Art marketing structures and strategies

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Assignment ARH 10/F/101/

Marcia Snyman

Student no 047-4085

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Theme Art marketing structures and strategies

Introduction

Craft in context 'Craft objects have universal attraction that crosses cultural and geographic borders and transcends time'. (Susan Shells chop/Wendy Goldblatt/Doreen Hemp 00)

The global interest in the traditions of other nations is supported by the worldwide desire to travel, as well as by programmes and articles in the media. The form, the volume and the integrity of the material introduce a connection to the roots of a living culture and bring a sense of the permanence of the creative spirit of mankind into the living space.

Craft can be defined as useful and aesthetically pleasing objects created mainly by hand asking specific materials and developed skills. (Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp 00)

The subject of my discussion/field research is Kim Sacks's gallery/retail outlet in Rosebank Johannesburg where she sells and displays a large range of crafts with the foundation of her interest being the development of ceremanic's in South Africa.

Background

Kim Sacks was established in 186 in Yeoville. Here she founded a pottery school and gallery to develop an appreciation of what ceramics were about. Much of her experience comes from travels through Europe and her studies at the Royal Danish School of Art in Copenhagen.

In 18 she moved the gallery to Rosebank to be closer to the developing market. The gallery is positioned close to the Hyatt and Westcliff hotels, which attract many tourists, and 1000 local cars pass by the gallery daily. The ceramics school still operates from Yeoville.

The Gallery

The gallery is a fusion of architectural styles taken from her travels all over the world and combined into a statement on Africa. The entrance to the gallery is enormously high, with pots on the windowsills above the entrance and the walls covered with the latest finds, displayed in layers of time, colour and object. Although the outside is painted a rich terracotta, the interior is bright jewel colours, which accentuates the natural tones of many of the objects to their full potential.

Some items are very old and valuable, while others she simply collected because they are unusual or zany.

There is also a large collection of ceramic's, from the finest most delicate works to more bold and colorful work by many different artists.

The crafts vary from traditional, transitional to contemporary. She selects "cutting edge stuff that define trends" (Kim Sacks).

'Traditional' crafts using techniques passed down through the generations to make objects for daily or ceremonial use .

'Transitional'- crafts made by traditional techniques, skills or materials to develop a new range of objects. An example in South Africa is the use of plastic beads in traditional beadwork, or telephone wire for basket making.

'Contemporary'- covers the rapidly developing field of designer items, frequently the work of formally trained professionals.

Something about the artists and their artworks on display

Mapula and karosswerkers embroidery

Mapula- meaning mother of rain is project in Winterveldt, a semi rural area about 45 km north of Pretoria. It was started about 10 years ago as a collaborative effort between the woman of Wintervelt, the Sisters of mercy and a group from Soroptomists International.

More than 80 needle workers belong to Mapula, earning a living from creating colorful embroidered works. Kim has a variety of embroidered cushion covers, calico shirts, embroidered cloths and wall hangings in her gallery. Some cloths are embroidered with signs from Arrive alive safe-driving campaign or posters from the AIDS education programmes. There are especially impressive wall hangings by Mrs June Makhubele that included textile, beads, mirror, wool and safety pins.

Karosswerkers- an equally dynamic project started in Letsitele. This project began in 188 on the orange farm of Irma van Rooyen and her husband. Initially, only five women joined the project, but have since grown to about 600 people.

The drawings are prepared on cloths and embroidery threads are supplied to the embroiders. The drawings incorporates forms found on local craft objects (Solomon Mohati) and now Kelvin Machlawaule has joined the group and uses references to oral histories or scenes from contemporary life on the cloths. When the cloths are complete, the women bring them to the centre to be hemmed and sewn into cushion covers, mats and wall hangings.

Mdukatshani meaning " The place of the lost grasses" was a badly eroded farm with a few prospects when Neil and Creina Alcock moved there and Creina began a beadwork project with the women in the region. Today, the grass has regrown , and the beadwork and copper-wire eggs and bowls have transformed the lives of hundreds of people.

Because of the legal restrictions on telephone wire at the time, craftspeople began experimenting with fine-gauge industrial copper wire, developing a range of woven copper articles, often interwoven with beads, that include eggs, bracelets, napkin rings, jewelry and baskets, all exquisitely finished and highly decorative. Elias Mtshegu won first prize in the copper section at the Contemporary Zulu Basket Exhibition in Johannesburg in November 000.

Zulu beer pots, porcupine quills, baskets, Martha Zettler bone china vessels, Sue Jowell's mirrors and other in tin and copper, traditional Zulu 'isisholo' hats from Zululand, wooden Tsonga headrests,Tsonga embroidered cloths, fabric threads and beads,Venda doma drums or ngoma, traditional Zulu pots, Rebecca Matibe's ceramic and vessel creations, Samantha Morgan's pottery, terracotta pots from Venda, Jabu Nala's terracotta beer pots, Pedi headpieces, porcelain vessels decorated with plastic- coated wire (woven by Joseph Msomi), framed bead circles on fabric produced in the Makosha Village(Limpopo), Pedi aprons,Zodwa Mahlangu's beaded dolls are some of the objects found in Kim Sacks's gallery.

Conclusion

Traditional African art has evolved from being largely determined by materials such as wood, clay stone, grass and leather primarily the manufacture of decorated ceremonial or functional implements to the inclusion of a variety of Western genres ranging from portraits, urban and rural landscapes to abstraction and conceptualism.

African art has not existed in total cultural isolation at any time because culture is not static. Humans are constantly interacting with each other.

Contemporary art production in Africa responds to the demands of tourist trade and the tourist trade is based on the acceptance that traditions, cultural groups, practices are changing constantly.

Kim Sacks's collection is as mentioned an excellent example of this as mentioned in my introduction. The "evolution " of traditional/authentic art is wonderfully represented in her collection, which is attractive to both the tourist but also, she mentions will pride, a growing local clientele. Her local clientele includes over three thousand local collectors.

Bibliography

Dr B M van Haute .1. Art Today . UNISA

Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp.00. Craft Southern Africa. Pan Macmillan SA(Pty)Ltd.

Bibliography

Dr B M van Haute .1. Art Today . UNISA

Susan Shellschop/Wendy Goldblatt/ Doreen Hemp.00. Craft Southern Africa. Pan Macmillan SA(Pty)Ltd.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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UNCLE TOMS CABIN

Chapter 1- This book sort of opens with two men talking about slave trade. I dont understand why people have the nerve to talk about trading people like they were baseball cards. When slaves were traded, families were broken up, and I would be miserable if I couldnt be with my family.

Chapter - In this chapter, a slave named George invented a machine for cleaning hemp. Instead of his master being proud of him, his master says let a nigger alone....and theyll invent labor-saving machines. I dont like the way that they say the word nigger. Its really offensive, but I guess that is how it was back then.

Chapter - This is the chapter that George tells Eliza, his wife, that he has decided to try to escape to Canada. He says that his master has worked him too hard for too long. He says to look out for their son Harry. Harry is male, and when fate strikes, it will pierce through Elizas soul.

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Chapter 4- This chapter introduces Uncle Tom. I think that Unlce Tom and his wife sound like nice people. It explains how George Shelby, the masters son, is teaching Tom to read and write. I think that it is sad how we take for granted that we go to school and can actually read and write. Blacks hardly ever knew how to do these things.

Chapter 5- Tom is sold along with little Harry. I dont know how people can sell other people because no one owns any one else. I dont know why the blacks just didnt over power the whites and take control of everything. That would have been my plan.

Chapter 6- Eliza escapes with her son and husband. I would be so thankful because I know that my mother would do something like that for me if I were in that situation. She is such a great women and I love her so much!

Chatper 7- While running away, Eliza cannot eat because she is in so much fear. I think that if I was on the run, and if I got caught and would be killed, I would not eat either. Its all too much to take in, in my opinion.

Chapter 8- There is ice in the river that they need to cross. Eliza is lost on what to do. She goes to the house of a kindly housewife. I am so glad that I have great friend that I too could go to in hard times.

Chapter - Eliza is about to cross a river. When she gets to the other side, there is a man there. He takes her to a house that is old and abandoned and there he gives both she and her son food, money, and clothes! What a great guy!

