marijuana violations. That number is the highest ever recorded by the FBI. Of the 68,885 arrests made in 18, approximately 88% were for simple possession. The remaining 1% were for sale and manufacture. Every 5 seconds, a marijuana smoker is arrested in America. This is truly a waste of law enforcement and a waste of our tax money. These people getting arrested are generally responsible adults capable of making their own decisions.

Marijuana was made illegal in 17, but hemp was kept legal to use. Hemp provides from four to fourteen tons of dry fibers per acre per year. It can be made into paper, cloth, and cellulose for plastic. If drug laws would allow hemp farming, we'd have an alternative resource for paper, which would save our trees. When you look at the one-dollar bill, you are looking at a hemp farmer, George Washington grew hemp. The US Drug Enforcement Agency is ignorant to realize that there is a big difference between hemp and marijuana. Hemp can not be used to get high, and it never was used for that, but it still was put in the same category as heroin. Our tax dollars go to feed all the people that are held in prison on marijuana related charges. Those people are now struggling to feed their children, knowing that they won't get much help, because they are "criminals" according to a good percentage of society. Our society thinks marijuana isn't acceptable because it is illegal. Marijuana was made illegal because congress put up a fight, and went against narcotics. It was found a narcotic when it was classified along with opiates. It was deemed too dangerous to allow research, and dismissed all attempts to argue over it.

We know that the legal drug addictions present now, do not cause any crimes. The actions from them, but not the use. You can't baby all alcohol users, making sure they don't drink too much. You can't tell someone that they can't smoke marijuana, when their beliefs are otherwise. On June 1, 000, Val Walton a news staff writer for The Birmingham News reported that a 46 year old man could face life in prison after pleading guilty Tuesday to running a drug operation that sold thousands of pounds of marijuana. The man pleaded guilty to his charges of continuing a criminal enterprise and drug trafficking. Since this is a federal offense, he is not provided with parole as an option. He could face 0 years to life in prison. Now this man is not innocent, he was carrying an illegal firearm to engage in money laundering. His home was searched and authorities found at least 40 weapons, $0,000 worth of jewelry and more was found in a safety deposit box. This man should spend some time in prison for these offenses with no doubt. But the 0 years to life is for the marijuana, and the added 5-year sentence is for the weapons charge. This is just one of the thousands of cases, and not the usual, most are just for marijuana offenses.

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Marijuana is classified as a minor psychedelic drug. If it is used in large amounts, it could lead to a psychedelic effect. So can medication and alcohol, and it is okay to drink alcohol. This is not a new drug either; it dates back to 4,000 years ago in China. The emperor smoked it, and promoted its use for an all-purpose medication. It spread to India and other neighboring countries. Early Hindus used it for a variety of purposes as well. We have used it as a medical aid for thousands of years, and still are used for a variety of purposes, just not legally in most cases.

There are many myths about Pot used to discourage use. One is that Pot is nearly ten times more potent and dangerous than in the sixties. This is based on government data, and samples from the 70's recently compared to domesticated marijuana of today show that it's potency has increased moderately by a factor of two or so. The government ignores that it was available in premium varieties in the sixties, like Acapulco Gold, as well as hashish and hash oil, which is every bit as strong as today's marijuana. Another myth is that Pot kills brain cells. This myth came from animal experiments in which changes, not actual cell deaths were observed when animals were exposed to high doses of pot. There is no physical evidence that it causes permanent brain damage. User's should know that it does cause short-term memory loss has been found in chronic smokers, after about 6 to 1 weeks of abstinence. This is probably what makes people think it will damage you brain cells. Other drugs including alcohol have been noted to cause brain damage though. People try to say it will cause you to become sterile and lower testosterone in males. In contrast to alcohol use, there is more of a chance you will become impotent or have low testosterone levels from drinking alcohol. In females it has been shown that it may temporarily lower fertility or increase risk of fetal lost, even mildly disrupt ovulation. Again, if you drink alcohol the same risks are at stake, even worse ones.