Chapter 10-16 Uncle Tom gets caught trying to escape. He is whipped until he cant move anymore. George, Elizas husband, is trying to make an escape. He gets to a tavern in disguise. He fools everyone, but then reveals himself. He then says I will fight for my liberty with my last breath. Meanwhile, Haley is going crazy buying slaves. I feel really sorry for all the slaves before the Civil War. I would hate to live a life like that! I would just be so awful. I am so thankful that I dont have to. Eliza is still in the company of friends, which brings to mind the underground railroad. I bet that there had to be a lot of trust in the Underground RailRoad, because of all of the people hiding the slaves. But, I am guessing that people were dishonest and told where the slaves were. You have to learn who you can trust.

Chapter 17-1 Slave hunters are still trying to track down Eliza, George, and little Harry. So, they decide to move in the night. I think that that would be a very good idea because its not as easy to see people in the night, especially when you dont have technology like flashlights and things. Mrs. Ophelia buys her a little girl so that the girl wont have to belong to a cruel master. That is total service right there. Doing something for someone like saving their life is priceless, and they will be rewarded for it if they havent already.

Chapter 0-6 Her new slave girl is everything that she could have imagined. She loves the girl like her own. She is a beautiful dark girl with glittering eyes, and sparkling teeth. When Mrs. Ophelia decides to give Topsy, the slave, a bath, she notices the giant welts and clloused spots all over the girls body. Mrs. Ophelia decides to teach Topsy all that she can. She has Topsy confess all of her sins, when in reality, Topsy has none. I wish that I was as good and pure as Topsy as to have little or no sins. That would be really nice indeed. Topsy is a bery good maid. She does everything with perfection and elegance. Even though it seems to be going great, Topsy is really hurt and says to Ophelia Nobody can love niggers. She is very hurt and upset by this, but I would be also.

Chapters 7-4 Eva dies and her husband St Clare is deeply hurt. I remember when my grandma that I was really close to died. It was like a part of me died with her. Me and my grandma were very close, but not even ask close as a husband and a wife. It was unbelievable to bare for St. Clare. Tom tells St. Clare about Christ. He gets him to pray, and he immediately becomes closer to Eva. St. Clare offers Tom his freedom, but Tom does not go. He wants to fully convert St. Clare and insure Christian happiness for him. St. Clare is worried about sending Tom away. My cousin just left on a mission last night, and I was worried about him going, but you just have to know that they are in the right place at the right time doing the things that they know they should be doing, so, I told him goodbye. Ophelia tells Clare that Tom will be extremely cared for in the North. Later on, Clare is stabbed, and he calls upon Tom to pray for him. He dies. When that happens, Tom is the sold to a man named Mr. Legree. Mr. Legree will not let Tom even speak of God on his plantation. Tom tries to help the slaves on the plantation. He tries to help a lady but then is roughly flogged for it. I would hate to bet beaten. It is probably the worst thing in the world.

Chapter 5-40 Legree is nothing but a loser drunk man that will never give up an sort of drink if he life was on the line. He is afraid of Cassey, a woman slave. Since is feared to harm her, he hurts a helpless Tom instead. There has never been someone more helpful to Tom then the woman named Cassey. She is something. I remember the day that I met my best friend. It was a whlie ago, but we have been the best of friends ever since. She is a really big example in my life and I love her a lot. She means the world to me, and if I lost her, it would be the end of the world as I know it. I also feel that way about my mom and dad and brother and sister and aunt and uncle and cousins. All the important people in my life are really important and I do NOT want to lose them at the least bit. I love them all.

Chapter 41-44 Tom is about to give up. He as tried everything from forming an escape party to trying to kill himself. His master now says that Tom is trying to die, the troublemaker. Its too bad that people have to lose hope like that. No matter what happens in this life, we should never lose hope. Uncle Tom finally dies. He is then burried on a sandy knoll. All of Toms friends have found freedom, its too bad that Tom could not be there with them.

Chapter 45- This is the ending chapter, just giving hope and faith to those slaves that have none. She states that she has only given a faint shadow, a dim picture, of the anguish and despair that are at this very moment, riving thousands of hearts, shattering thousands of families, and driving a helpless and sesnitive race to frenzy and despair. She says that people who have slaves will be held accountable before God. Please note that this sample paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Uncle Tom's Cabin, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Uncle Tom's Cabin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alcibiades

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Alcibiades was a brilliant but rather unprincipled Athenian politician and military commander whose selfish political schemings in several ways caused deep political divisions in Athens which were the main causes of Athens defeat by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War.

Born into a wealthy Athenian family in 450 BC, Alcibiades was very young when his father, a commander in the Athenian army, was killed. As he matured, Alcibiades became strikingly handsome and developed a keen mind and good wit, but also became extravagant, irresponsible, and self-centered as well. This might have been caused because his guardian, Pericles, who happened to have been a distant relation of his, was far too preoccupied with his political leadership to provide the necessary guidance that the young boy needed. He however, was attracted to the teaching of Socrates, who in turn also liked his beauty and intellectual promise. But his immense ambitions soon enticed him away from the philosophical life and in later years Alcibiades would break ranks with Socrates preferring the political games that Socrates abhorred and abandoning the intellectual integrity that Socrates demanded.

Alcibiades then became well known for his courage on the battlefield as well as his personal extravagance. He was a good orator and he became a recognized speaker in the assembly. And as Athens moved toward peace, he had hoped he would be the one to negotiate with the Spartans and hence get the credit for bringing peace to Athens because of the ties that had once existed between his family and Sparta. And according to Thucydides, it was the fact that the Spartans instead chose to negotiate through established political leaders that caused Alcibiades subsequent choice of actions and policies.

When he newly became General in 40, he was strongly antagonistic of the aristocratic leader, Nicias, who had negotiated peace, and steered Athens into an anti-Spartan alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantineia, three city-states of the Peloponnese. This alliance was defeated by Sparta at the Battle of Mantineia (418). Alcibiades, in a bid to escape banishment ended up joining forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus.

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In 416 Alcibiades entered a number of chariots in the Games at Olympia and came up tops, this earned him back his reputation and popularity once more. It is this sort of flamboyances apart from his good looks, charm and sharp mind that made him very much liked at this time. As his popularity soared, this then made it easier for him, in 415, to use his persuasion skills on the Athenians to send a major military expedition to Sicily against Syracuse. He was then appointed one of the commanders. But, shortly before the expedition was due to sail, the hermae and the Eleusinian Mysteries were found to have been mutilated and profaned. In the ensuing panic Alcibiades was accused of being the originator of such sacrilege. Even though he protested his innocence and demanded an immediate inquiry, his enemies, led by Androcles made sure that he sailed with the charge still hanging over him rather than have him tried immediately. Shortly after reaching Sicily, he was recalled. On his journey back home, upon learning that he had been sentenced in absentia to death escaped to Sparta. There he advised the Spartans to send a general to help the Syracuse and also to help fortify Decelea in Attica, which would cause two serious blows to Athens.

In 41, Alcibiades helped stir up revolt among Athenian allies in Ionia, on the west coast of Asia Minor but Sparta however now turned against him because he had seduced the wife of the Spartan king Agis II. He then moved to Sardis. When some Athenian officers in the fleet began to plan an oligarchic coup, he held out hopes that if the democracy was overthrown he could secure financial support from Persia. In this he failed and, discarded by the oligarchs who had seized power, he was however recalled by the Athenian fleet, which remained loyal to the democracy and needed his abilities. From 411 to 408, he proved his abilities by helping Athens to a spectacular recovery, defeating the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Abydos (411) and Cyzicus (410) and in the process regaining control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea. These successes encouraged him to return in 407 to Athens, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm and given supreme control of the conduct of the war. In a bold gesture very typical of him, he led the procession to the Eleusinian festival by road despite the great danger posed by the Spartan force at Decelea. But, in that same year, after a minor naval defeat in his absence, his political enemies incited the people to reject him, and he was forced to retire to a castle in Thrace. He remained, however, a disturbing influence on Athenian politics and destroyed any hopes of a political consensus.

When the Athenians at Aegospotami facing the Spartans in the Hellespont grew increasingly careless, he warned them of their danger. But he was mostly ignored, and, when the Athenians lost their whole fleet in a surprise attack by the Spartans, Alcibiades discovered he was no longer safe in his Thracian castle. He took refuge in Phrygia with the Persian governor, who was induced by the Spartans to have him killed.

Alcibiades was probably one of the most gifted Athenian of his generation, he possessed great charm and brilliant political and military abilities but was unscrupulous. His advice, whether to Athens or Sparta, was usually dictated by selfish motives, and the Athenians could never trust him enough to take full advantage of his talents.

Alcibiades, despite all his other failings was a great military leader. And Thucydides suggests this when he writes that the Athenians brought the city to ruin through their dismissal of Alcibiades and their entrusting of the city to other hands. Thucydides also gives Alcibiades credit when he writes on the failed Sicilian expedition. He writes that the expedition failed "not so much through a miscalculation of power of those who were sent, as through a fault in the senders in not taking the best measures afterwards to assist those who had gone out, but instead choosing to occupy themselves with private cabals for the leadership of the commons by which they not only paralyzed operations on the field, but also introduced civil discord at home."

Thucydides also enthuses that even though the concerns of state should always come before personal concerns, that personal concerns were not totally incompatible with the interests of the state, writing, for example, that personal considerations inevitably guide decision making, but he also suggests that a good general should not allow naked ambition to blind him in his recommendation of state policy as it did Alcibiades.

Thucydides on the whole considers that his strength of performance as a general outweigh his faults. He argued that even though Alcibiades personal behavior was detrimental to his career, the resourcefulness and incisiveness Alcibiades displayed in his various maneuvers to save his life and achieve his personal aims served him well on the battlefield. So also was the boldness and daring which lead him to promote bad policy was channeled toward positive end in his individual operations. In other words, what is in one context a vice, is an asset in another.

It could be suggested that his constant changing of allegiances and the lack of trust in him by most of his people were some of the reasons why Athens never fully benefited from his military skills and leadership, which might just have cost them the war.

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Bay Watching

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Introduction

Organizations are increasingly considering leasing or temporary employees because of the appeal of reduced administrative cost and access to lower costs. In reality, these employees come in, do their job, and then leave it up to the full timers to handle the details. The dispute occurs that this situation will only lead to a decrease in employee morale.

Definition temporary worker

A temporary worker is someone employed for a limited period whose job is usually expected by both sides to last for only a short time. Temporary workers may be employed directly by the employer or by private agencies. Agencies will recruit, select and sometimes train temporary workers and hire them out to employers.

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Temporary workers are sometimes employed on fixed term contracts. A fixed term contract is a contract of employment for a definite period, set in advance. Employment ends when the contract expires and no notice need be given by the employer. Employment contracts may also be agreed which end on the completion of a particular task rather than on a specific date.

Most temporary workers will have insufficient service. However, some employment rights such as the right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex or disability have no minimum service qualifications.

Employees on fixed term contracts have the right to be paid the same rate as similar permanent employees working for the same employer and in general terms should not be treated less favourably than permanent employees. This means that employees on fixed term contracts will have broadly the same rights to statutory redundancy payments, written reasons for dismissal and the right not to be unfairly dismissed as permanent employees.

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

• Lost incentives

• Lack continuity with the customer

• Impact on organization culture

• Learning curve decrease

• Lack firm-specific knowledge

• Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

• Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• Security created by employment contract

• Freedom / Independent workers

• Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

• Available talent in the labor pool

• Just-in-time talent

• Access to labor with different types of talent

• Can used for job try out

Arguments support a decrease in employee morale.

1. Lost incentives

The sense of unsecured to the job poses compared to the full time worker that creates in an employee's mind may affect their performance by decreasing motivation to do good work. Some employers find that temporary workers lack motivation and commitment. The leased employee may not be as experienced as the permanent workers and, therefore, may be less productive.

. Lack continuity with the customer

Due to the nature that leased and temporary workers are seasonal, it may affect the customers whom already comfortable dealing with them.

. Impact on organization culture

Using temporary workers from especially agency 'temps' depend on the screening and testing methods used by the agency which is sometime not match to organization culture. There are tenderly unbalance employee moral and work load and responsibility that can harm the organization culture.

4. Learning curve decrease

Leased and temporary workers are limited in chances for continuing learning and training.

5. Lack firm-specific knowledge

Due to the limited chances in continuing learning and training, the leased and temporary workers tenderly lacking in firm-specific knowledge. Sometime employer just ignores to inform them, as they are not permanent.

6. Create resentment between full time and non full time workers

Leased and temporary workers can sometimes receive higher pay than their permanent counterparts, which can cause resentment amongst employees and trade unions. Resentment might occur due to unbalance employee moral, work load and responsibility.

7. Accidents, thefts, proprietary info

Accidents could occur due to lack of learning and training. Thefts and refrain from releasing proprietary info may be an issues due to lack of sense of belonging to the organization.

8. Increase costs

Requires supervisors to closely monitor staffing levels so as not to compromise service or to inadvertently incur overtime costs.

Arguments against a decrease in employee morale

• flexibility;

• lower benefit costs;

• instant staff;

• lower overall staffing costs;

• rapid availability of workers;

• no severance costs;

• prescreening; and

access to additional skills

Advantages of Temporary Working

The advantage of temporary workers to the organizations can provide greater flexibility because the number employed can vary to take account of changes in demand for the product or service. Temporary workers can also provide cover for permanent staff on holiday, maternity leave or sick leave. The organization can continuing their productivity without having problem

- Temporary employees can provide specialist skills to carry out specific projects

- Some businesses use temporary fixed term contracts as a screening device for potential recruits to the permanent workforce

1. Security created by employment contract

Employees morale can be enhance due to the sense of security created by the mutual understanding in the employment contract.

. Freedom / Independent Contractor

Workers enjoy a feeling not being employees of any employer. They are regarded as an Independent Contractor. By using different contract provisions, the parties may tailor the relationship to meet both, company's and employee's objectives,

. Clarity of contracts, customers and benefits

With a written contract, both parties to the contract are more clearly aware of both their respective rights and obligation.

4. Available talent in the labor pool

Laborer holds their strength via their talent to select an appropriate job for them selves.

5. Just-in-time talent

Inline with above statement, laborer can tentatively plans their move in placing the job market requirement.

6. Access with different types of talent

Employees can be cross-trained to become generalists or specialists in several areas. Employees with different types of talent can select and match the job due to their strength.

7. Can used for job try out

The duration of the employment relationship may be established so that each party may make future preparation. Workers can leave the job after contract finish.

Conclusion

Actually the employers can consider to leased or hire temporary workers especially during festival season or other occasion but they have to emphasize on several factors before hiring them.

There are several things a business should do if it is to make temporary working a successful part of its workforce planning

 Avoid using temporary contracts when the job is in reality permanent

 Consider the likely cost of using temporary workers compared to permanent workers

 Consult with managers to determine their views on the possible effects of employing temporary workers

 Agree proposals to use temporary workers with recognised trade unions

 Where temporary workers are recruited through an employment agency, contact several agencies to compare the services they provide, including their screening and testing methods

 Provide temporary workers or the employment agency with job descriptions and information on company benefits, rules and regulation

 Give temporary workers a written statement of the

Please note that this sample paper on Bay Watching is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bay Watching, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Bay Watching will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative

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Introduction

The topic of this lecture strikes one as puzzling because it has an air of familiarity and yet it seems to startle one into trying to figure out what poetry is. Then one wonders what poetry has to do in the lives of individuals and society. It is quite easy to relate poetry to poems but what makes poems cardinal to existence seems unclear. Does it transform or enrich individuals and communities? How is this done?

As one ponders these questions, some commonly held ideas, derived from impressions of poetry the study of prescribed poems in schools begin to come to the fore. One recalls how "poems canonized by scholars" were thrust on students and how they were expected to respond enthusiastically to these classic in the poetic tradition of Literature. But alas, one could neither muster nor feign the required feeling of excitement; most of the poems seemed to parade verbal puzzles that proved quite formidable. How could such writings as obtrusively affronted one's senses be responsible for indicating a worthwhile life style?

If poetry presents one with this high measure of unease, then how desirable would a poetic life be? Is poetry not a collection of pieces of writing that are notorious for the uneconomic use of space on pages of paper? Are the uneven lines on paper, not a result of dislocations of normal linguistic patterns? Is the stock of trade of poetry not the distortion of conventions word, phrase, clause and sentence order? Do poetic manipulation of sounds, images and meanings ever facilitate communication? Is poetry not a recondite method of transmitting experience? If one is unable to grasp the poetic import and is successfully denied involvement in the transmitted experience, how can he benefit from the supposed bounty provided by poetry? These questions not only suggest the reader's notion of the formidability of poetry, they underscore his frustration.