Experts generally recommend that drugs not are used during pregnancy, but there is little evidence that marijuana use implicates fetal harm, unlike alcohol, cocaine, or tobacco. A variety of studies indicate that THC may exercise reversible immune-suppressive effects by causing the activity of the immune system cells to be inhibited. It is dubious whether they are of import to human health, since it is based mainly on theoretical laboratory animal studies. Chronic pot smokers have been shown to suffer damage to immune cells, the ones that are defense mechanisms. It is unclear how much damage is caused due to THC, as opposed to all the other toxins that occur in smoke. Water pipes and other devices can filter out many of those toxins. Many AIDS patients smoke marijuana to help stimulate appetite and reduce nausea. Cannabis doesn't actually damage T-cells, which are depleted in HIV patients. Some studies even found that exposure to marijuana increased T-cell counts in subjects who were not AIDS patients, but had a low T-cell count. Laboratory studies have suggested that high doses of THC might interfere with cell replication, Producing abnormal numbers of chromosomes. There is no evidence that it damages cells and chromosomes.

A review done by Dr. Leo Hollister from the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs said "The evidence on immune suppression has been contradictory and is more supportive of some degree of immune-suppression only when one considers in vitro studies. These have been seriously flawed by very high concentrations of drugs used to produce immune-suppression. The closer that experimental studies have been to actual clinical situations, the less compelling has been the evidence." Another popular myth is that one joint equal about 4 cigarettes. Critics have exaggerated the dangers if pot smoking. Dr. Tashkin found that daily pot smokers experienced a "mild but significant" increase in airflow resistance in large airways. This is greater than persons smoking 16 cigarettes per day are. What examiners ignore is that marijuana smokers did much are better than tobacco smokers in aspects of lung health. Dr. Tashkin himself says that the notion that one joint equal 16 or maybe just 4 cigarettes is not true. An estimate that marijuana smokers consume four times as much carcinogenic tar as cigarette smokers per weight smoked. The average joint usually contains 0.4 grams of pot, a bit less than one-half the weight of a cigarette. A joint is equal to two cigarettes, which isn't an exact equivalency, but is more accurate. Marijuana affects different parts of the respiratory tract than cigarettes; tobacco tends to penetrate smaller passageways of the lungs. One consequence of this is that pot, unlike cigarettes, does not appear to cause emphysema. Most experts agree that occasional or moderate use of marijuana is innocuous, they agree that excessive use can be harmful. Research shows that the two major risks are respiratory disease due to smoking, and accidental injuries due to impairment. A survey from the Kaiser Permanente Center found that daily marijuana-only users have a 1% higher rate of respiratory complaints than non-smokers do. Marijuana contains virtually the same toxic gases and tars as tobacco. The hazards of marijuana can be reduced by various strategies. One is to use higher-potency cannabis, which can be smoked in smaller quantities, use of water pipes and other smoke reduction technologies, and ingesting pot orally instead of smoking. People can use marijuana as a tea, or bake it into foods, but you must use about three times as much marijuana for the effect.

There is no scientific evidence that marijuana is a "gateway" drug. Cannabis is used by cultures in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America shows no propensity for other drugs. The theory of marijuana leading to other drugs came from the sixties, when it became the leading recreational drug. Events in the eighties showed cocaine abuse exploded at the same time marijuana use declined. There is evidence that cannabis may be a substitute for other drugs such as alcohol and hard drugs. A survey by Dr. Patricia Morgan or the University of California at Berkeley, found a significant number of pot smokers and dealers switched to met amphetamine "ice", when Hawaii's marijuana eradication program created a shortage of pot. Marijuana doesn't lead to other drugs for the reason it is illegal, but because dealers are likely to deal other illicit drugs as well. Whatever the risks are when someone smokes pot, the laws make matters worse in several ways. Paraphernalia laws impede the development and marketing of water pipes, and all other advance technology that could reduce the harmfulness of marijuana smoke. Prohibition encourages sale of pot that has been contaminated or adulterated by insecticides, or mixed with other drugs such as PCP, crack, or heroin. By raising the price of marijuana, it makes in uneconomical to consume it orally, which is the best way to avoid the smoke exposure all together. When you eat it, it typically requires two or three more times as much marijuana as smoking.

There has never been a controlled scientific study showing that a drug urinalysis improves work place safety. The largest survey to date, covering 4,6 postal workers nationwide, found no difference in accident records between workers who tested positive. Random drug testing of transportation workers was enacted by a reaction to a single 187 train collision in which 16 Amtrak passengers were killed by a Conrail train that didn't stop. The engineer and brakeman of the Conrail train were found to have recently smoked marijuana, though it could not be proven that it caused the accident. The engineer had extensive record of speeding and DUI. He was known by management to have drinking problems. Congress mandated that random drug testing be done on the entire transportation industry. Marijuana is less of a road hazard than alcohol. Surveys have found that half or more of fatal drivers have alcohol in their blood, as opposed to 7-0% with THC, the major component of marijuana.