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The reader's frustration stems form the manner in which the "outer form" of poems places obstacles on the reader's attempt to gain entry into the secret bowers of poetry. The situation is worsened by the fact that teachers of poetry openly declare that the daunting linguistic paraphernalia constitutes the hallmark of real poetry. Is it not normal that many readers naturally react negatively to poetry from their perceptions of the technical or formal linguistic machineries or devices in written texts? These devices, all too often, rudely confront and force many a reader from a rewarding poetic adventure.

Not even well intentioned explanations of the technicalities of poems can successfully change these fairly common perceptions of poetry. Neither explaining that what is referred to as "uneven lines" are specific arrangements of "sounds of words" that constitute lines or verses nor demonstrating how metre as measured movement verse ad the length of lines can generated any renewed interest in poetry. Ask the reader if he did enjoy the rhythmic effects produced by systematized deployments of stressed and unstressed syllables in intonational languages as well as structured emphasis on syllables in tonal languages, the response would be, how can one enjoy what cannot be accessed in the first place? No one could blame such a reader because iterative structuring of sounds through peculiar lineation configurations in the written text constitute graphic representations poetic effects that become truly manifest only through performance or oral re-creation. Thus the frustrated reader is cheated out of being part of rhythmic impetus of poetry by written texts even though this rhythmic impetus remains an indispensable vehicle for the poetic experiences that connects man with the essence being.

Modern critical theories do not ease the pressure put on the reader either. For example, Russian Formalism postulates "literariness" as what distinguishes poetry from other discourse because it "defamiliarizes" by making language draw attention to itself. By insisting the poetic experience be seen virtually as mere sensitivity to the distinctive devices by which meaning is either deployed or subverted rather than a participation in the meaning implicated in poetry, formalist approaches to poetry subvert the fervour necessary for a poetic involvement in life. Is it any wonder that that poems are regarded as obscure propositions that have little or no reward to offer for the great effort they demand? How then can these kinds of discourse generate attraction towards poetic existence?

This uncomplimentary view of poetry, which is based on the premise of impenetrability, seems quite logical but it is also important to not that it originates from "restrictive or specialized" consideration of poetry as a distinctive kind of verbal discourse. Futhermore, this attitude is underscored by a total reliance on the "formal cause" in utter disregard for the "material cause" of poetry. To have a full understanding of what poetry is, not only should both causes be taken into consideration, their coalescence is a vital function of the formation of poetic visioning which is reflected in the Coleridgean concept of an organic form that flows naturally from the matter to compel the desired poetic involvement. Thus poetry, even in this more restricted sense of being verbal artifact, intensely communicates what resonates in the soul of man.

While the Greek word poesis (which etymologically spun off such words as poem, poet, poetry, poetic and poetics amongst others and denotatively means "making or to make") supports this specialized consideration of poetry as an artistic verbal construct, it also recognizes a wide array of creations or products. Poesis as "making or to make" implies that poetry can be applied to any object fabricated by human beings or even any action or activity that stands in contrast to a natural phenomenon. This explains why Plato, in the tenth book of The Republic, correlates products of verbal fabrications with those of carpentry and warfare and proceeds to apply the same standards in evaluating their usefulness. In effect while it is acceptable to regard those who artistically produce oral or written works as poets and their products as poems in the specialized sense, it is also acceptable to regard, in a general sense, all things produced by man as poems while all humans are poets because they produce things and initiate actions that can be regarded as poems.

If the core attributes of aesthetic verbal discourses form the base of all human products and activities, then it follows that the products and activities are poetic. For example the rhythm, which flows from the measured movements or "metred language," creates an aesthetic harmony that showers forth intense experiences and profound insights. When this aesthetic harmony is infused into all other human products as well as into the lives of individuals and social groupings, they become poetic. Other verbal discourses (be they literary - prose, drama, fable- scientific treatise, philosophic musings, or historical records), mathematical equations, artistic types like painting, music, architecture etc and other non-verbal and sign-related texts are poems, in the general sense, if they thrive on the poetic thought and impulse. In like manner, all human products, activities and visions are enriched and made more worthwhile by being poetically realised.Please note that this sample paper on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Poetic Existence: A Personal and Social Imperative will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes

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How to live peacefully within a society may be one of the most important concepts ever debated. Many great thinkers have done extensive work on this particular issue. In "Hobbes Leviathan," Thomas Hobbes argues that humans can not live peacefully within a society unless there is a single sovereign power to enforce laws and govern that society. However, there are examples of other creatures that do live peacefully in a functioning society that have no sovereign power to govern them. Hobbes clearly recognizes this as an argument against him and attempts to justify his claim using bees and ants as an example of creatures that do live together peacefully with no sovereign power. He argues that humans cannot be compared equally to bees and ants since there are distinct differences between then. Although I do think that there are very distinct social differences when comparing humans to bees and ants, I believe that Hobbes justification for this can be proven wrong through recent studies on bee and ant colonies.

Hobbes explains that humans in their natural condition are always at constant war with each other to satisfy their selfish interests. In this condition, humans desire peace, yet their own passions go contrary to keeping peace so they will remain at war. Hence, he argues that there must be a single sovereign power over them to force them to live in peace. He states that for humans, a sovereign power is essential for "getting themselves out from the miserable condition of war, which is necessarily consequent to the natural passions of men, when there is no visible power to tie them to there punishment (Hobbes 117)." He continues by explaining that nations must have only one sovereign judgment to follow or they will not be able to function properly, nor will they have security against enemies because they will be constantly distracted by each other with all their conflicting opinions. He states that if the actions of humans are "directed according to their particular judgments, and particular appetites, they can expect no defense, no protection neither against a common enemy, nor against the injuries of one another (Hobbes 118)." Hence, humans must have a single sovereign power to rule them or there is no chance of peace.

Hobbes makes every attempt to argue that humans cannot live peacefully by simply agreeing with each other to live that way, but require a power over them to uphold this agreement. However, one argument against this claim is the fact that other species do live peacefully in functioning societies without any sovereign power forcing this peace upon them. Hobbes recognizes this argument and makes an attempt to justify it by describing bee and ant colonies. Hobbes clearly choose bees and ants since they are perfect examples of creatures which live together peacefully, all working together for the good of their community, yet have no higher power to over them to uphold this. Hobbes justifies this by presenting six reasons why human communities are very different from those of ants and bees, and hence no logical comparison should be made between the two. All six follow from the assumption that bees and ants do not posses the ability to reason or rationalize. First, Hobbes points out that humans are always in competition with one another which provokes them to go to war. Ants and bees, on the other hand, do not feel compelled to compete with one another and hence will not have this problem. Second, Hobbes believs that humans are more prone to "procure the private good of themselves, and if the public interests cross the private, humans prefer the private (11)." However, ants and bees cannot see any difference between their common good and private good and since they are naturally driven towards the private good, the will naturally serve the common good. Third, bees and ants do not have, "the use of reason" so they are without the ability to analyze any problem in their daily routine. Contrary to this, humans will reason out better and more efficient ways of managing their community and hence think themselves better fit to govern it. Forth, ants and bees do not have any language and therefore cannot discuss with others the concept of good and evil. Therefore, unlike humans, ants and bees will not stir up trouble through these discussions. Fifth, bees and ants are irrational creatures and "cannot distinguish between injury and damage." Hence, when they are at ease they are content with their society. Humans, on the other hand, love to show off their intelligence and thus will become troublesome when they are at ease since they will desire to control their community as a display of wisdom. Sixth, bees and ants naturally agree to keep peace, but humans require a covenant. Hence, since Hobbes previously argues that, "a covenant made based on the trust of once another is void, but if there is a common power over them to force them to keep this covenant, it is not void there must be a sovereign power to enforce these covenants and keep peace (Hobbes 6)"

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Although at first glance Hobbes argument may seem logical, a little research and insight into this matter will show that it does not hold. This can be demonstrated by the fact that Hobbes argument is based on either his own assumption or what was believed about ants and bees in his day. His arguments are based on his assumption that ants and bees cannot reason or rationalize and hence cannot be compared to humans. However, a resent article written by Dr. Ed Vargo at North Carolina University clearly shows this assumption to be false. In the article, Vargo claims that "queen and worker ants in an ant society are often at odds about the proportion of new male and female ants raised in their colonies (Vargo)." Vargo continues to explain that worker ants will kill off a certain numbers of males to increase the female population. However, different ant colonies have very different ratios of male to female populations. He explains that this is due to the fact that the queen ant can decide the sex of each unborn ant and will enforce her own personal preference of what sex she wants more of. However, the worker ants will disagree with her witch causes a power struggle. "The root power struggles between queens and workers results form their different interests (Vargo)." Likewise, bees show an amazing ability to reason as well. According to the French researcher Martin Giurfa, bees "excel at cognitive tests normally performed by lab primates and human volunteers (Giurfa)." He claims that his studies can prove that "Abstract rules can be mastered by honey bees (Giurfa)." Hence, Hobbes is way off by his claim that ants and bees cannot reason or rationalize.