The combination of marijuana and alcohol is a hazard. Some research suggested that low doses of marijuana alone might sometimes improve driving performance, but not true in most cases. Marijuana appears to produce greater caution, because users are more aware of their state, so the become more alert. Even though this is true in some cases, no one should drive when they are high. It should be noted that these results might not apply to non-driving related situations, where forgetfulness or inattention can be less important than speed and safety in a vehicle. There has never been a single commercial passenger airline accident attributed to marijuana abuse. Drug tests on railroad workers found no elevated incidence of drug use among workers involved in accidents. In surveyed blood samples from 18 drivers killed in a car, truck and motorcycle accidents in seven states during 10-1 found that 51.5% of specimens as against 17.8% for all other drugs combined. Marijuana, the second most common drug, appeared in just 6.7% of accidents. Two-thirds of the marijuana using drivers also had alcohol. Drivers who use alcohol are especially vulnerable to fatal accidents when the are at the wheel. Marijuana alone had no indications to cause fatal accidents when not combined with other drugs. The Kaiser study also found that daily pot users have a 0% higher risk of injuries, mostly from accidents. These figures are pretty accurate, and not nearly as high as comparable risks for heavy drinkers or tobacco addicts.

Marijuana can cause accidents isn't surprising since it has been shown to degrade short-term memory in chronic pot smokers. It can also impair concentration, judgment, and coordination at complex tasks including driving. There have been numerous reports of pot-related accidents, some fatal; saying it is a myth that no one has ever died from marijuana. A survey of 1,0 emergency room trauma patients in Baltimore found that 4.7% were under the influence of marijuana, more than alcohol, but almost all were combinations with alcohol use and pot.

The Partnership for a Drug-free America did a survey among teenagers from 1-15 years old. Only eight percent believed that people who use marijuana are popular. From this study they found that fewer teens agree many rock and rap stars make drug use look tempting, but few believe it glamorizes drug use. Teens thinking that most people use marijuana at least once or twice, declined to 5 percent in 18 and 41 percent in 17. 11 percent of teens think it is difficult to say no to reject invitation to try marijuana. Statistically, drug use among teens has declined significantly. So why do we continue to say we have a marijuana problem, when indeed it has gotten much better? Teens are people too, which make decisions just like adults. There are more teenagers out there than we think that make smart choices and act responsibly. One would not condone a child to use marijuana; we don't allow them to use tobacco products and alcohol. This is a must in keeping them safe, because children are not mature enough to handle responsibility with drugs. That is where marijuana gets its bad reputation. Children who are involved with the drug are "curious" and want to try new things. Adults don't turn to crack when they are out of alcohol, so what makes us think that marijuana, a drug, would lead to the same thing?

Knowing the positive side is always nice, but to be logical, you need the negative side as well. The short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and concentration, distorted perception (sight, sound, time, and touch) trouble with problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety. These effects are even greater when other drugs are mixed with marijuana, but it has been proven that every persons body is different and some effects may appear and some may it depends on the person. Long-term effect is cancer, which is still in question and not known whether or not it can be caused by marijuana. To determine whether or not it leads to cancer is hard to find out because so many users smoke cigarettes too. Pot smokers suffer lung damage just like tobacco users, and reported evidence shows that pre-cancerous cells are found in pot smokers. Overall, people who smoke marijuana have the same effects with the respiratory system as tobacco smokers.

Unlike tobacco, marijuana is not addictive from chemicals, it is mostly psychological. When people smoke marijuana, they may get depression, fatigue, and carelessness with appearance, hostility, and deteriorating relationships with family and friends. This is not effects from all users, but for some it can lead to this. Smoking marijuana can also cause change in sleeping patterns.

When we realize the problems that occur from smoking marijuana, it is easier to argue the point of why it remains illegal in the United States. Nearly all the health risks can be compared to those risks with smoking tobacco. When a person smokes a cigarette, the body responds immediately to the chemical nicotine in smoke. Nicotine causes short-term increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow from the heart, and causes arteries to narrow. Carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen carried in the blood, which creates an imbalance in the demand for oxygen carried by cells. Smoking can cause chronic lung disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke, as well as cancer in various parts of the body. It is a known fact that smoking tobacco causes cancer, but marijuana is not known for sure to cause it. Women who use tobacco during pregnancy are more likely to have difficult birth, low birth weight, and risk of infant death. Nearly 00,000 infants suffer from lower respiratory tract infections, due to exposure to cigarette smoke. We all know that smoking is almost a definite "no" for pregnant women. You see the warnings on the side of every cigarette pack. Studies done to prove marijuana doesn't harm a fetus are criticized for obvious reasons. A woman named Nancy Day specializes in prenatal care. She did a study that was well controlled; finding that cannabis use had a positive impact on birth weight during the third trimester of pregnancy. Cannabis use is not recommended in pregnancy, it may be of medical value to some women in treating morning sickness or helping in childbirth.

Another drug that causes concern among many Americans, but remains legal is alcohol. Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach, enters the blood stream, and goes into all tissues. The effects from drinking are different depending on a person's size, weight, sex, as well as food and alcohol consumed. Effects from drinking can cause dizziness, nausea, thirst, slurred speech, disturbed sleep, and vomiting. Alcohol impairs judgment and coordination, causes aggressive acts like domestic violence and child abuse. Prolonged use of alcohol can also lead to addiction, producing withdrawal symptoms. Drinking can cause tremors, hallucinations and convulsions. Permanent damage to vital organs can occur in the brain and liver. Mothers who drink during pregnancy may give their infants fetal alcohol syndrome, causing mental retardation and other irreversible physical abnormalities. These drugs are legal for adults, but yet have caused a lot of damage to millions of Americans. Theses people are generally adults, that are suppose to be responsible. They aren't making wise choices when they abuse the drug, but the ones who are wise aren't effected. The same goes for marijuana. It is illegal to use because of the people who once abused it, which led to suspicion of it's use. The health dangers steaming from marijuana use are less or equal to smoking tobacco or drinking alcohol.

Everyone in this country is born with the right to make decisions. We all have choices, but how we make them is important. If we continue to doubt others, or even discriminate against them, we will always be in constant battle. The word "freedom" is suddenly followed by thousands of rules and exceptions. If we make things that can harm individuals illegal, is it really stopping it. Are we really thinking about what is out there now to legally screw up lives isn't doing the job already? Let it be our choice, let it be our right, make it legal to be free to make our own choices. If we could just take a moment to think about all the madness in our world, the freedom to smoke pot is just a tiny seed. That is what marijuana comes from, a seed. It is a natural plant, which somehow along the way got miss-understood. Bibliography

Sources Partnership for a Drug-Free America, Surveys, Attitude tracking studies http//www.drugfreeamerica.org/newscenter/factsheets/pats.html The Birmingham News, Val Walton, News staff writer (June 1, 000) The Arizona Republic, "A losing Drug War", Pat Flannery and Dennis Wagner, (Sunday, June 4, 000) Washington Hemp Education Network (W.H.E.N) Compare legal drugs with illegal drugs "Prohibition Ensures Misuse" (November , 16) http//www.olywa.net/when/part14.html Donald Tashkin, Physician, New England Journal of Medicine "Is Frequent Marijuana Smoking Hazardous to Health" "Cannabis 177" Ann. Intern. Med. pg.5-4 (178) "Respiratory Status of Habitual Marijuana Smokers" pg.6-706 (Nov 180) Nicholas Cozzi, "Effects of Water Filtration on Marijuana Smoke A literature Review" Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Newsletter, Vol. IV # (1) Survey on Hawaii's war on pot done by Honolulu Advertiser, April 1, 14 Found at http//www.norml.org/facts/myths/myth18.html Norman, Salyard and Mahoney "An Evaluation of Pre-employment Drug Testing" from Journal of Applied Psychology Pg.6- (10) Most facts were found at Http//www.norml.org What is Marijuana? http//www.teenchallenge.com Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report, Caroline Wolf Harlow, Ph.D. BJS Statistician (April 18) Office of National Drug Control Policy, Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse fact sheet Barry R. McCaffrey, Director http//www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov, or call, 1-800-666-, (March 000) Social Issues Resources Series "A Losing Battle" article found in Drugs-SIRS, West View Library, Clara Germany, staff writer of Christian Monitor (11)