Hobbes argument that humans cannot live peacefully without the existence of a sovereign power to enforce peace may not be quite as true as he believed. Considering that there are species that can reason and rationalize and at the same time live peacefully in functioning societies with no sovereign power to enforce peace, one must continue to ask the question, "why must this be impossible for humans?" We can only hope one day that like these ant and bee colonies, humans can figure out how to willfully live together as well.

Works Cited

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Cambridge University Press, 11.

Vargo, Ed. Science Daily Article. Augest 0, 001. http//fluid.stanford.edu/~mbrennan/interests/insects/ant_sex_ratio.html

Giurfa, Martin. San Francisco Chronicle article. April 1, 001. http//faculty.nl.edu/jste/Animal%0Behavior/bees.htmPlease note that this sample paper on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Living Peacefully in Society according to Thomas Hobbes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The life all shit

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Animal Testing

Animal testing can be defined as taking animals of all sorts to go under experiments under their own will. Scientists of today are testing products of highly regarded companies on poor, defenseless animals. Everything from make-up to household products is killing millions of animals each year. These animals are kept in tiny, dirty cages and live in the most miserable conditions. The animal tests are useless, and prove nothing to the well being of human beings. The number of animals killed in experiments each year is horrifying, and shows that humans care nothing about nature's creatures.

Animal testing is cruel. Dogs, monkeys, rabbits and many other different species of animals are kept in tiny, confined cages with barely any food or water. Feces are scattered every where, and parasites infest the cages. Tests, such as the Draize test, is the number one test done on rabbits. A solution of liquid, flake, granule and other powdered substances is dropped into the eyes of the rabbit. Scientists inspect the eye to see if any effects occur. Their eyes will likely be swollen and expand twice the normal size, causing them to go blind. These rabbits live through and die with the excruciating pain, anywhere from seventy-two hours to nine days. No pain killers or anesthetics are given to the animals, as scientists' suspect it may 'interfere' with the results. The Draize test is responsible for the suffering and death of thousands of rabbits each year in the United States alone. Dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and monkeys suffer even more than rabbits. Due to their sensitive skin, lotions, perfumes, and even sunscreen will be applied directly to the flesh. In most cases, the substance will eat its way through the skin, killing the animal in two to three days.

The tests that are done on animals will not bring new cures or prevent any diseases. The Draize test kills thousands of animals each year, yet does not give a single piece of information to help in the well being of humans. The Lethal Dose test (LD-50) measures the amount of toxic-substance that will, in a single dose, kill a percentage of animals in a test group. The substance is forced into an animal's throat or will be pumped into the stomach by a tube, which will most likely cause death by stomach rupture and the sheer bulk of the chemical dosage. It can also be injected under the skin, a vein, into the peritoneal lining of the abdomen, applied to eyes, rectum, vagina, or forcibly inhaled through a gas mask. This test doesn't accurately measure human health hazards and is crude and imprecise. The test results can be affected by age, sex of the animal, their housing and nutritional conditions, temperature, time of day and year and the exact method to administer the substance. The LD-50 test has come under pressure for its cruel effects and inaccuracy.

Animal testing is killing millions of animals each year; everything from rabbits, to lab mice and to man's best friend, the dog. Rabbits, whose large eyes, docility, and breeding habits have made them a favorite for Draize tests, have a much higher pain threshold than humans do, as well as a third eyelid and different corneal structure. Embryos of chicken eggs are also not spared. A few drops of suspected irritant, is placed on the membrane of the embryo and the damage will be recorded. During the LD-50 test, the scientists' will wait for fifty percent of the animals to die (forty to two-hundred) before recording the results. Vivisection, the experimentation on animals, kills seventeen to seventy million animals in the United States alone. The Animal Welfare Act (A.W.A) requires labs to report the number of animals used in experiments, but the act does not cover mice, rats and birds. It is unbelievable since these animals are used in eighty to ninety percent of all experiments. Due to the fact that these animals are not covered by act, they remain uncounted and the number of animals that suffer each year is remarkably huge.

Some people believe that animal testing is the only way to research products and cures. This is not the only path, and research shows that ninety percent of the time the experiment is useless. It is cruel and unjust by torturing millions of animals since all the recorded information reveals that animal testing in unnecessary and those alternatives do exist and is open to be used. Scientists' can now test in environments they will enjoy and make human life safer and better. It is efficient and reliable. It takes less time to complete, costs only a fraction of what animal experiments cost, and people will not be plagued by species indifferences that make the extrapolation difficult or impossible. To define animal testing, it simply states that new techniques for cell and tissue testing in test tubes can now supplant animal toxicology results.

To prevent animal testing from continuing, the consumer can purchase "Cruelty-free" products, which are not tested on animals. These products do not contain animal ingredients and can be made entirely from plant extracts, herbs, flowers, and many other ingredients proven to be safe. The list below contains all of the companies currently testing their products on animals. If the consumer stops buying their products, the company will surely reconsider animal testing and use alternatives. (Those marked with an asterisk () are presently observing a moratorium on (current suspension of) animal testing.

Arm & Hammer (Church & Dwight)

Bic Corporation

Block Drug Co. (Carpet Fresh, Lava, Polident, Sensodyne, Tegrin)

Boyle-Midway (Reckitt Benckiser)

Braun (Gillette Company)

Chesebrough-Ponds (Faberg, Ponds, Vaseline)

Church & Dwight (Arm & Hammer, Arrid, Lady's Choice, Nair, Pearl Drops)

Clairol (Procter & Gamble)

Clorox (ArmorAll, Formula 40, FreshStep, Glad, Pine-Sol, SoftScrub, S.O.S., Tilex)

Colgate-Palmolive Co. (Ajax, Fab, Hills Pet Nutrition, Mennen, Palmolive, SoftSoap, Speed Stick)

Coty (Adidas, Davidoff, JOOP!, Jovan, Lancaster, Rimmel, Stetson)

Cover Girl (Proctor & Gamble)

Del Laboratories (Commerce Drug, Flame Glow, New York Color, Propa PH, Sally Hansen)

Dial Corporation (Purex, Renuzit)

Drackett Products Co. (S.C. Johnson & Son)

Erno Laszlo

Gillette Co. (Braun, Duracell)

Helene Curtis Industries (Finesse, Salon Selectives, THermasilk, Unilever)

Johnson & Johnson (Aveeno, Clean & Clear, Neutrogena)

Kimberley-Clark Corp. (Huggies, Kleenex, Kotex, Scott Paper)

Lamaur (ColorSoft, PermaSoft)

Lever Bros. (Unilever)

L'Oral U.S.A.

Max Factor (Proctor & Gamble)

Mead

Melaleuca

Mennen Co. (Colgate-Palmolive)

Neoteric Cosmetics

Noxell (Proctor & Gamble)

Olay Co./Oil of Olay (Proctor & Gamble)

Oral-B (Gillette Co.)

Pantene (Proctor & Gamble)

Pfizer (BenGay, Desitin, Listerene, Lubriderm, Plax, Schick, Visine)

Physique (Proctor & Gamble)

Playtex Products (Baby Magic, Banana Boat)

Proctor & Gamble Co. (Clairol, Cover Girl, Crest, Giorgio, Iams, Max Factor, Physique, Tide)

Reckitt Benckiser (Coty, Lysol, Mop & Glo, Resolve, Spray 'N Wash, Woolite)

Richardson-Vicks (Proctor & Gamble)

Sally Hansen (Del Laboratories)

Schering-Plough (Bain de Soleil, Coppertone, Dr. Scholl's)

Schick (Pfizer)

S.C. Johnson (Drano, Fantastik, Glade, Pledge, Shout, Windex, Ziploc)

SoftSoap Enterprises (Colgate-Palmolive)

Suave (Unilever)

M (Post-It, Scotch)

Unilever (Calvin Klein, Diversey, Helene Curtis, Lever Bros., Mentadent, Suave)

Vidal Sassoon (Proctor & Gamble)

Animal testing is cruel, inaccurate, and wrong. It makes people believe that animals are voiceless, have no sense of feeling or pain. Would you ever consider giving something of poison to your pet? Something that you and your family would never eat or use? Never in my life would I do such a cruel act. Animal testing must be immediately banned.