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Universe

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Not since Galileo turned his telescope towards the heavens in 1610 has any event so changed our understanding of the universe as the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble orbits 600 kilometers (75 miles) above Earth, working around the clock to unlock the secrets of the Universe. It uses excellent pointing precision, powerful optics, and state-of-the-art instruments to provide stunning views of the Universe that cannot be made using ground-based telescopes or other satellites. Hubble was originally designed in the 170s and launched in 10. Hubble is the first scientific mission of any kind that is specifically designed for routine servicing by spacewalking astronauts. It has a visionary, modular design which allows the astronauts to take it apart, replace worn out equipment and upgrade instruments. These periodic service calls make sure that Hubble produces first-class science using cutting-edge technology. Each time a science instrument in Hubble is replaced, it increases Hubble scientific power by a factor of 10 or greater. Every day, Hubble archives to 5 gigabytes of data and delivers between 10 and 15 gigabytes to astronomers all over the world.

The Hubble Space Telescopes science instruments are cameras, spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors work either together or individually to bring us stunning images from the farthest reaches of space. Each instrument was designed to observe the universe in a unique way. "The Wide Field and Planetary Camera is the workhorse instrument behind nearly all of the most famous Hubble pictures." (Ref.7) As Hubbles main camera, it is used to observe just about everything. WFPC is the telescopes main camera. It observes just about everything, recording razor-sharp images of faraway objects in relatively broad views. Its 48 filters allow scientists to study precise wavelengths of light and to sense a range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared light. WFPC doesnt use film to record its images. Instead, four postage stamp-sized pieces of high-tech circuitry called Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) collect information from stars and galaxies to make photographs. These detectors are very sensitive to the extremely faint light of distant galaxies. They can see objects that are 1,000 million times fainter than the naked eye can see. "Less sensitive CCDs are now in some videocassette recorders and all of the new digital cameras." (Ref. ) CCDs are electronic circuits composed of light-sensitive picture elements (pixels), tiny cells that, placed together, resemble a screen-door mesh. Each of the four CCDs contains 640,000 pixels. The light collected by each pixel is translated into a number. These numbers "all ,560,000 of them" (Ref.) are sent to ground-based computers, which convert them into an image. The unique WFPC design results in the stair-step appearance of many of its images. The heart of WFPC is a trio of wide-field detectors and a high-resolution planetary camera. Although the planetary camera can see only a small region of the sky, by compacting the same number of pixels into a smaller area results in finer-detailed images. The difference between the wide-field detectors and the planetary camera is like the difference between a wide-angle lens and a telephoto lens.

The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) is Hubbles heat sensor. Its sensitivity to infrared light makes it useful for observing objects obscured by interstellar gas and dust for peering into deepest space. NICMOS allows astronomers to use Hubbles exquisite detail to open an important window of the electromagnetic spectrum. The instruments three cameras each with different fields of view are specially designed to see objects in the near-infrared wavelengths, which are slightly longer than the wavelengths of visible light "human eyes cannot see infrared light" (Ref. 5). Many secrets about the birth of stars, solar systems, and galaxies are revealed in infrared light, which can penetrate the interstellar gas and dust that block visible light. In addition, light from the most distant objects in the universe shifts into the infrared wavelengths. By studying objects and phenomena in this spectral region, astronomers probe our universes past, present, and future, learn how galaxies, stars, and planetary systems form, and reveal a great deal about our universes basic nature. As a camera for recording visible light must be dark inside to avoid exposure to unwanted light, a camera for recording infrared light must be cold inside to avoid exposure to unwanted light in the form of heat. To make sure that NICMOS is recording infrared light from space "as opposed to heat created by its own electronics" (Ref. 6), the sensitive infrared detectors in NICMOS must operate at very cold temperatures below 1 degrees Fahrenheit, or 77 degrees Kelvin. The instruments detectors used to be cooled inside a cryogenic dewar (a thermally insulated container much like a thermos bottle). When NICMOS was installed in 17, the dewar contained a 0-pound block of nitrogen ice. The dewar, which successfully cooled the detectors for about two years, ran out of coolant prematurely. NICMOS will be rechilled during Servicing Mission B with a cryocooler a machine that operates much like a household refrigerator.