Please note that this sample paper on the life all shit is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the life all shit, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on the life all shit will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Chosen

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Conflicts in The Chosen

In reading The Chosen, one is exposed to conflicts between characters throughout the book, which Potok expresses in three main conflicts father against father, son against son, and father against son. Each variation of conflict has a very important significance to the main theme of conflicts among four Jewish males throughout the book. In post-Holocaust times, can it be assumed that all Jews would share a common belief system and have no conflicts?

In The Chosen, the father against father conflict is a result of clashes between David Malters and Reb Saunders. Each held drastically opposite views on life, parenting, religion and most every issue. This created major conflict at a time when American Jews who had escaped Germany were beginning to relay horrific stories from the Holocaust. While David Malter and Reb Saunders are both fathers and religious scholars, they demonstrate fundamentally different beliefs about disciplining children and religion. Reb Saunders and David Malter are very different in their ways. Reb is a Hasidic Jew and isolationist fanatic while David is an Orthodox Jew, more open-minded and interactive with the modern world around him. Reb's traditionalist mindset is stubborn and parochial. For most of the novel, he refuses to consider the outside world or interpret Judaism in ways other than his own. David Malter, on the other hand, remains tolerant of other points of view, even Reb Saunders. Most important, David Malter is willing to adapt his religious beliefs to incorporate contemporary issues. For Reb Saunders, being Jewish means one must accept a special set of obligations like studying the Torah and serving God. "We are commanded to study His Torah! We are commanded to sit in the light of the Presence! It is for this that we were created! . . . Not the world, but the people of Israel (Potok 18)! For David Malter, being Jewish is less rigid and more about possessing a certain intellectual and spiritual mindset and honoring obligations that will, in turn, provide meaning. The statement "man must fill his life with meaning, meaning is not automatically given to life (Potok 17), reflects David Malters growing feeling that it is not enough to wait passively for biblical prophesy, as Reb Saunders does. Unlike Reb Saunders, David Malter believes that religion should impact politics, and that it is important for Jews to actively engage the outside world. At times, each father feels threatened by the others views. At other times, each father displays strong respect for the other. The essence of different value systems and opposing viewpoints between these fathers is the core catalyst for conflict as the story develops.

As the old saying goes, like father like son. "I'm my father's son, remember? I'm the inheritor of the dynasty. Number one on our catechism Treat the son as you would the father, because one day the son will be the father" (Potok 178). It isn't surprising that, the sons of these two strong-willed men conflict with each other in a similar fashion as their fathers throughout the pages of The Chosen. Danny and Reuven become friends in an unlikely way. While playing an interschool baseball game, Reuven was pitching and Daniel hit the ball and shattered Reuven's glasses. Reuven went to the hospital for immediate eye surgery. After the eye heals, Danny went to Reuven to beg his forgiveness and the two boys became fast friends. Reuven's family has more flexible religious customs, while Danny's relatives represent very strict Hasidic beliefs with limited views. "My father doesn't like us to mix with outsiders" (Potok 16). The two boys embark upon adulthood in New York in the 140's and together try to negotiate issues typical for that era. Reuvens father becomes an outspoken proponent of Israel as a Jewish homeland while Dannys father is fanatical in his belief that only the Messiah could lead the Jews to Israel. It is at this point when Reb Saunders goes to the extreme of demanding that his son cease being friends with Reuven because of a speech on Zionism made by Reuven's father. "Danny was not to see me talk to me, be found within four feet of me. My father and I had been excommunicated from the Saunders family" (Potok 1). During this ban, Danny and Reuven continue to communicate through eye contact and subtle gestures. The look on Dannys face, though, when I saw him for the first time, helped a little. He passed me in the hallway, his face a suffering mask of pain and compassion. I thought for a moment he would speak to me, but he didnt. Instead, he brushed against me and managed to touch my hand for a second. His touch and his eyes spoke the words that his lips couldnt. I told myself it was bitter and ironic that my father needed to have a heart attack in order for some contact to be established once again between myself and Danny (Potok 41). This, they learn, is a non verbal means of perpetuating a friendship. As the boys grow into young men, they discover in the other a lost spiritual brother and a link to an unexplored world that neither had ever considered before. In effect, they exchange places, and find a peace that neither would have gained without the other.

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The last, and one of the most important conflicts in the book, is father against son. Fathers and sons cannot choose each other, but this lack of choice does not make their relationships any less meaningful. These conflicts may not be quite as obvious because they are typically more silently communicated. Danny and his father speak only to one another when Reb Saunders asks him questions about the Talmud on Shabbat. "They never talk, abba. Except when they study Talmud" (Potok 47). Primarily, this stems from the respect that is expected to be shown between parent and child in a Hasidic family. An example of father-son conflict takes place within Danny Saunders when he is torn between a life devoted to the intellectual study of psychology which he realizes is not congruent with his Hasidic religious views because it emphasizes a non-religious view of human nature. He realizes that he faces a decision of deeply disappointing his father by not following in his footsteps of living a life devoted strictly to the Hasidic traditions or foregoing that which his heart desires. Although very intelligent, Danny has never been to a movie or a museum, but he secretly goes to the library every day, and reads secular books. Danny becomes increasingly torn between honoring his father and his religious upbringing and his intellectual hunger. Even when Danny was still very young, Reb Saunders realized that in his boy the dazzling intellect was growing into a dominant force. "I cried inside my heart. I went away and cried to the Master of the Universe, What have you done to me? A mind like this I need for a son? A heart I need for a son, a soul I need for a son, compassion I want from my son, righteousness, mercy, strength to suffer and carry pain, that I want from my son, not a mind without a soul (Potok 15)!

Despite what can seem like insurmountable differences in The Chosen, everyone has similarities as well. There is good in everyone and two people are bound to share some common views. By dwelling on the similarities and respecting the fact that everyone doesn't see eye to eye on every single issue, it can be possible for individuals to cohabitate peacefully and sometimes even enjoy sharing attributes of their differences. For, in sharing these differences, diverse citizens learn about perspectives beyond their own and can experience growth. While some people remain more narrow-minded than others, they may refuse to accept a lifestyle or a belief. But, they may begin, little by little, to consider tolerating the differences. Like it or not, the world is full of many different people and no matter who the group of people, or what past experiences they may share, there will always be conflicts because no two people are alike.Please note that this sample paper on The Chosen is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Chosen, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Chosen will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Child abuse

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Hypothesis Child Abuse is a big problem in Australia. The legal rights of children, and organizations dealing with children affected by child abuse, urgently need to be strengthened.

Types of Abuse

First, in order to understand child abuse it is helpful to know exactly what it means. There are many legal and operational variations in the definition of child abuse. However, all definitions refer to the physical or psychological damage caused to the child by the abusive behavior of others, or the failure of others to protect a child from such damage. Most commonly, the categories of abuse cover physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect.

~ Physical abuse is any non-accidental physical injury inflicted on a child. This may include beatings, burns and scalds, fractures, poisoning, bruises or welts, internal injuries, shaking injuries or strangulation.

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~ Sexual abuse is any sexual behavior imposed on a child. The child is considered to be unable to alter and/or understand the perpetrators behavior due to his or her early stage of development and/or powerlessness in the situation. The perpetrators position of authority and/or trust enables him or her implicitly or directly to coerce the child into sexual compliance.

~ Emotional abuse is a constant attitude or behavior towards a child, which is detrimental to or impairs the childs emotional and/or physical development. This may take the form of scape goating, emotional rejection, isolation, or continuing verbal abuse.

~ Neglect is any serious omission or commission by a person, which jeopardizes or impairs the childs physical, intellectual, or emotional development. A child who is neglected may be consistently dirty and unwashed, without appropriate supervision for extended periods of time and, therefore, may be at risk of injury or harm, constantly tired, hungry, listless, and with medical conditions related to poor hygiene.