The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) is a versatile instrument that can act somewhat like a prism, separating light from the cosmos into its component colors. This provides a wavelength fingerprint of the object being observed, which tells us about its temperature, chemical composition, density, and motion. Spectrographic observations also reveal changes in celestial objects as the universe evolves. STIS spans ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. Astronomers can use STIS to hunt for black holes. "The light emitted by stars and gas orbiting the center of a galaxy appears redder when moving away from us (redshift), and bluer when coming toward us (blueshift)" (Ref. 4). STIS is looking for redshifted material on one side of the suspected black hole and blueshifted material on the other, indicating that this material is orbiting an object at very high speeds. STIS can sample 500 points along a celestial object simultaneously. This means that many regions in a planets atmosphere or many stars within a galaxy can be recorded in one exposure, vastly improving Hubbles speed and efficiency.

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The Faint Object Camera (FOC) records high-resolution images of faint celestial objects in deep space. The FOC has the sharpest vision of all the science instruments. It serves as Hubbles telephoto lens recording the most detailed images over a small field of view. The FOC was replaced with the Advanced Camera for Surveys in early 00. The FOCs resolution allows Hubble to single out individual stars in distant star clusters. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two points of light as separate and distinct. In space, the instrument can distinguish between objects that are 0.05 arcseconds apart which is roughly the width of a human hair viewed from a distance of 1 kilometer. The FOC directs light down one of two optical pathways. The light enters a detector after passing through one or more filters, which permit only specific wavelengths of light to pass through. By selecting very specific wavelength ranges, scientists can look for specific features, such as the hottest stars in a particular cluster. The detector intensifies the image and then records it, much like a video camera. Images of faint objects can be built up over long exposure times. The total image is converted into digital data, transmitted to Earth, and then reconstructed. Since FOC can make high-resolution observations of faint sources at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, in can study star clusters, examine galaxies and faint objects (such as quasars), and look for small details of celestial objects. The FOC was built by the European Space Agency.

The Fine Guidance Sensors are targeting devices that lock onto guide stars and measure their positions relative to the object being viewed. Adjustments based on these precise readings keep Hubble pointed in the right direction. The sensors also are used to perform celestial measurements. Adjustments based on these constant, minute measurements keep Hubble pointed precisely in the right direction.

Hubble is, in principle, free to roll about its optical axis. This freedom is limited, however, by the need to keep sunlight shining on the solar arrays, and by a thermal design that assumes that the Sun always heats the same side of the telescope. Hubbles pointing control system uses the Fine Guidance Sensors to point the telescope at a target with an accuracy of 0.01 arcsec. The sensors detect when the telescope drifts even a miniscule amount and return it to its target. This gives Hubble the ability to remain pointed at that target with no more than 0.007 arcsec of deviation over long periods of time. The Fine Guidance Sensors can provide star positions that are about 10 times more precise than those observed from a ground-based telescope.

Although HST operates around the clock, not all of its time is spent observing. Each orbit lasts about 5 minutes, with time allocated for housekeeping functions and for observations. Housekeeping (Ref. 6) functions includes turning the telescope to acquire a new target, or avoid the Sun or Moon, switching communications antennas and data transmission modes, receiving command loads and downlinking data, calibrating and similar activities. When STScI completes its master observing plan, the schedule is forwarded to Goddards Space Telescope Operations Control Center (STOCC), where the science and housekeeping plans are merged into a detailed operations schedule. Each event is translated into a series of commands to be sent to the onboard computers. Computer loads are uplinked several times a day to keep the telescope operating efficiently. When possible two scientific instruments are used simultaneously to observe adjacent target regions of the sky. For example, while a spectrograph is focused on a chosen star or nebula, the WF/PC (pronounced wiff-pik) can image a sky region offset slightly from the main viewing target. During observations the Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) track their respective guide stars to keep the telescope pointed steadily at the right target.

If an astronomer desires to be present during the observation, there is a console at STScI and another at the STOCC, where monitors display images or other data as the observations occurs. Some limited real-time commanding for target acquisition or filter changing is performed at these stations, if the observation program has been set up to allow for it, but spontaneous control is not possible. Engineering and scientific data from HST, as well as uplinked operational commands, are transmitted through the Tracking Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system and its companion ground station at White Sands, New Mexico. Up to 4 hours of commands can be stored in the onboard computers. Data can be broadcast from HST to the ground stations immediately or stored on tape and downlinked later. The observer on the ground can examine the raw images and other data within a few minutes for a quick-look analysis. Within 4 hours, GSFC formats the data for delivery to the STScI. STScI is responsible for data processing (calibration, editing, distribution, and maintenance of the data for the scientific community). Competition is keen for HST observing time. Only one of every ten proposals is accepted. This unique space-based observatory is operated as an international research center; as a resource for astronomers world-wide.

During the First Servicing Mission in December 1, the astronauts installed the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) in the fourth axial bay (in place of the High Speed Photometer). COSTAR deployed corrective reflecting optics in the optical paths in front of the Faint Object Camera, thus removing the effects of the primary mirrors spherical aberration. In addition the Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC) was replaced by the WFPC, which contains internal optics to correct the spherical aberration. Also, the Hubbles original Wide Field and Planetary Camera was replaced with WFPC. NICMOS, was installed in the Hubble Space Telescope during the 17 Second Servicing Mission. Also, STIS was installed in the Hubble Space Telescope during the 17 second servicing mission. In 1 the Servicing Mission A astronauts replace the faulty transmitter with a spare. In 00 the HST B servicing mission added a camera that will increase the imaging capability 10 times over its current capability.

Hubble Discovers Black Holes in Unexpected Places

The previously undiscovered black holes provide an important link that sheds light on the way in which black holes grow. These new black holes were found in the cores of glittering, beehive swarms of stars called globular star clusters, which orbit our Milky Way and other galaxies. The black hole in globular cluster M15 is 4,000 times more massive than our Sun. G1 a much larger globular cluster, harbors a heftier black hole, about 0,000 times more massive than our Sun. These two globular star clusters, M15 and G1, harbor hundreds of thousands of stars. But deep within their dense cores is an unexpected guest a class of intermediate-sized black holes. Black holes are invisible, but the probing eye of NASAs Hubble Space Telescope found them by measuring the velocities of stars whirling around the crowded cores. The new findings promise a better understanding of how galaxies and globular clusters first formed billions of years ago. Globular star clusters contain the oldest stars in the universe. If these clusters have black holes now, then they most likely had black holes when they formed billions of years ago. The Hubble telescope photograph of M15 was taken December 18 by the Wide Field and Planetary Camera . Hubbles Wide Field and Planetary Camera also snapped the image of G1, in July 14.

A Wheel within a Wheel

The entire galaxy is about 10,000 light-years wide, which is slightly larger than our Milky Way Galaxy. The blue ring, which is dominated by clusters of young, massive stars, contrasts sharply with the yellow nucleus of mostly older stars. What appears to be a gap separating the two stellar populations may actually contain some star clusters that are almost too faint to see. Curiously, an object that bears an uncanny resemblance to Hoags Object can be seen in the gap at the one oclock position. The object is probably a background ring galaxy. "This unusual galaxy was discovered in 150 by astronomer Art Hoag" (Ref. 8). Hoag thought the smoke-ring-like object resembled a planetary nebula, the glowing remains of a Sun-like star. But he quickly discounted that possibility, suggesting that the mysterious object was most likely a galaxy. Observations in the 170s confirmed this prediction, though many of the details of Hoags galaxy remain a mystery. The galaxy is 600 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens. The Wide Field and Planetary Camera took this image on July , 001.

Quaoar

"Quaoar is about 800 miles (100 kilometers) in diameter and is about half the size of Pluto" (Ref. 1). Like Pluto, Quaoar dwells in the Kuiper belt, an icy debris field of comet-like bodies extending 7 billion miles beyond Neptunes orbit. Quaoar is the farthest object in the solar system ever to be resolved by a telescope. It is about 4 billion miles (6.5 billion kilometers) from Earth, more than 1 billion miles farther than Pluto. The Hubble photo does not show details of Quaoars icy surface because the object is too far away. The photograph was made by assembling 16 pictures of the object. Observations were made July 5, 00 and Aug. 1, 00.

The Best View of Mars

The Hubble Telescope has captured the best view of Mars ever obtained from Earth. Frosty white water ice clouds and swirling orange dust storms above a vivid rusty landscape reveal Mars as a dynamic planet in this sharpest view ever obtained by an Earth-based telescope. The Earth-orbiting Hubble telescope snapped this picture on June 6, when Mars was "approximately 4 million miles (68 million km) from Earth" (Ref.1) its closest approach to our planet since 188. Hubble can see details as small as 10 miles across.

Quasars

The Hubble Telescope cleared up the mystery of quasars. It confirmed that quasars are actually active galactic nuclei in distant galaxies and are powered by black holes. "Discovered only years ago, quasars are among the most baffling objects in the universe because of their small size and prodigious energy output." (Ref. ) Quasars are not much bigger than Earths solar system but pour out 100 to 1,000 times as much light as an entire galaxy containing a hundred billion stars.