As an example of child abuse I would like to share with you the story of David Pelzer his story can be found in his autobiography called "A Child Called It". In the book he relates that for his developmentary years form age ½ to 1 he was denied food, beaten, and physically and mentally tortured in various ways. Some of these include being smashed face-first into mirrors, forced to eat the contents of his sibling's diapers and rotten meat, forced to swallow spoonfuls of ammonia. This was all instigated by his mother a devoted den mother to the Cub Scouts in her care and nurturing to her other children but not to David, whom she referred to as "it". She starved him for days at a time and forced him to vomit after every day at school to make sure he wasn't sneaking any food. When he tried stealing scraps from the garbage, she laced the trashcan with ammonia. She forced him to take ice-cold baths with just his nose above water. She often locked him in the bathroom with a bucket of ammonia and Clorox (a deadly chemical) the toxic fumes in the 'gas chamber' as he called it, burnt his throat and nearly killed him. His mother beat him with a dog chain, a broom, her fists, burnt his hand on a gas stove, stabbed him in the chest, then left him to clean up the wound.

Although this is an extreme case of child abuse it highlights the need to protect children from such acts of violence.

In Australia an estimated 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 7 boys have been sexually abused before the age of sixteen! Most are abused by family members or others in a position of trust, many of them pillars of the community. Less than 1% of perpetrators are ever convicted of the abuse that is reported. Only 8% of abuse is reported. Perpetrators ensure that victims are too afraid or ashamed to tell, or have no one they can tell. For most, the abuse continues for years. All are emotionally scarred for life. Unless they are helped to heal many later turn to drugs; some die of overdoses. Many attempt suicide; some succeed. (Australian Child protection Alliance)

Figure 1 is the complied data from the Kids Help Line in South Australia during 001-00Figure is the graphing of data in 001. It is the calling profile of Kids Help Line in South Australia. Females made 7% of the calls conserning child abuse, males made 1%. Figure graphs the age and sex of each caller calling about child abuse.What is being done?

The government has established specialist police, education, health and welfare services to provide assistance to victims and their families. Protective programs have been introduced into schools. Policies have been formulated and other procedures have been updated. Legal reforms have been implemented and financial assistance has been given to self-help groups, strategies to work with abusers and a growing awareness of the problem in the community. This is helping to change attitudes towards child victims and those who hurt them.

A convicted child abuse offender will be place in custody for a minimum of 10 years with the option of bail in 5 years. Many believe that that amount of time is not nearly long enough. Persons convicted of not reporting abuse to the appropriate authorities are placed in custody for a minimum of years with bail available to the offenders as early as 6 months after being placed in custody.

What needs to be done in the future?

The greatest chance we have to prevent it.

Prevention of child abuse must be tackled on a number of levels

Primary Prevention is everyones responsibility. The goal is to stop abuse before it happens. Part of this is changing attitudes towards violence, protecting childrens rights and changing the way we behave as a society.

Secondary Prevention includes the recognition that parenting is difficult and that it can create stressful situations. Family support, respite care, personal safety programs, self esteem groups, community awareness programs, parenting skills courses, non-violent conflict resolution courses and self-help groups all can assist in preventing abuse. This is the responsibility of agencies, volunteer groups and others who must offer parents and other caregivers support rather than judgmental criticisms.

Tertiary Prevention is the responsibility of government agencies, which must act to protect a child who has already been abused. They must provide the best services available. Their duty is to ensure the child is safe from future harm.

The community needs to have harsher penalties for child abuse offenders. It is thought by some that we should follow some other countries leads which place the offenders in custody for life. It is the view taken by many that as a nation we are too lax in our child abuse laws and the punishment of the offenders.

Conclusion

Although a variety of child abuse intervention strategies have been introduced around Australia, few have been subject to evaluation. We know little if anything about the relative effectiveness and efficiency of child abuse programs in Australia.

Child abuse needs to be tackled on all fronts, social, legal, personal, and if we want to prevent it, we need to provide support for parents, research information for professionals and a community, which refuses to allow violence against its most vulnerable members.

The legal rights of abused children, the need for preventative measures have come along way from what they once were, BUT they still need to improve in order to insure the safety of our future generations.

Information found

www.law.washington.edu/streetlaw/ lessons/ChildAbuse.ppt

http//www.public.asu.edu/~ksten/Types.

http//www.slosipe.org/TRAIN/santabarbara/Mod4/pg.htm

http//www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/5400/abuse.html

http//www.aic.gove.au/publications/vt/vt.html#

David Pelzer, autobiography. "A Child Called 'IT'"

Information Found http//users.hunterlink.net.au/~derf/acpa/index.htm

Also see http//brisbane.apana.org.au/~cpds/Teams/Articles/Paul#Paul

Statistics found in "Child Abuse South Australia 001-00" Report, www.kidshelp.com.au

Information found in http//www.aic.gov.au/publications/vt/vt.html#

See Above

See Above

See Above

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The Betrayl of Parents

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When one thinks of parents, one thinks of parents as the source of protection and love. However, in many fairytales, parents are portrayed as unreliable, and sometimes the biological mother or father is the actual culprits of their children's ill fate. For example, why would Little Red Riding Hood's mother actually let her young daughter travel in the woods, in winter, by herself? The mother knows there's a chance that her daughter could get raped, beaten, or killed. In "The Tiger's Bride", the father of Beauty loses her to the Beast in a game of cards! How reliable is that for a father? In Cinderella's case, the parents are even more responsible for the hardship she goes through. We often think that the step-parents are the malevolent force in the plot such as Cinderella's step-mother causes her grief and torment. While this might be seemly true, if one looks deeper into the plot, the realization that the real mother and father are responsible begins to surface. Even in the Disney version, where was the Cinderella's father when her step-mother treated her horribly? Could he not control his new wife and protect Cinderella? Readers have been tricked into thinking that the step-mother is the real demon when the biological parents deserve to be punished.

Cinderella is really a story about a lustful father and evil, selfish mother. In "Catskin", when the queen is on her deathbed, she tells her husband that he must never marry again unless he finds another who can fit her ring. This selfish act leads to extremely bad circumstances for the king and his daughter. At last, when the King has finished grieving and wants to remarry, he sets out to find another who might fit into the queen's ring. When the father realizes only his daughter can fit the ring, he loses sight of morality and wants to subject the both of them to incest. He must realize that forcing his daughter to marry him is a severe sin no father should ever commit, yet his carnal desires lead him astray. The father is also selfish; he chooses his own happiness over his daughter's. The only choices "Catskin" are either to marry her father and sink into incestuous sin or run away; thus, she must run away from her own father. She has to escape from her own father to be safe.

In another tale similar to "Catskin", called "Donkeyskin", the queen tells the king before she dies that he must never remarry unless he finds a woman superior to her in goodness and beauty. Again, the woman is very wicked for wanting to limit her husband's happiness. She wants her husband to be bound to her forever even if she is dead. This sort of wickedness only leads the king to fall in love with is daughter. Only she is superior to the queen in goodness and beauty. Even though "Donkeyskin" is a fairytale, the terms which the queen bound the king are totally subjective. The king could think anyone is superior in goodness and beauty; it didn't have to be his daughter! Again, the father chooses desire over fatherly duty; his only concern is to be happy no matter what the costs. He does not think about the implications of his incestuous lust and how it would devastate his daughter. The daughters in both "Catskin" and "Donkeyskin" are the moral ones; the people who have their heads straight. It is up to them to maintain purity and sanctity of the social norms.

The mother could be seen as even more responsible and wicked than the father for she is one who stirs up trouble in the first place. She is the one who sets up the situation for her husband's remarriage. But the father is not without fault; he became a vile, lustful man after his daughter. The only good one is the child herself.

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Even in the Disney version, the step-mother and step-sisters are very mean to Cinderella. They make her do all these tedious tasks such as picking peas out of the ashes and such, but these tacks are merely annoying. They do not rape her or put her up for prostitution; there is no immoral task forced upon Cinderella. What are some tiresome tasks when compared to being degraded to incest? The severity of Disney's Cinderella situation seems less than Catskin's.

And what of a father who wagers his child on gambling? That is exactly the unfortunate case for Beauty in, "The Tiger's Bride" by Angela Carter. "Father lost me to The Beast at cards" is the first line of the story which sends off a gloomy and disheartening feeling. The father sacrifices his daughter so that he may be freed from the Beast. This act manifests the irresponsibility and extreme selfishness of Beauty's father.

Snow White's father is not at all a loving father either. After his wife dies of illness, he remarries a woman who treats his daughter quiet horribly. In the Disney version, the jealous queen takes away Snow White's beautiful clothes and jewels and sends her to the servants' quarters. Where was the king when all this happened?! Would he not stand up to the queen to protect his biological child?