The Birth of Stars

Hubbles unprecedented views of star birth reveal the diverse and complex processes that influence star formation. They show that planet-forming dust disks surrounding young stars are common throughout the galaxy. Hubble was the first telescope to reveal the internal structures of these disks, which suggest the presence of newly formed planets.

In conclusion, the Hubble Space Telescope is a unique astronomical observatory. From its vantage point 60 kilometers above the surface of the Earth, it looks out into space with a .4-meter primary mirror, which provides unprecedented image resolution from 10 nanometers (near-ultraviolet) to 500 nanometers (near-infrared). The near vacuum of space affords the HST with an unfair advantage over ground-based observatories. The Earths atmosphere absorbs a great deal of ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and distorts visible light images as well. In the upper reaches of the atmosphere, the HST is able to capture images and spectra from distant stars which would be difficult or impossible to obtain from the ground.

Mankind has spent many centuries staring at the heavens, wondering what exists out beyond this world. One question that has fascinated humans since the beginning of time is Is there life out in space, another planet that possesses forests and lakes, dogs and cats, sentient beings that have the ability to reason as we do? Another is What are those lights in the sky? Are they holes in the fabric or are they gods flying around? Mankind has strived to develop devices and procedures to answer these questions. One such device was the telescope.

The first telescopes were primitive tubes with pieces of glass at each end and used the principal of light refraction. This is a way of increasing the amount of light present, which in turn allows for more visible objects, which would not be typically seen by the naked eye. Galileo was the first well-known astronomer to use a telescope to survey the heavens. He even studied the sun so much, he went blind! The refractor telescope is still a very popular instrument with modern astronomers.

There are some downfalls that are inherent to refractor telescopes. During the manufacturing process, opticians design refracting lenses with a curve in the lens. When someone looks through a piece of curved glass, the image on the other side is usually distorted; the amount of distortion is usually dependent on the distance the lens is from the object being sighted in. Just imagine how much possible distortion could be present when looking at distant planets or solar systems! Another problem the opticians face is that a piece of curved glass with the size necessary to view far away objects has an extreme amount of weight and requires some serious support to hold it up. Also, the gravitational pull on the glass itself will warp it over time.

Another early version of telescope was the reflecting telescope, developed by Sir Isaac Newton. This type of telescope relied on the use of mirrors to reflect the light by use of a parabolic mirror. This compensated for the distortions that were caused by the curved lenses of refractor telescopes.

A major disadvantage of reflector telescopes has been that the secondary mirror is often obstructing the field of view.

Another major obstacle that has hindered the study of space by earth bound telescopes has been the atmosphere and disagreeable weather patterns that have plagued astronomers for centuries. When it was cloudy, the conventional telescope would not be as effective.

Another type of telescope used is the radio telescope. This type of telescope uses a dish to reflect signals to a focal point, which amplifies them, so they can be analyzed.

The Hubble Space Telescope has provided scientists with a very efficient and accurate amount of data, archiving an average of to 5 gigabytes of data daily. Deployed in 10 (from a space shuttle mission), it circles the Earth every 7 minutes, at an altitude of approximately 600 kilometers (70 miles). It is a valuable source of vital information for astronomers worldwide, providing them with 10 to 15 gigabytes of data.

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was designed with upgrading in mind. It has a modular design, meaning that it is divided up into sections, which can be individually removed and replaced with improved technology. This allows for easy maintenance and upgrades by space shuttle crewmembers, which perform these operations by space walk.

The HST is completely self-powered, utilizing solar energy harnessed by the large solar panels mounted to its sides. These prominent panels rotate slowly, to maintain an alignment with the sun. When the HST is in the Earth's shadow, it uses energy that it has stored in batteries to power it until it sees the sun again. Each instrument on the Hubble is designed to use a minimal amount of energy (about 150 watts) to conserve energy that may needed at a later date.

Telescopes have provided not only astronomy, but many other scientific disciplines with much needed and breakthrough information over the centuries. The astronomical discoveries in the last fifty years alone have proven that telescopes are one of the greatest inventions ever developed. Comins, Neil F., and William J. Kaufmann III. Discovering the Universe. Ed. Patrick Farace. New York W. H. Freeman and Company, 10

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