The mirror which the queen asks everyday, "who is the fairest of us all?" could be interpreted as the king. A constant struggle between the queen and Snow White exists as to who is treasured more by the king. The step-mother fears that her husband might love his daughter more, and when she thinks this might be true, she sends Snow White into the forest to be killed. Again the duty of a father would be to look after his daughter despite that he is a king. Did he fail to notice that his daughter was missing and why was there no search for her?

In "The Snow Child" by Angela Carter, the male known as the Count creates Snow White; it is plausible that readers view him as her father for he created her. But by and by, he corrupts her and she begins to lose her purity. Material possessions such as a fur coat and leather boots given to her from the Count signify the changes in the child. She appeared into the story stark naked and ends up fully clothed. This transition indicates that the child has been altered, perhaps corrupted and has lost her innocence. At the end of the story, she has an accidental death. But even death can not stop the Count from using her body one last time for his own pleasure, "the Count got off his horse, unfastened his breeches and thrust his virile member into the dead girl…... he was soon finished." This rather sickening description reveals that Snow White's father tainted her purity by exploiting and abusing her sexually.

If the Count is her father, then the Countess must be seen as her mother. Her jealousy of the child led to the accidental death; Snow White fell off the horse when she attempted to pick a rose at the Countess' request. The Countess' intention was to kill Snow White for she asked Snow White to fetch her brooch in the frozen pond, "'Dive in and fetch it for me' she sad; she thought the girl would drown." Neither the Countess nor the Count was good parents to Snow White.

Little Red Riding Hood's parents, although, not really mentioned in the stories, still are also responsible for her death. In all the versions, she lives far from Grandmother thus requiring for her to walk through the woods. She is simply a little girl, why would her mother say, "I want you to go and see how your grandmother is faring, for I've heard that she's ill. Take her some cakes and this little pot of butter." If Grandmother is so sick, why doesn't the mother go to visit and comfort her? She must know traveling through the woods is not very safe for she says, "when you're out in the woods, walk properly and don't stray from the path". When bad things happen to the little girl, the responsibility can not be all put onto her. Small children and even teenagers rely on their parents to watch out for them and keep them safe. In Little Red Riding Hood's case, her mother could be seen as sending her daughter to her death.

But of course, we can not be too harsh on these fairytales for then; there would be no fairytale to read after all. However one thing is certain, the parents are not at all portrayed as the reliable figures that they should be.

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The Iraq War Resolution

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The Iraq War Resolution

Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00

General Purpose Congressional/Presidential Resolution with Iraq/Saddam Hussein

Specific Purpose To inform

Buy The Iraq War Resolution term paper

Thesis To inform my audience of current events involving Iraq and its President Saddam Hussein, including Congressional/Presidential decisions and world opinions on the matter of military action to enforce UN resolutions.

Attention Getting "Those who chose to live in denial may eventually be forced to live in fear,"

Introduction

These words were addressed by President Bush as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, a resolution that entitled him to use military power in Iraq. A resolution that Congress and the House of Representatives, after careful deliberation, passed overwhelmingly, determining that Iraq's persistence to defy United Nation resolutions needed to be dealt with. UN resolutions that Iraq agreed to as far back as 11 when they lost the Gulf War, and have spent the last decade breaking.

What powers have Congress given the President in the Iraq War Resolution? We'll look into that

Why have Congress and the House of Representatives called Iraq "a threat to national security" and have decided to force Iraq to abide to UN resolutions "by any means possible"? Is it a little harsh? We'll look into that also.

And what is the UNs' view on America's decision to use, if necessary, military power to force Iraq to follow these UN resolutions, and what stance have countries taken in this predicament. By golly, we're gonna look into that too.

Transition

Because this threat involving the US and Iraq is real, and Iraq is a force that Bush declared in an address to the UN as "a grave and gathering danger."

Body

I. The joint resolution that Congress passed, cited as the "Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution of 00" gives Bush power to use the military, as well as guidelines to follow limiting this power.

A. Congress entitled the President with the power to use military force in the case

1. To defend national security of the United States against a continuing threat posed against Iraq

. To enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions

B. The President must inform Congress and the House of Representatives an attack on Iraq 48 hours after the attack

1. Some argue that to give the right to the President to launch a war with Iraq and not have to tell Congress or the House about it for 48 powers gives the President too much power and is unconstitutional

C. But, accusations of its unconstitutional nature have been brushed aside by politicians, given that the Senate requires the President to site after these 48 hours that further diplomatic negotiations wouldn't protect the national security of the US or accomplish the enforcement of all UN Security Council resolutions, emphasized as the second most important thing to the safety of America.

II. Iraq has broken every resolution that the UN Security Council had created after Desert Storm.

A. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 688, demanded that the Iraqi regime cease the repression of its own people. This has not happened. The UN Commission on Human Rights found tens of thousands of political opponents and ordinary citizens have been subjected to arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, summary execution, and torture by beating and burning, electric shock, starvation, mutilation, and rape. Wives are tortured in front of their husbands, children in the presence of their parents.

B. Congress reported that in 11, the UN Security Council Resolution 687, demanded that Iraq renounce all involvement with terrorism, and permit no terrorist organizations to operate in Iraq, yet Iraq continues to shelter and support terrorist organizations that direct violence against Iran, Israel, and Western governments. In 1, Iraq attempted to assassinate former President George Bush during a visit in Kuwait, and more recently the Iraqi government openly praised the attacks of September 11th, along with harboring al Qaeda terrorists that escaped from Afghanistan.

C. Congress reported that in 11, the Iraqi regime agreed to destroy all weapons of mass destruction and prove to the world it has done so by complying with rigorous inspections. Iraq agreed. From 11 to 15, the Iraqi regime clamed to have no biological weapons. A defected senior official of the Iraqi regime exposed this as a lie, and the regime admitted to producing tens of thousands of liters of anthrax and other deadly biological agents. As far as letting UN inspectors access to verify Iraq's commitment to rid itself, well, Iraq broke its promise, spending 7 years deceiving, evading, and harassing UN inspectors before ceasing cooperation with them entirely

1. The UN Security Council demanded that Iraq fully cooperate with inspectors twice in 11, once in 14, twice in 16, three times in 17, three times in 18, and once in 1, before UN inspectors were forced out.

. President Bush said in his speech to the UN "It's been almost four years since the last UN inspectors set foot in Iraq, four years for the Iraqi regime to plan, and to build, and to test behind the cloak of secrecy"

Transition There is no doubt that Iraq defies the resolutions they had agreed to in 11, and their consistency to disregard the UN brings the question regarding other countries' opinions and support for America's military backed resolution.

III. There has been a variety of reactions to the Iraq War Resolution passed by Congress and the House, from different countries and the UN

A. Yahoo! News reports that among those that support the US include Bulgaria who has anted up an airport, Romania who has guaranteed air bases and airspace rights to US fighter jets, Qatar who is letting the Pentagon set up a command center and pre-position armored brigade equipment there, as well as the unconditional support of Australia, Poland, and Spain.

B. Yahoo news also reports that among those that criticize America's Iraq resolution supporting war to enforce UN resolutions include Tunisia's UN Noureddine Mejdoub, who says, "This war is useless because its motives are not well-founded, and because UN inspectors have been expected in Baghdad since Sept. 17th to accomplish their mission."

C. Baghdad's UN ambassador Mohammed Aldouri, among claiming that his country wasn't guilty of any accusations made by the US, was quoted in saying, "The American people do not want the inspectors to come back because if they did, they will prove the Americans have been repeating one lie after another, one allegation after another."

Conclusion

And the conflict continues each day, as America proves through its passing of the Iraq War Resolution that it is tired of playing dangerous games with Saddam Hussein, and has taken steps toward solving Iraq's deliberate attempts to slither its way out of one UN resolution after another. Congress is convinced that Iraq is potential threat to national security, and that Congress will no longer tolerate such insubordination. Can this conflict be resolved without military action? As President Bush said in its remarks to the UN,

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately and unconditionally forswear, disclose, and remove or destroy all weapons of mass destruction, long-ranged missiles, and all related material."

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will immediately end all support for terrorism and act to suppress it"

"If the Iraqi regime wishes peace, it will cease persecution of its civilian population."

For as President Bush concluded his speech as he signed the Iraq War Resolution, "The broad resolve of our government is now clear to all, clear to everyone to see We will defend our nation, and lead others in defending the peace."Please note that this sample paper on The Iraq War Resolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Iraq War Resolution, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Iraq War Resolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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